Properties of bamboo charcoal and cement-based composite materials and their microstructure

The objective of this work was to study the properties of bamboo charcoal and cement-based composite materials and their microstructure. The pastes with various bamboo charcoals were prepared and the relative properties such as setting times and strength were tested and the microstructures and pore characteristics of pastes with various bamboos were also studied. The experimental results indicated that bamboo charcoal affects the setting times of cement paste, but the introduction of water reducer relieves this condition. Bamboo charcoal also poses an impact on the hardened paste strength. The prominent strength decrease is found when more and larger size bamboo charcoal is mixed into the cement paste. Bamboo charcoal alters the paste microstructure and increases the porosity and pore volume, but it increases the pores with the diameter of less than 50 μm. The pastes with various bamboo charcoals are given with the good functions such as adjusting humidity and adsorption.     

粉煤灰-脱硫石膏水泥基材料水化活性及微结构

采用DTA—TG、XRD、SEM以及宏观水化收缩和强度试验等手段研究了粉煤灰一脱硫石膏一水泥三元复合胶凝体系的水化过程、活性效应及微观结构等,根据试验结果总结了复合胶凝材料的水化动力学过程。结果表明,粉煤灰一脱硫石膏水泥石的钙矾石吸热峰强于基准样;在各组分相互活性激发和外掺激发剂作用下,粉煤灰一脱硫石膏水泥石中2次水化效应明显;SEM、XRD表明水泥石早期有明显的钙矾石生成,同时粉煤灰颗粒的表面侵蚀现象明显,进一步说明复合胶凝体系的早期活性得到有效激发,硬化后综合性能得到有效保证。且宏观收缩及强度试验也从侧面印证了微观试验结果。粉煤灰一脱硫石膏水泥基复合胶凝材料体系的研发可大量消耗燃煤电厂的工业废渣,具有显著的“绿色”效应。     

Adsorption mechanism of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizer in CFBC ash-Portland cement paste

Circulating fluidized bed combustion （CFBC） ash exhibits the desirable pozzolanic activity which makes it a potential supplementary cementitious material to replace cement for concrete production. However, the high unburnt carbon content and porous surface structure of CFBC ash may adsorb water reducer and thereby significantly reduce the efficiency of water-reducing agents. The adsorption mechanism of polycarboxylate superplasticizer in CFBC ash-Portland cement paste was investigated by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, and the conception of ＂invalid adsorption site＂ of CFBC ash was presented. The results show that the adsorption behavior of polycarboxylate superplasticizer in coal ash-Portland cement paste can be described by Langmuir isothermal adsorption equation. The adsorption capacity of CFBC ash-Portland cement paste is higher than that of pulverized coal combustion （PCC） fly ash-Portland cement paste. Moreover, the adsorption amount of polycarboxylate superplasticizer increases with the ratio of ash-to-cement in the paste. At last, the fluidity of CFBC ash-Portland cement paste is lower than that of the PCC fly ash paste. This work suggests that when CFBC ash is used as concrete admixture, the poor flowability of the cementitious system due to the high adsorption of water and water-reducing agent should be taken into consideration.     

Multi-level flocculation structures of fresh cement paste by confocal laser scanning microscope

Under saturation dosage of all kinds of SP, the free water amount was examined by centrifuge. The distribution of solution and flocculation microstructures in fresh cement paste was observed in three- dimensional space by confocal laser scanning microscope（CLSM）. Results indicate that SP can increase the free water amount by destroying the flocculated cement particle structure and different free water amount is released by different kinds of SP. The changes of the size of flocculation structures and the dispersion of solution were obviously detected with confocal laser scanning microscope： the size of flocculation structures was smaller and more dispersed in fresh cement paste with polycarboxylate superplasticizer, but the size of flocculation structures was bigger and cannot be dispersed uniformly in fresh cement paste with others SP. The multi- level flocculation structures theoretical model of fresh cement paste was then set up. The theory indicates that different kinds of SP with different dispersion strength will open the flocculation structures at different levels, which in turn present different water reducing rate.     

