从玫瑰花渣中提取玫瑰精油的技术研究

玫瑰鲜花用水蒸气蒸馏提取玫瑰油后,玫瑰花渣中还残留相当多的玫瑰精油。新鲜的玫瑰花渣经离心脱水后,用有机溶剂浸提,经浓缩、纯化,得到浓缩液,然后用分子蒸馏分离,可将花渣中残留的玫瑰精油提取出来。分子蒸馏采用二级蒸馏法。分子蒸馏脱除残留溶剂时,预热温度40℃,真空度10Pa,蒸馏柱温度45℃,蒸馏速度1.0mL/min,刮膜机转速300r/min;分子蒸馏脱除高分子物质时宜采用预热温度60℃,冷却温度25℃,蒸馏柱温度120℃,真空度1.0Pa,蒸馏速度1.0mL/min,刮膜机转速300～350r/min。     

分子蒸馏处理丁香亚临界萃取物制备烟用香料

为了更好的精制丁香亚临界萃取物,采用分子蒸馏技术对亚临界制备的丁香油进行分离,并对馏分进行GC/MS分析。实验表明,分子蒸馏能很好地脱除色素,分离出高级脂肪酸等不溶于酒精的成分。另外,作为烟用香料最好的丁香油分子蒸馏处理工艺为蒸馏压力10Pa,物料流速6mL/min,刮板转速400r/min,蒸馏温度45℃。     

草甘磷废水预处理实验研究

采用多效氧化偶联蒸馏-强制性电化学反应工艺对草甘膦废水进行预处理实验研究；实验过程中研究了直接蒸馏与多效偶合催化氧化蒸馏相对比的方法,探讨出氧化偶联蒸馏与直接蒸馏的区别；并采用强制性电化学反应后废水B/C值大大提高,为后续生化反应奠定了良好的基础.强制性电化学反应考察了电解时间与B/C的关系,废水COD与电解时间的关系,pH值与COD之间的关系等.     

分子蒸馏技术分离纯化橘皮油中苧烯的研究

为探讨用分子蒸馏技术从橘皮油中提取高品质苧烯的最优工艺条件,采用二级蒸馏分离,以苧烯的得率和纯度为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用L_9(3~4)正交试验来确定蒸馏压力、蒸馏温度、进料速度、刮膜转速四个因素的最佳组合工艺条件。在二级分子蒸馏选择蒸馏压力为40 Pa,进料速度1.5 mL/min,蒸馏温度为80℃,刮膜转速为280 r/min的条件下,可获得纯度高达99%,得率达到86.54%的苧烯。该工艺操作稳定可靠,便于控制,环保且易于实现工业化。     

基于分子蒸馏的丙硫醚提纯工艺研究

采用分子蒸馏技术对市售的丙硫醚进行了分离提纯，考察了分离提纯的刮膜速度、蒸馏温度和蒸馏压力对丙硫醚纯度的影响，经过单因素分析，通过设计L₉(3⁴)正交实验，得到了分子蒸馏分离提纯丙硫醚的最佳工艺参数。     

从山苍子油中提取柠檬醛新工艺的研究

采用分子蒸馏技术对从天然产物山苍子油中分离纯化柠檬醛工艺条件进行研究.结果表明:在蒸馏压力0.2 kPa、蒸馏温度45 ℃、物料流量1滴/s、刮膜蒸馏转速370～390 r/min、冷却水温度4～5 ℃,提取的柠檬醛质量分数可达到95.08%,收率为80.02%.经过二次分子蒸馏可得到纯度为100%的柠檬醛.     

利用MD技术纯化玫瑰精油的正交实验研究

超临界CO2萃取所得的玫瑰粗油含蜡质较高,影响品质,采用无毒、无害、高效的分子蒸馏技术对其进行脱蜡,避免了传统有机溶剂法对精油品质的破坏,精油得率可达20.6%。正交实验表明分子蒸馏法提纯玫瑰精油最佳工艺条件为：蒸馏压力3.0Pa、蒸馏温度110℃、物料流量2mL/min、刮膜转速480r/min。     

C_9石油树脂装置的技术改造

对原C9石油树脂装置进行改造设计 ,将乙烯裂解C9馏分的处理量由 1万t/a扩大到 3万t/a ,同时提高了产品的质量。将原料预处理部分的间歇反应蒸馏工艺改造为连续蒸馏工艺 ,深色C9芳烃石油树脂仍采用间歇减压反应蒸馏工艺 ,而浅色C9芳烃石油树脂采用釜式连续聚合工艺。另外 ,浅色C9芳烃石油树脂及芳烃溶剂油的分离采用两级闪蒸工艺分离。     

