活性炭固载对甲苯磺酸催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯

以活性炭固载对甲苯磺酸为催化剂，用柠檬酸合成了柠檬酸三丁酯，考察了反应时间，酸醇比，催化剂用量对酯化率的影响。确定了最佳的工艺条件，以0．3mol的柠檬酸为基准n（柠檬酸）：n（正丁醇）=1：4，T=110-140℃，t=3h，M（催化剂）=1．0G，酯化率≥99％，催化剂可回收重复使用。     

快速发展无毒柠檬酸三丁酯的生产和应用

采用柠檬酸和正丁醇在复合催化剂存在的情况下，合成了柠檬酸三丁酯。酯化反应的最佳条件为：n（正丁醇）：n（柠檬酸）为3．5：1．反应温度100～130℃，催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的0．8％．反应时间2．8h。酯化率达到99．4％以上，产品纯度大于99．5％；同时对柠檬酸三丁酯的性质及用途进行了介绍。     

柠檬酸三丁酯的合成研究

必柠檬酸和正丁醇为原料，采用活性炭负载对甲苯磺酸催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯。确定了最佳合成条件为：以0.1mol柠檬酸为基准，酸醇摩尔比为1：4.1，催化剂用量0.6g，反应时间3h，酯化率可达96．7％。     

柠檬酸三丁酯的合成研究

以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,柠檬酸、正丁醇为原料酯化合成柠檬酸三丁酯,探讨了催化剂用量、反应温度、柠檬酸与正丁醇物质的量比和反应时间等因素对反应的影响。确定最佳反应条件为：反应时间4．0h,反应温度140℃,正丁醇与柠檬酸物质的量比5：1,催化剂的用量为柠檬酸的2％。反应初产物经先中和碱洗后,再减压脱醇,产品外观色泽符合质量要求。此条件下,柠檬酸三丁酯酯化率为98．9％。     

不同温度处理的硫酸铝催化合成增塑剂柠檬酸三正丁酯

以柠檬酸和正丁醇为原料，使用不同温度下处理的硫酸铝为催化剂对合成柠檬酸三正丁酯进行了研究，考察了催化剂、原料配比，反应时间对酯化率的影响，实验表明在600℃时处理的硫酸铝具有较高的催化活性，在醇酸比为5：1、催化剂用量为3%（以酸的质量为准）、反应5hr时酯化率达75.5%.     

硫酸氢钠催化合成苯甲酸正丁酯的研究

以硫酸氢钠为催化剂，催化合成了苯甲酸正丁酯，并用正交实验法确定了反应的最佳条件：催化剂用量为0．6g／0．1mol苯甲酸，醇酸物质的量比为2：1，回流时间为3．5-4．0h。苯甲酸的酯化率可达98％。该催化剂催化效果好，用量少，酯化率高，污染小，价廉易得，具有工业应用价值。     

磁性固体超强酸SO4^2-/TiO2-Fe3O4催化合成柠檬酸三辛酯

研究了以磁性固体超强酸SO4^2-/TiO2-Fe3O4为催化剂,以柠檬酸和正辛醇为原料催化合成无毒增塑剂柠檬酸三辛酯（trioctyl citrate,简称TOC）。考察了影响酯化率的各种因素,并对产品进行2#1-光谱分析。确定最适宜的反应条件是：反应温度为205℃,催化剂用量为1．75g,酸醇比为1：6．5,当反应时间2．Oh时,酯化率可达到97．3％。结果表明,磁性固体超强酸SO4^2-/TiO2-Fe3O4是合成柠檬酸三辛酯的优良催化剂,同时利用催化剂的磁性可将催化剂迅速分离。     

改性钛基固体酸的结构与催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯的性能研究

以改性钛基固体酸为催化剂催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯,确定了酯化优化条件。试验结果表明：在催化剂5．0％(以柠檬酸为基数的质量百分比),柠檬酸0．1mol,丁醇0．55mol,反应温度100-150℃,反应时间90min的条件下,柠檬酸的酯化率达到99．2％以上。基于布朗斯特酸碱理论,结合过渡金属丰富的轨道能级结构,对改性钛基固体酸催化剂的催化活性的成因进行了分析,并以吡啶作为探针分子通过红外光谱法检测了该固体酸的表面酸性质和以XRD分析了催化剂的晶相结构。     

稀土固体超强酸催化剂SO4^2-/TiO2/La^3＋催化合成柠檬酸三辛酯

以稀土固体超强酸SO4^2-／TiO2／La^3＋为催化剂,柠檬酸和正辛醇为原料合成柠檬酸三辛酯,考察了影响反应的因素,并对合成的产品进行红外光谱分析。结果表明,加入0．05mol柠檬酸,醇与酸物质的量之比为5．5：1,催化剂用量1．0g,反应温度为170—180℃,反应时间60min时,酯化率可达97．7％。该催化剂易于回收,且可重复使用,催化效果好、操作简单、无环境污染等。     

磷铝固体酸催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯

用磷铝固体酸做催化剂，以柠檬酸、正丁醇为原料，催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯。当催化剂用量为固定床反应器体积的1／3时，考察了影响酯化率的各种因素，确定了最佳反应条件：反应温度为160℃，酸醇摩尔比为1：5，该条件下的单程酯化率为50％。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.