磁化水泥的增强机理

用化学分析、ＸＲＤ和测定抗压强度等手段研究了磁化油井水泥浆体的水化，用ＳＥＭ分析了磁化后水泥硬化体的显微结构，结果表明：磁化对油井水泥的水化起促进作用，磁化后硬化体的显微结构得到改善，强度有很大提高。     

减少高强混凝土中未水化水泥的方法研究

双掺、三掺方式可以保证混凝土在大掺量矿物掺合料条件下仍具有良好的工作性、较高的强度 ,同时还可以显著提高硬化混凝土密实性 ,有效改善水泥石 集料界面区结构 ,从而减少了硬化混凝土中未水化水泥数量 ,抑制了外界水分的渗入 ,最终消除了未水化水泥日后的水化对混凝土的危害     

外加剂对混凝土TSA腐蚀的抑制作用

研究了掺加化学外加剂的水泥净浆试件在（5±2）℃、质量分数5%的硫酸镁溶液中浸泡300d的外观变化、强度发展及侵蚀产物,采用X射线衍射（XRD）、傅立叶转换红外光谱（FTIR）等方法分析了侵蚀产物的组成。结果表明：甲酸钙能延缓水泥石发生TSA腐蚀,但不能阻止TSA发生,在0.3%-0.7%范围内,随着甲酸钙掺量的增加,水泥石抗TSA腐蚀的能力增强。硝酸钡能有效抑制水泥石中碳硫硅钙石的生成,原因是硝酸钡能结合生成碳硫硅钙石所需的SO42-,从而降低了水泥石发生TSA腐蚀的程度。硝酸钡掺量在1%左右时,水泥石抗TSA性能较好。     

负压成型水泥基材料孔结构特征

为了研究低气压环境对水泥基材料引气性能的影响,采用负压模拟试验的方法,在不同的气压下测试引气剂溶液的发泡性能和气泡稳定性、引气水泥净浆的孔结构以及引气水泥砂浆的气孔结构。水泥净浆与水泥砂浆的试验样品均在设计气压下搅拌成型直至终凝硬化。试验结果表明:FC-1和FC-2两种新型引气剂溶液的泡沫相较三萜皂苷类引气剂（SJ-2）溶液的泡沫具有更强的低气压环境适应性,但该溶液试验的规律不完全适用于水泥基材料;低气压成型会增加硬化水泥净浆的孔隙率及半径为100~1 000 nm孔的体积,但在采用优质引气剂的前提下低气压基本不会对水泥砂浆的含气量和气孔结构产生劣化作用。SJ-2、FC-1和FC-2 三种引气剂均能满足高原低气压环境下抗冻混凝土的引气要求,其中FC-1与FC-2在气孔结构优化与含气量控制方面更具优势。     

Effect of competitive adsorption between sodium tripolyphosphate and naphthalene superplasticizer on fluidity of cement paste

The adsorption amount, ζ-potential of cement particles and fluidity of cement paste were tested to research the competitive adsorption between naphthalene superplasticizer(FDN) and STPP. The experimental results showed that the presence of STPP could significantly improve the fluidity of cement paste and reduce the fluidity loss with FDN. There existed a competitive adsorption between STPP and FDN. STPP and calcium ions formed complexes; they preferentially adsorbed onto surface of cement particles and preempt adsorption points of FDN; and it reduced adsorption amount of FDN. In the absence of STPP, saturation adsorption amount of FDN was 5.93 mg/g; but when the dosage of STPP was 0.1%, it reduced to 4.3 mg/g(about 72.5%). The adsorption amount of FDN was reduced by STPP, but ζ-potential of cement particles enhanced and fluidity of cement paste increased because of strong negative charge effect of the complexes. Adsorption of the complexes would delay Ca2+ into liquid and inhibit formation of active adsorption points. Then, content of FDN in liquid increased with the addition of STPP and ζ-potential of cement particles became stable. In this way, fluidity loss of cement paste reduced.     

基于水膜厚度假设分析磨细高炉矿渣对水泥浆性能影响

为探索磨细高炉矿渣对水泥浆性能及其水膜厚度的影响,研究测量了30组不同水胶比、不同磨细高炉矿渣掺量的水泥–;矿渣复合浆体的流动性能、黏聚性和抗压强度.为探索浆体的流变性能控制机理,进一步测量了5组不同磨细高炉矿渣掺量水泥–;矿渣复合浆体的填充密度,并基于填充密度测量结果计算出各浆体试样配比的水膜厚度,探索水膜厚度对水泥–;矿渣复合浆体流变性能的影响.实验结果表明,适量磨细高炉矿渣的掺入能提高浆体的流动性能和抗压强度,黏聚性些许减弱,最优配比磨细高炉矿渣掺量为5%,此时水泥–;矿渣复合浆体综合性能最好.磨细高炉矿渣掺入能提高胶凝材料的填充密度,水膜厚度为流动性主要控制因素,水泥浆的流动性能随水膜厚度增大而增大.     

