Upper bound limit analysis of roof collapse in shallow tunnels with arbitrary cross sections under condition of seepage force

The analytical solutions for predicting the exact shape of collapse mechanisms in shallow tunnels with arbitrary excavation profiles were obtained by virtue of the upper bound theorem of limit analysis and variation principle according to Hoek-Brown failure criterion. The seepage force was included in the upper bound limit analysis, and it was computed from the gradient of excess pore pressure distribution. The seepage was regarded as a work rate of external force. The numerical results of roof collapse in square and circular tunnels with different rock parameters were derived and discussed, which proves to be valid in comparison with the previous work. The influences of different parameters on the shape of collapsing blocks were also discussed.     

Energy analysis of stability of twin shallow tunnels based on nonlinear failure criterion

Based on nonlinear Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, the analytical solutions of stability number and supporting force on twin shallow tunnels were derived using upper bound theorem of limit analysis. The optimized solutions were obtained by the technique of sequential quadratic programming. When nonlinear coefficient equals 1 and internal friction angle equals 0, the nonlinear Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion degenerates into linear failure criterion. The calculated results of stability number in this work were compared with previous results, and the agreement verifies the effectiveness of the present method. Under the condition of nonlinear Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion, the results show that the supporting force on twin shallow tunnels obviously increases when the nonlinear coefficient, burial depth, ground load or pore water pressure coefficients increase. When the clear distance is 0.5to 1.0 times the diameter of tunnel, the supporting force of twin shallow tunnels reaches its maximum value, which means that the tunnels are the easiest to collapse. While the clear distance increases to 3.5 times the diameter of tunnel, the calculation for twin shallow tunnels can be carried out by the method for independent single shallow tunnel. Therefore, 3.5 times the diameter of tunnel serves as a critical value to determine whether twin shallow tunnels influence each other. In designing twin shallow tunnels,appropriate clear distance value must be selected according to its change rules and actual topographic conditions, meanwhile, the influences of nonlinear failure criterion of soil materials and pore water must be completely considered. During the excavation process, supporting system should be intensified at the positions of larger burial depth or ground load to avoid collapses.     

水力效应对裂缝边坡稳定性影响的上限分析

为了解决地下水位变化对裂缝边坡稳定性的影响,基于极限分析上限法及强度折减技术,将孔隙水压力以外力的形式参与能耗计算,分析了水力效应对裂缝边坡稳定性影响,重点研究了临界裂缝深度和最不利裂缝位置随地下水位、边坡坡角的变化规律。研究结果表明：地下水位、边坡坡角对最不利裂缝位置及临界裂缝深度的影响显著;当地下水位较低时,最不利裂缝随地下水位的增大逐渐靠近坡顶缘;在裂缝位置已知及裂缝深度、位置均未知的情况下,临界裂缝深度受地下水位的影响呈现出不同的规律性。所得成果为研究复杂条件下的边坡坡顶临界裂缝深度及最不利裂缝位置提供了一种新思路。     

渐近搜索算法在软土基坑基底抗隆起上限分析中的应用

潜在破坏面的确定是软土基坑基底抗隆起上限分析的难点与重点。在传统的上限分析法中,破坏面仅假设与基坑开挖宽度有关。而采用渐进搜索算法确定破坏面,无需假设破坏面具体形状,通过多次迭代计算即可确定临界破坏面,且该算法已在边坡稳定与可靠度分析中成功应用。介绍了应用多块体上限法分析基坑抗隆起稳定性的基本步骤,并详细介绍了渐进搜索算法的流程,针对基坑抗隆起分析问题的特点,对渐进搜索算法中的初始破坏面生成、搜索边界、收敛准则等重新进行了设置;针对搜索过程中遇到的问题,给出了解决方法。通过实例分析检验渐近搜索算法的实际应用效果,并围绕算法中的初始搜索步长、破坏面结点个数、搜索次数等关键参数进行讨论,给出建议取值。案例分析表明,渐近搜索算法在软土基坑基底抗隆起上限分析中应用效果很好,且相比于其他的上限分析方法,渐近搜索算法计算简单,无需假设破坏面形状参数。     

