多层陶瓷电容器用(Ba,Sr,Cd)TiO3纳米粉体的制备

用溶胶-凝胶法,在乙醇溶液中以BaAc2、Sr(NO3)2、Cd(NO3)2、Ti(OC4H9)4,冰醋酸为原料制备了多层陶瓷电容器用(Ba0.7Sr0.25Cd0.05)TiO3(BSCT)纳米粉体.用热重-差示扫描量热法分析研究了由前驱体干凝胶形成纳米BSCT粉体的加热过程.用X射线衍射、比表面积测定等研究了加水量和热处理温度对BSCT纳米粉体的颗粒尺寸、物相组成和比表面积的影响.研究了凝胶温度对凝胶时间的影响.用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察了纳米BSCT粉体的形貌和颗粒尺寸.探讨了加水量、凝胶化温度和热处理温度对BSCT纳米粉体制备的影响机制.结果表明:随着加水量的增大,BSCT粉体的颗粒尺寸由大变小而后又变大,在0.015molTi(OC4H9)4中加水量为40mL时所制得的BSCT粉体的颗粒尺寸最小.随着凝胶化温度的升高,凝胶时间减少.随着热处理温度的升高,BSCT粉体的颗粒尺寸变大,比表面积减小,主晶相量增多,结晶度提高.BSCT纳米粉体制备的最佳工艺条件是:0.015molTi(OC4H9)4中加水量为40mL,pH值为3～4,凝胶化温度是65℃,热处理温度为950℃.所得到的BSCT粉体的主晶相为钙钛矿结构,其颗粒分散性好,颗粒尺寸为80nm左右,比表面积为13.64 m2/g.     

高比表面积纳米碳化硅的制备及其表征

以柠檬酸为造孔剂,利用硅酸乙酯溶胶-凝胶和碳热还原法制备出了高比表面积的纳米碳化硅(SiC)粉体.用TG、XRD、SEM以及BET分析方法对产品进行了表征,结果表明,添加了柠檬酸得到的SiC粉体比表面积可达到13～62 m2·g-1,其大小可由柠檬酸与硅酸乙酯的物质的量比x(x=0～1)来控制;柠檬酸受热分解后留下的孔隙是制备高比表面积SiC的关键所在,当x为0.8,凝胶经1500℃碳热还原反应2h后,得到的产品比表面积高,粒径为100nm.     

纳米ZAO复合粉体的制备及性能表征

以Zn(Ac)2·2H2O和Al(NO3)3·9H2O为原料,用溶胶-凝胶法制备了ZnO/Al2O3(ZAO)复合粉体.研究了Al2O3掺杂浓度、锌离子浓度、反应温度、pH值、反应时间和烧结温度等对粉体平均粒径的影响,用正交实验得到最佳制备方案.用激光粒度分析(LPA)、能谱分析(EDAX)、热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)和X-射线衍射分析(XRD)对粉体的性能进行了表征.结果表明:制备的纳米ZAO粉属于六方晶系纤锌矿结构.其X-射线衍射图谱中并没有氧化铝的衍射峰,Al3 取代了Zn2 的位置,形成固熔体.Al2O3掺杂浓度、锌离子浓度、pH值和烧结温度等对粉体平均粒径的影响较大,在最佳条件下,制得的ZAO复合粉体粒径分布均匀、平均粒径约为22 nm.     

Ce4+掺杂对SrTiO3光催化剂结构及性能的影响

用溶胶–凝胶法制备铈(Ce)掺杂改性钛酸锶(SrTiO3)光催化剂,采用X射线衍射仪、红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪、粒度分析仪检测了改性SrTiO3的结构及表面性能,并通过催化降解亚甲基蓝考察了该SrTiO3的光催化性能。研究表明:Ce4+替代SrTiO3的Sr2+,使催化剂表面的Ti4+含量减少,粒径减小,比表面积增大,提高光生电子和空穴的利用率。Ce4+改性SrTiO3催化剂表面吸附氧和吸附H2O含量增加,导致光催化活性中心增多。Ce4+的4f能级使SrTiO3形成新的能带,并且循环捕获光电子还原为Ce3+,延长光生电子和空穴的寿命,提高SrTiO3的催化活性。掺杂3%(摩尔分数)Ce4+的SrTiO3对亚甲基蓝的降解率可达98.7%。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备Fe_2O_3/Al纳米复合材料