低水胶比掺膨胀剂的水泥水化特性

应用XRD、TG-DTA和温度测量等方法，研究了低水胶比条件下普硅水泥和膨胀水泥的水化特点。结果发现，膨胀水泥水化各龄期中AFt的含量和CH的早期含量明显增加，水化后期CH量则与普硅水泥石基本相当。膨胀水泥硬化浆体的后期膨胀主要依靠凝胶状AFt吸水肿胀而形成驱动力。膨胀刑的组分对膨胀水泥的水化热有明显影响，如果膨胀剂含有硫铝酸盐类矿物，则可能造成体系水化热的升高。     

功能调整材料对水泥浆体流动性影响

使用自行研制的H管分别研究了不同功能调整材料对水泥浆体流动性的影响,得到不同种类矿物掺合料和增稠剂对水泥浆体流动性改性规律:粉煤灰掺量的增加引起浆体流动性先增加后减小;矿粉掺量越大,浆体流动性越大;硅灰和增稠剂掺量越大,浆体流动性越差。H管对水泥浆体流动性变化十分敏感,可以准确快速评价不同功能调整材料对水泥浆体流动性影响。     

Relaxation study of cement based grouting material using nuclear magnetic resonance

Aiming at actual condition of poor effect of hole sealing for the reason of poor cement paste fluidity in the process of coal mine gas drainage, by adding a water reducing agent, cement paste for hole sealing was produced. The changes of initial distribution, weighted average values and total relaxation signal intensity of transverse relaxation time (T₂) of water in pure cement paste and water reducing agent added cement paste were studied with low field proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results show that there are four peaks in T₂ distribution curves of cement paste: the first peak is related to the bound water in flocculation, the second and the third peaks are related to the water in flocculation, water reducing agent makes it extending towards the long relaxation time, increasing its liquidity, and the fourth peak is related to the free water. By using weighted average values of T₂ and total relaxation signal intensity, hydration process of cement pastes could be roughly divided into four stages: the initial period, reaction period, accelerated period and steady period. By analyzing the periods, it makes sure that the grouting process should be completed in the reaction period in the site, and the drainage process should be started in the steady period. The results have great guiding significance to the hole sealing and methane drainage.     

不同黏土对掺减水剂水泥净浆流动度影响

目的 研究4种不同黏土对掺聚羧酸减水剂及萘系减水剂水泥净浆流动度的影响规律并从黏土的吸附性能角度探究其影响机理.方法 采用水泥净浆流动度试验方法比较了4种黏土对掺聚羧酸减水剂水泥净浆流动度的影响,通过TOC总有机碳测试仪测定了4种黏土对聚羧酸减水剂的吸附量.结果 4种黏土对水泥净浆流动度的影响差异较大,其中钙基蒙脱土和钠基蒙脱土的掺量为2％时,掺聚羧酸减水剂水泥净浆已基本没有流动度,掺萘系减水剂的水泥净浆流动度也有所下降,但降幅稍小,而伊利土和高岭土对掺减水剂水泥净浆流动度无明显负面影响;钙基蒙脱土和钠基蒙脱土对聚羧酸减水剂的吸附量较大,伊利土、高岭土对聚羧酸减水剂的吸附能力和水泥相当.结论蒙脱土对掺聚羧酸减水剂水泥净浆流动度负面影响极为严重,而伊利土和高岭土对掺减水剂水泥净浆基本没有负面影响.     

Sr、Cs在碱矿渣-粘土复合水泥水化物粉体中的吸附行为

水泥的水化物对核索离子吸附性能将影响水泥固化体对核索离子固化性能。应用静态吸附法研究碱矿渣一粘土复合水泥（AASCM）水化物粉体对模拟放射性核素Sr、Cs的吸附性能及其影响因素，并和硅酸盐水泥（Pc）、铝酸盐水泥（AC）、矿渣硅酸盐水泥（PSC）、碱矿渣水泥（AASC）进行对比。结果表明，实验条件下，母液浓度提高，AASCM水化物粉体对Sr、Cs的吸附量增大，吸附比减小；温度升高，吸附平衡时间缩短，吸附量和吸附比下降。Cs在AASCM粉体中的吸附在一定的浓度范围内服从Freudlich吸附等温方程；AASCM水化物粉体与Sa^2＋的作用在母液浓度较大时存在吸附和沉淀双重机制，与Cs^＋的作用则主要是吸附机制；AASCM水化物粉体较PC、AC、PSC、AASC具有更强的吸附能力。     