Three-dimensional analysis of slopes reinforced with piles

Based on the upper bound of limit analysis, the plane-strain analysis of the slopes reinforced with a row of piles to the 3D case was extended. A 3D rotational failure mechanism was adopted to yield the upper bound of the factor of safety. Parametric studies were carried out to explore the end effects of the slope failures and the effects of the pile location and diameter on the safety of the reinforced slopes. The results demonstrate that the end effects nearly have no effects on the most suitable location of the installed piles but have significant influence on the safety of the slopes. For a slope constrained to a narrow width, the slope becomes more stable owing to the contribution of the end effects. When the slope is reinforced with a row of piles in small space between piles, the effects of group piles are significant for evaluating the safety of slopes. The presented method is more appropriate for assessing the stability of slopes reinforced with piles and can be also utilized in the design of plies stabilizing the unstable slopes.     

考虑土体参数非平稳特性下开挖边坡稳定性可靠度分析

基于极限分析上限法和随机场理论,采用蒙特卡洛模拟针对不排水条件下开挖边坡的稳定性开展可靠度分析。黏土不排水抗剪强度被模拟为非平稳随机场,并在参数敏感性分析中重点研究了非平稳程度和变异系数对边坡可靠度指标的影响。其中,将随机场中边坡的失效模式分为三类,研究了不同随机参数输入组合下每种失效模式的发生概率。结果表明边坡的可靠度指标随着非平稳程度的增加而增加,随着变异系数的增大而减小。结果显示,土体的空间变异性对边坡的失效模式影响显著。在考虑的随机参数组合下,失效模式以深部破坏模式为主,并且随着非平稳程度和变异系数的增加,深部破坏模式的发生概率逐渐降低,但坡趾破坏和深部坡趾破坏模式的发生概率增加。     

超前支护桩加固高切坡的静动力响应与永久位移预测研究

在西部山区的城镇化建设中,常因土地资源稀缺而不得不利用坡地资源.然而如果不当切坡,就可能引发其失稳滑塌,给工程建设和人民生命财产造成重大危害.为此,以极限分析的上限定理为手段,分析了不同切坡方式和不同土体抗剪强度对高切坡稳定性的影响.并基于超前支护理论,研究了危险高切坡的超前支护方案,给出了超前支护桩的抗力荷载的计算方法.最后,在考虑有地震荷载作用的条件下,分析了高切坡超前支护体系发生永久位移的临界加速度条件和永久位移大小,最终为高切坡超前诊断与支护设计提供一个完备的解决方案.     

Upper bound analysis of slope stability with nonlinear failure criterion based on strength reduction technique

Based on the upper bound limit analysis theorem and the shear strength reduction technique, the equation for expressing critical limit-equilibrium state was employed to define the safety factor of a given slope and its corresponding critical failure mechanism by means of the kinematical approach of limit analysis theory. The nonlinear shear strength parameters were treated as variable parameters and a kinematically admissible failure mechanism was considered for calculation schemes. The iterative optimization method was adopted to obtain the safety factors. Case study and comparative analysis show that solutions presented here agree with available predictions when nonlinear criterion reduces to linear criterion, and the validity of present method could be illuminated. From the numerical results, it can also be seen that nonlinear parameter m, slope foot gradient β, height of slope H, slope top gradient α and soil bulk density γ have significant effects on the safety factor of the slope.     

接触带土层软化对排土场边坡稳定性的影响分析

针对排土场上部渣土层和下部基岩面接触处的软化接触带对其稳定性的影响问题,采用有限元极限分析法构建了含软化接触带的排土场边坡的数值模型,系统分析了堆填角度、基岩倾角、软化接触带厚度及软化度对排土场边坡稳定性的影响规律,并通过具体的排土场边坡实例验证了该分析方法的可行性。研究结果表明,同等条件下,接触带软化和堆填角度对排土场边坡稳定性的影响很大,而基岩倾角和接触带厚度的影响相对较小;随着接触带软化度的增大,排土场边坡下、上限安全系数的绝对衰减率可达50%左右;随着接触带土层的不断软化,排土场边坡滑动面穿过软化接触带的长度逐渐变大,滑坡总体积不断增大;因软化接触带土层的存在,排土场边坡中下部土体推挤坡脚前缘及牵引后部坡体滑动,最终形成由软化接触带到坡顶的贯通滑裂面。     