分子蒸馏法提高丁香花蕾油品质的工艺研究

乙酸丁香酚酯含量的高低是衡量丁香花蕾油品质的重要参考指标。采用分子蒸馏技术对丁香花蕾油进行纯化,得到乙酸丁香酚酯含量更高的产品。采用单因素试验确定蒸馏温度、进料速度、蒸馏压力及刮膜转速的操作范围,并用正交试验法优化分子蒸馏技术纯化丁香花蕾油的最佳工艺参数。得到的优化工艺参数为:蒸馏温度95℃、进料速度500 g/h、蒸馏压力100 Pa及刮膜转速400 r/min,在此工艺条件下,产品中乙酸丁香酚酯的质量分数由9.13%提高到49.23%,得油率为5.6%。该工艺稳定、可行,易于实现工业化生产。     

分子蒸馏技术纯化玫瑰精油工艺研究

超临界CO2萃取所得的玫瑰粗油含蜡质较高,影响品质,采用无毒、无害、高效的分子蒸馏技术对其进行脱蜡,避免了传统有机溶剂法对精油品质的破坏,精油得率可达20.6%.正交试验表明分子蒸馏法提纯玫瑰精油最佳工艺条件为: 蒸馏压力3.0 Pa、蒸馏温度110℃、物料流量2 mL/min、刮膜转速480 r/min.     

Some Properties of the Oxides of Vanadium and Their Compounds

Vanadium tetroxide and vanadium pentoxide were prepared and some of their physical properties were measured. A brief survey was then made of some of their binary oxide compounds. Various mixtures of V₂O₄ or V₂O₆ and BeO, MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO, Al₂O₃, SiO₂, TiO₂, CeO₂, ZrO₂, Nb₂O₆, and U₃O₈ were heated. When compounds were formed, some of their properties were determined. Refractoriness, thermal expansion, and optical properties were considered of special interest. Vanadium pentoxide was found to have a linear thermal expansion of only 0.63 × 10⁻⁶ per °C. from 30° to 450°C.     

Growth and Properties of Single Crystals of Hexagonal Ferrites

Single crystals of hexagonal ferrites up to 1/2 in. long were grown from the system NaFeO₂-Fe₂O₃-BaO-MeO, where Me = divalent Zn, Co, Ni, or Mg. NaFeO₂ was the flux from which crystals were grown in platinum crucibles from a maximum temperature of 1250° to 1375°C. More than 150 single-crystal growth experiments were attempted and the reaction products were studied by X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy. Stability data for the principal single-crystal products are given for initial compositions lying in quaternary planes. Such planes were considered for BaO/MeO ratios corresponding to the compounds 1/1 for Ba₂Me₂Fe₁₂O₂₂ (Y) and Ba₂Me₂Fe₂₈O₄₆ (X) , 3/2 for Ba₃Me₂Fe₂₄O₄₁ (Z) , 2/1 for Ba₄Me₂Fe₃₆O₆₀ (U) , and 1/2 for BaMe₂-Fe₁₆O₂₇ (W) (Me = Zn, Co, Ni, or Mg). A number of adjoining planes were also considered. All the five known structure types were grown as single crystals. A series of four new hexagonal ferrite structures was discovered. These were derived from Z by systematically adding blocks of Y. Magnetization as a function of temperature and field was investigated for crystals of two structure types. The room-temperature ferromagnetic resonance and effective anisotropy were studied for substituted crystals of the same two structure types.     

温度影响印楝素A及同系物降解动力学研究

研究温度对印楝素A、6-deacetylnimbin、6-deacetylsalannin、nimbin和salannin 5种同系物稳定性的影响。建立在不同温度条件下印楝素A及同系物的一级降解动力学模型,计算印楝素A及同系物降解反应的反应速率常数、温度效应系数(Q)、活化能(Ea)、活化焓(?H)和活化熵(?S)。结果表明,印楝素A及同系物在25℃条件下较为稳定,大于35℃时降解速率明显增大。印楝素A、6-deacetylnimbin、6-deacetylsalannin、nimbin和salannin 5种同系物的活化能分别为98.49kJ/mol、92.43kJ/mol、96.76kJ/mol、95.23kJ/mol和104.79kJ/mol,活化焓分别为95.84kJ/mol、89.78kJ/mol、94.11kJ/mol、92.58kJ/mol和102.14kJ/mol,活化熵分别为10.68kJ/mol·K、1.60kJ/mol·K、19.58kJ/mol·K、4.76kJ/mol·K和27.32kJ/mol·K。印楝素A及同系物在环境中的降解反应是自发反应,在环境中易自然降解。     

Effect of composition and processing on rheological properties of multicomponent polymer melts

Polyamide and polyether maleic anhydride were blended with carbon black at various compositions and processing conditions. The compositions were varied from 0/92/8 percent, 23/69/8 percent, 46/46/8 percent, 69/23/8 percent to 92/0/8 percent of polyamide/polyether maleic anhydride/carbon black. The polymer blends were processed by a Banbury roll mill and an extruder under various conditions and were spray dried. The effects of composition and processing conditions on steady state and dynamic viscoelastilc properties were determined. These effects were compared with the thermal and morphological properties of the blends.     