纳米级SiOx与硅灰对水泥浆体需水量的影响

研究了硅灰和纳米级SiO2x对水泥浆体量需水量的影响。研究表明，纳米级SiOx的掺量对水泥浆体的需水量影响非常显著，当纳米缘SiOx掺量达到水泥用量的8％时，水泥浆体的需水量增大一倍，而硅灰的掺量在水泥用量10％以内时，对水泥浆体的需水量影响不明显，并通过试验建立了水泥标准稠度用水量与纳米级SiOx硅灰的掺量关系的数学模型。     

无机预处理再生粗骨料的性能研究

目的利用无机预处理法处理村镇建筑垃圾,使处理后的建筑垃圾能作为再生粗骨料应用到混凝土中．方法用水泥净浆和水泥砂浆对再生粗骨料进行表面预处理,测试其压碎指标和吸水率,通过正交试验分析选出最优方案．结果预处理后再生粗骨料的压碎指标和吸水率比未经处理的小,当砂浆配比为1：2：2时,压碎指标为16．2％,吸水率为4．57％．通过扫描电镜观察再生粗骨料的界面过渡区,发现涂浆层不与骨料本身反应．结论通过正交试验分析,水泥砂浆预处理方法要优于水泥净浆预处理法,水泥净浆预处理的最佳组成为：水灰比0．45,涂浆量为35％,早强剂掺量为2％;水泥砂浆预处理的最佳组成为：砂浆配比1：2：2,涂浆量为35％,早强剂掺量为2％．     

聚羧酸减水剂在水泥和泥土表面的吸附行为

采用有机碳测定仪研究了水泥、泥土和水体系中聚羧酸减水剂吸附量与吸附时间、减水剂浓度、体系温度的关系。同时,对减水剂吸附模型和吸附热进行了分析,探讨了聚羧酸减水剂在水泥、泥土颗粒表面的吸附特性。结果表明:水泥和泥土对聚羧酸减水剂的吸附量随时间延长不断增加,最后达到平衡,同时,泥土比水泥对减水剂的吸附量要大,泥土的掺入量为0.5%就会大大降低水泥净浆的流动度;聚羧酸减水剂的吸附基本符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,水泥和泥土对减水剂的饱和吸附量分别为3.7mg/g和10.1mg/g;水泥和泥土对聚羧酸减水剂的吸附量随温度的增大而减小,其吸附是一个放热过程。     

Effect of PCEs with Different Functional Groups on the Performance of Cement Paste

The adsorption behaviors and dispersing properties of polycarboxylate superplasticizer(PCE) with different functional groups were systematically analyzed to reveal the theory and methods of modifying PCE molecular structures and regulating PCE performances. By substituting carboxylic groups with sulfonic groups, ester groups or acylamino groups, respectively, modified PCEs with different functional groups were synthesized. Results show that introducing low amount of ester groups or sulfonic groups into the PCE molecules has no negative effects on the fluidity of cement paste, while introducing acylamino groups into PCE molecules significantly weakens the fluidity of cement paste. At low amount(when the molar ratio of sodium methallyl sulfonate to TPEG is lower than 0.4), the rapid adsorption of sulfonic groups onto the cement particles contributes to the high dispersing performance of the sulfonic group modified PCEs. When the substitution ratio of acrylic acid by sulfonic acid is higher than 0.4, the viscosity and the yield stress of cement paste increases sharply. Redundant sulfonic groups lead to the excessive charge density of the PCE, which contributes to the inhomogeneous adsorption on the cement grains and hence results in the decline of the dispersing performance. Substitution of carboxylic group by acylamino group or ester group slightly changes the viscosity as well as the yield stress of cement paste. Introducing sulfonic group into PCE molecule improves the adsorption behavior of PCEs, while introducing ester group or acylamino group into PCE depresses the adsorption properties.     

UNIFORMITY ASSESSMENT OF CARBON FIBRES DISPERSION IN CEMENT PASTE BY IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS

An alternating current was applied to measure the impedance of a hardened cement paste with various contents of carbon fibres. When the free water content in the hardened cement paste is 90%-98%, and the measuring frequency 500Hz, an approximate linear relationship was found between fibre content and impedance of the composite. Based on this relationship , a new attempt was made to evaluate the dispersion uniformity of carbon fibres in cement paste by impedance measurement. The standard deviation S and the coefficient of vriation S/Xi