碎石桩复合地基稳定性塑性极限分析法

基于塑性力学极限分析上限定理，建立了复合地基平移、转动相结合的破坏机构．根据外部作用荷载和土体自重所做的外功率等于地基变形所消耗的内部能量耗损率，求得了碎石桩复合地基稳定安全系数计算公式．工程算例分析表明，该方法对于碎石桩复合地基的稳定性分析具有一定实际意义．     

非线性Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则下边坡可靠度上限

传统边坡可靠度分析往往在岩土参数服从线性Mohr-Coulomb（简称线性M-C）破坏准则的假设条件下进行,并且常常采用极限平衡法或有限元法计算安全系数。然而,岩土介质破坏准则具有一定的非线性。为能更加实际地描述岩土破坏机理和得到严格精确的解,基于非线性Mohr-Coulomb（简称非线性M-C）破坏准则,结合极限分析上限法和蒙特卡洛法,进行边坡可靠度上限分析。当非线性参数m=1时,与等效的线性M-C破坏准则进行对比计算,验证了方法的可行性。同时,将初始粘聚力、内摩擦角arctan（c₀/σ_t）和非线性参数作为随机变量且服从截断正态分布,进行了参数变异性和敏感性影响分析。研究表明：非线性M-C破坏准则下,边坡可靠度随初始粘聚力、内摩擦角arctan（c₀/σ_t）和非线性参数变异性的增大而减小;边坡可靠度随初始粘聚力和内摩擦角arctan（c₀/σ_t）的增大而增大,随非线性参数的增大而减小。     

预留土支护基坑旋转破坏模式下的极限抗力上限解

对于支撑式或锚拉式支挡结构,进行预留土辅助支护时需验算绕支点的抗倾覆稳定性,然而目前还未找到合理的计算方法。基于极限分析上限定理,提出预留土支护基坑的3种可能破坏模式,运用斜条分法对被动区土体进行离散,并构建相容速度场,分别推导3种破坏模式下基坑抗倾覆力矩的计算表达式,采用遗传算法编程,分析支挡结构与土体间摩擦系数、土体黏聚力及预留土几何参数等对破裂角及抗倾覆力矩的影响规律。结果表明：当墙背光滑且土体黏聚力为零时,利用朗肯被动土压力理论计算得到的抗倾覆力矩为一上限解;存在黏聚力时,朗肯被动土压力理论计算值偏于保守,存在摩擦系数时,库伦土压力理论计算的抗倾覆力矩偏大;与预留土宽度和坡度相比,预留土高度对抗倾覆力矩的影响更加显著。     

应用强度折减有限元法分析土坡稳定的适应性

为深入研究土体采用的本构模型以及安全系数的控制标准．讨论了土体采用邓肯E—B模型和理想弹塑性的广义米塞斯模型时,强度折减有限元法分析土坡稳定的适应性．发现邓肯E—B模型的适应性较差,土坡内应变发展不均匀,不能形成明显的剪切带．而弹塑性的广义米塞斯模型则形成剪切带,剪切带两侧土体具有明显的相对滑移趋势．因此,弹塑性模型更适合干强度折减有限元法分析土坡稳定性．     

3D stability analysis method of concave slope based on the Bishop method

In order to study the stability control mechanism of a concave slope with circular landslide, and remove the influence of differences in shape on slope stability, the limit analysis method of a simplified Bishop method was employed. The sliding body was divided into strips in a three-dimensional model, and the lateral earth pressure was put into mechanical analysis and the three-dimensional stability analysis methods applicable for circular sliding in concave slope were deduced. Based on geometric structure and the geological parameters of a concave slope, the influence rule of curvature radius and the top and bottom arch height on the concave slope stability were analyzed. The results show that the stability coefficient decreases after growth, first in the transition stage of slope shape from flat to concave, and it has been confirmed that there is a best size to make the slope stability factor reach a maximum. By contrast with average slope, the stability of a concave slope features a smaller range of ascension with slope height increase, which indicates that the enhancing effect of a concave slope is apparent only with lower slope heights.     