Effect of carrier type on coupled transport kinetics of thiocyanate ions through liquid membranes

Coupled transport of thiocyanate ions through a liquid membrane containing quaternary ammonium chloride salts in chloroform was examined. The influences of the carrier type in the membrane phase on the coupled transport of thiocyanate ions were investigated. The kinetics of the coupled transport were analyzed in the formalism of two consecutive irreversible first-order reactions and the kinetic parameters (k_1d, k_2m, k_2a, R_m^max, t_max, J_d^max, J_amax) were also calculated. For the coupled transport of thiocyanate ions, quaternary ammonium chloride salts having different carbon atom numbers (C_n) used as carriers were found to increase thiocyanate ions transport efficiency with increasing carbon atom numbers. Tetradecyl trimethylammonium chloride (TDTMACl), hexadecyl trimethylammonium chloride (HDTMACl), and tetraoctyl ammonium chloride (TOACl) were found to be the most effective carrier types for transport of thiocyanate ions when C_n is greater than 16. The activation energies for maximum membrane entrance and exit fluxes were calculated as 32.45 kJ/mol and 34.75 kJ/mol, respectively. The values of the activation energy indicate that the process is controlled by species diffusion.     

Surface Roughness of Yttria-Containing Aluminosilicate Glass-Ceramics as Indicative of Their Machinability

Several series of Y₂O₃-containing aluminosilicate glasses were prepared by an ordinary melting method, and their physical properties, such as density and Vickers hardness, were measured. Heat treatment of these glasses at 1200°C precipitated tubular and hexagonal Ca₄Y₆O(SiO₄)₆ oxyapatite crystals which were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The homogeneously crystallized glass-ceramics were lathed, and the machinabilities of these samples were estimated by measuring the lathed surface roughness. Then, the relationship between surface roughness and other properties was analyzed to optimize the glass composition. Substitution of BaO for CaO was conducted and the physical properties were examined.     

熟石膏陈化过程的研究进展

探讨了熟石膏陈化过程中无水石膏（AⅢ-CaSO₄）与水蒸气的反应机理以及二水石膏（CaSO₄·2H₂O）的脱水机理。首先介绍了熟石膏陈化过程的基本原理,然后讲解了熟石膏陈化过程中水蒸气在AⅢ-CaSO₄上的物理吸附与化学吸附,其后描述了熟石膏陈化过程中CaSO₄·2H₂O晶体的脱水行为与脱水动力学,最后提到了CaSO₄·2H₂O、CaSO₄·0.5H₂O、AⅢ-CaSO₄的晶体结构。     

车用三效催化剂剖析

对两种国外公司车用三效催化剂进行全面剖析,采用XRF测定催化剂涂层中各组分含量,采用XRD、XPS、H_2-TPR和TEM对催化剂进行物化性能表征。结果表明,A公司的三效催化剂是将Pd和Rh贵金属分别负载到γ-Al_2O_3和Ce_(0.35)Zr_(0.65)O_2固溶体材料上,B公司的三效催化剂是将Pd和Rh贵金属负载到Ce_(0.35)Zr_(0.65)O_2和γ-Al_2O_3混合载体上。     

Control of the Properties of Glazes by the Aid of Eutectics

The alkaline earth-boric oxide-silica systems are especially important in the compounding of ceramic glazes and bodies because they enable the introduction of B₂O₃ in an insoluble form. Published equilibrium eutectics and other low-temperature invariant points were investigated regarding temperatures and rates of deformation. Most of these compositions were found to be soluble in acid, alkaline, and phosphate solutions; tests in distilled water at 195°F. for 5 days therefore were chosen as the means of selecting the compositions which would be practical for use in the development of ceramic glazes. The systems BaO-B₂O₃-SiO₂, CaO-B₂O₃-SiO₂, and SrO-B₂O₃-SiO₂ were studied first separately; the insoluble composition highest in B₂O₃ in each system was chosen for the triaxial study of the system alkaline earth-boric oxide-silica as a source of B₂O₃ in glazes and perhaps as a B₂O₃-bearing frit in ceramic bodies. Each of these insoluble glasses was also studied for the effect of limited change in composition on softening temperature and rate of deformation.     

Relation of Composition of Hydrogarnet to Resistance to Sulfate Attack

Crystallographic changes resulting from the entry of Si into the cubic lattice of tricalcium aluminate hexahydrate were examined in an effort to understand the sulfate resistance of hydrogarnets. Low-SiO₂ hydrogarnets were prepared by hydrothermal treatment of specially prepared glasses. The lattice constants of the unit cell of C₃AH₆ decreased when Si⁴⁺ ions were introduced. In investigating the low-Si members of the C₃AH₆-grossularite series, only those with well-defined Si contents of 1, 3, and 6 Si⁴⁺ ions/unit cell were found; the lattice constants were 12.52, 12.47, and 12.41 Å, respectively. Intermediate lattice constants represent mixtures of at least two members. A content of 0.125 SiO₂/formula unit, corresponding to 1 Si⁴⁺ ion in the unit cell of C₃AH₆, is not sufficient to produce resistance to sulfate attack; the lowest SiO₂ content which results in such resistance appears to be 0.375 SiO₂/formula unit or 3 Si atoms/unit cell.