采用溶胶-凝胶法和真空干燥法制备了Fe2O3/Al纳米复合材料。用扫描电镜、红外光谱、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、BET比表面分析仪对原料和产物的结构和性能进行了表征。结果表明,纳米复合材料的宏观粒子平均粒径为2μm,纳米铝粉均匀分布在Fe2O3凝胶体系中,平均粒径为40nm。空白Fe2O3干凝胶比表面积达64.6m2/g,填充铝粉后样品的比表面积为1.1m2/g。撞击感度试验表明,Fe2O3凝胶与纳米铝粉复合后,特性落高由30.5cm提高到100.3cm,表明FeO凝胶可降低纳米铝粉的冲击感度。     

沉淀法制备纳米氧化铬粉体的研究

以Cr(NO_3)_3·9H_2O和NH3·H_2O为原料,采用直接沉淀法制备了纳米Cr_2O_3粉体。通过差热分析、X射线衍射、透射电镜、比表面积分析研究了粉体的制备过程和合成粉体的性能。所得纳米Cr_2O_3分散性良好,粒度分布均匀,平均粒径20~30nm,粒子形状为球形。     

共沉淀法制备纳米镁铬尖晶石粉体

镁铬尖晶石具有较高的熔点而被广泛应用于耐火材料中。而常规镁铬尖晶石粉体因烧结温度较高，铬蒸发而使得耐火材料的致密度难以提高。为改善镁铬耐火材料的烧结性能，进行了纳米镁铬尖晶石粉体的研究：以Cr(NO3)3，Mg(NO3)2，PEG-400和CO(NH2)2为原料，采用共沉淀法获得了铬酸镁纳米粉(nc2o3：nMgo=1：1)的前驱体，经过超临界流体干燥(SCFD)制备出镁铬二元纳米气凝胶，经600℃煅烧后获得了纳米级立方相镁铬尖晶石粉体。经XRD，DSC-TG，BET和透射电镜分析，结果表明：前驱体纳米粉的比表面积为350～780m^2／g，平均粒径为1～2nm，煅烧后的纳米粉的比表面积为36～65m^2／g，平均粒径为5～10nm。     

配合-均相沉淀法制备纳米掺锑氧化锡

以五水氯化锡和三氯化锑为原料,柠檬酸为配合剂,尿素为均相沉淀剂,采用配合-均相沉淀法制备纳米掺锑氧化锡粉体(ATO).采用差热分析、红外分析、X射线衍射、透射电镜测试、比表面积测定对制得的粉体进行表征.结果表明,合成的纳米ATO具有四方金红石结构,粉体结晶完整.通过XRD计算得粉体的平均粒径为9.8 nm;透射电镜测定结果表明粉体的分散性较好,粒径大约为12 nm;比表面积测定粉体的比表面积达到65.2 m2/g.采用配合与均相沉淀法相结合的方法可以制备出粒径小、比表面积大和分散性好的纳米掺锑氧化锡粉体.     

溶胶-胶水热合成法制备纳米CoAl2O4粉体

以仲丁醇铝和硝酸钴为原料,用溶胶-凝胶水热合成法制备了纳米CoAl2O4粉体,探讨了水热合成中前驱体的制备工艺条件,并用X射线衍射和扫描电镜等手段分析了水热系统中反应温度、反应时间对纳米CoAl2O4粉体的形成以及形貌的影响.结果表明:前驱体在250℃的水热系统中反应24 h,能制备出较纯净、结晶完整、粒度均匀、粒径小、尖晶石结构的纳米CoAl2O4粉体,其平均粒度约为50～60nm.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备堇青石纳米晶粉体的研究

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)、硝酸镁(Mg(NO3)2*6H2O)、硝酸铝(Al(NO3)3*9H2O)为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了堇青石纳米晶粉体.利用DTA,XRD,SEM等测试手段对堇青石晶粉体进行了表征,并分析讨论了不同的热处理温度对堇青石烧结性能的影响.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.