边坡稳定性分析方法综述

对目前边坡稳定性分析中所采用的方法进行了归纳,分析总结了图解法、极限平衡理论、数值分析方法、复合法等确定性分析方法的发展情况。详细分析了边坡稳定性分析方法的最新进展和边坡稳定性分析中的新方法、新理论及各种方法的优缺点。指出随着计算机技术的兴起和软件的应用,多种方法的综合运用成为边坡稳定性分析的发展方向。     

水平与竖向加速度-时程曲线叠加效应下边坡永久位移计算的极限上限分析

实际边坡动力稳定性受地震竖向与水平方向效应共同作用,传统边坡地震永久位移计算方法较少考虑竖向地震波影响,采用实际地震的竖向与水平方向加速度-时程曲线共同效应更符合工程实际。基于极限分析上限法和Newmark刚塑性滑块模型,提出一种基于实际水平向与竖向地震加速度-时程曲线的边坡永久位移计算改进方法,以3个工程边坡为例,探讨了两组具有代表性实测典型水平和竖向地震地面运动记录对边坡地震永久位移计算的影响。研究结果表明:不考虑竖向地震加速度时程曲线时,本文方法可蜕化为与前人方法兼容;不同地震波的竖向与水平地震动时程曲线的叠加效应不同,竖向地震对边坡永久位移的影响不可忽略。     

边坡失稳和稳定性分析方法的探讨

边坡稳定性是土木工程实践活动重点考虑的问题,造成边坡失稳的原因是多方面的,稳定性分析方法也不同。分析了边坡失稳的破坏过程和原因,讨论了工程地质分析法、刚体极限平衡分析法和数值分析法等各种边坡稳定性分析方法的特点,提出采用综合法研究边坡稳定性,以寻求有效的边坡稳定治理措施。     

Upper bound solution for supporting pressure acting on shallow tunnel based on modified tangential technique

Based on the nonlinear failure criterion and the upper bound theorem, the modified tangential technique method was proposed to derive the expression of supporting pressure acting on shallow tunnel. Instead of the same stress state, different normal stresses on element boundaries were used. In order to investigate the influence of different factors on supporting pressures, the failure mechanism was established. The solution of supporting pressure, with different parameters, was obtained by optimization theory. The corresponding failure mechanism and numerical results were presented. In comparison with the results using the single tangential technique method, it is found that the proposed method is effective, and the good agreement shows that the present solution of supporting pressure is reliable.     

某露天矿陡帮边坡稳定性分析与加固设计

根据某露天矿陡帮边坡的工程实际,采用极限平衡方法等进行了露天矿陡帮边坡的稳定性分析,提出了合理而有效的加固方案,并进行了加固后的边坡稳定性分析和评价.结果表明：该露天矿陡帮边坡长期暴露在自然条件下稳定性会逐渐降低,如遇饱水或渗流,边坡可能会发生失稳.采用预应力锚索框架梁加固后,边坡的稳定系数显著提高,边坡处于稳定状态,从而保证了矿区的安全生产.     

边坡稳定性条分法和容重增加法的耦合分析

结合有限元方法或有限差分法和极限平衡法各自的优点详细分析边坡稳定性,提出了基于条分法和容重增加法耦合分析的基本原理及边坡安全系数的计算程序。利用有限元软件ANSYS和有限差分软件FLAC得出边坡最危险滑动面以及坡体内的应力和应变,然后,通过极限平衡条分理论求得边坡安全系数。算例表明耦合分析求得的边坡稳定安全系数与其它方法的计算结果相近,而且精确分析了强度指标c、φ对边坡稳定的影响,为边坡加固设计提供了依据。