Damage and Fracture Strength Behavior of Jointed Rockmass

The strength of rockmass from two aspects is analyzed.Firstly,the strength of the rockmass is mainly controlled by the critical stress value of rock,and the contribution of joints is to increase the effective stresses of rock and to decrease the damage strength of rockmass according to the macro-damage mechanics of rockmass,Secondly,the strength of rockmass is mainly controlled by the fracture strength of joints.Based on the comprehensive analysis and comparison for the damage strength of rockmass and the fracture strength of joints.A composite damage theory of rockmass may be established.     

Acoustic emission characteristics and stress release rate of coal samples in different dynamic destruction time

Considering the importance of the prediction of rock burst disasters, and in order to grasp the law of acoustic emission(AE) of coal samples in different dynamic destruction time, the SH-II AE monitoring system was adopted to monitor the failure process of coal samples. The study of the change rule of the AE numbers, energy, ‘b' value and spectrum in the micro crack propagation process of the coal samples shows that as dynamic damage time went by, AE presented high-energy counts and the accumulated counts increased during the compression phase. The AE energy and cumulative counts increased during the elastic stage. The AE blank area increased gradually and the blank lines were more and more obvious in the molding stage. The AE counts and energy showed a trend of decrease in the residual damage phase.AE ‘b' values gradually became sparse, and the large scale cracks percentage compared with micro cracks decreased and the degree of damage decreased. The AE frequency spectrum peak went from the residual damage phase to the molding phase, and finally it was nearly stable, besides the bandwidth of the main frequency is gradually narrowed. Also, the frequency peak changed from single peak frequency to bi-peak frequency and to the single peak frequency. Uniaxial compressive strength is more sensitive than the elastic modulus to dynamic damage time.     

Dynamic analysis of fault rockburst based on gradient-dependent plasticity and energy criterion

Fault rockburst is treated as a strain localization problem under dynamic loading condition considering strain gradient and strain rate. As a kind of dynamic fracture phenomena, rockburst has characteristics of strain localization, which is considered as a one-dimensional shear problem subjected to normal compressive stress and tangential shear stress. The constitutive relation of rock material is bilinear (elastic and strain softening) and sensitive to shear strain rate. The solutions proposed based on gradientdependent plasticity show that intense plastic strain is concentrated in fault band and the thickness of the band depends on the characteristic length of rock material. The post-peak stiffness of the fault band was determined according to the constitutive parameters of rock material and shear strain rate. Fault band undergoing strain softening and elastic rock mass outside the band constitute a system and the instability criterion of the system was proposed based on energy theory. The criterion depends on the constitutive relation of rock material, the structural size and the strain rate. The static result regardless of the strain rate is the special case of the present analytical solution. High strain rate can lead to instability of the system.     

Effects of confining pressure on acoustic emission and failure characteristics of sandstone

In this study, uniaxial and triaxial compression acoustic emission(AE) tests were implemented to investigate the AE effect and failure characteristics of sandstone under different confining pressures(σ_3). The evolution of AE parameters in the rock failure process and fracture fractal dimension characteristics after failure were analyzed. The results revealed that the activity of the AE signal is strongly related to σ_3. The evolution of the Ib value can be divided into the I-fluctuation, II-stability, and III-decrease stages. In the first stage, the Ib value of the AE was relatively high, and the AE energy was low. Then, the Ib value tended to be stable; however, the fluctuation amplitude decreased, and the AE energy rapidly increased. In the stage of decrease, the AE energy sharply increased before the load approached the peak value, and the Ib value significantly decreased and dropped to the lowest point before the peak value. As σ_3 increased, the rock's failure mode changed from tensile failure to shear failure and became more coordinated. As the confining pressure increased, the shape dimension decreased, and the order degree of rock failure increased. The confining pressure exerted a certain control effect on the rock failure.     

Mechanical properties of frozen rock mass with two diagonal intersected fractures

Based on previous research results, this paper investigated the influence of fracture morphology on mechanical properties and failure modes of rock mass with two diagonal intersected fractures. This study carried out a series of triaxial compression tests on rock-like specimens with two crossed fractures under negative temperature, concluded the following conclusions. The strength and failure modes of rock mass are significantly influenced by the dips of two crossed fractures. The strength of rock mass with two fractures cannot simply be estimated using the method that was developed for the rock mass with a single fracture. When the intersecting angle is less than 30°, the failure plane initiates at the tip of ‘‘artificial ruptures" and extends to the upper and lower ends of the specimen. In case of a higher dip and intersecting angle ranging from 30° to 60°, the failure plane propagates along one of these two fractures. The mechanical parameters of rock mass are not only related to the trace length, but also depend on the trace length ratio. One could roughly calculate the strength parameters using the approximation proposed in this paper. For the rock mass with a trace length ratio 0.3(short trace length/long trace length), the failure mode is dependent on the fracture with a longer trace length. When the trace length becomes significant and the trace length ratio approximates to 1, the failure plane propagates along two fractures, where an X-shaped failure pattern is presented. For the rock mass with moderate fractures and a trace length ratio of approximately 1, the failure mode is independent on fractures, which is similar to the damage pattern of intact rock. The strength and elastic modulus of rock mass decrease with the increase of spacing between fractures, while Poisson's ratio is independent on the spacing. The failure mode can be determined by the area of triangle created by two fractures. Damage occurs at the smaller triangle area first,and propagates with the two sides of the larger triangle.     

Real-in time CT test of the rock meso-damage propagation law

The real-in time computerized tomography (CT) test of the meso-damage propagation law of the whole rock failure process has been completed using the newest specified triaxial loading equipment corresponding to the CT machine. Through the CT scanning, the clear CT images which include the microholes (microcracks) compressed→growth→bifurcation→development→crack fracture →the rock sample failure→unloading in the different stress states were obtained. The CT values, CT images and other data have been analysed. The initial damage effect coefficient has been loaded, and a new damage variable based on CT value defined. The initial rock damage propagation law is given here.     

Monitoring damage evolution of steel strand using acoustic emission technique and rate process theory

Utilizing the acoustic emission（AE） technique, an experimental investigation into the damage evolution for steel strand under axial tension was described. The damage evolution model for steel stand relating the damage evolution to acoustic emission parameters was proposed by incorporating the AE rate process theory. The AE monitoring results indicate that damages occur in both elastic and plastic phases of steel strand. In elastic phase, AE signals are mainly sent out from the micro damage due to the surface friction among the wires of steel strand, while in plastic phase, AE signals emitted from the plastic deformation of wires. In addition, the AE cumulative parameters curves closely resemble the loading curve. The AE cumulative parameters curves can well describe the damage evolution process including the damage occurrence and damage development for steel strands. It is concluded that the AE technique is an effective and useful nondestructive technique for evaluating the damage characteristics of steel strand.     

A combined continuous-discontinuous approach for failure process of quasi-brittle materials

Rock,concrete and other geo-materials,due to the presence of microstructural inhomogeneity,their fracture processes and damage characteristics are associated with the distribution of micro-cracks contained in the materials.In this study,by introducing a cohesive zone model based on fracture mechanics into the framework of deformable discrete element method,a continuous-discontinuous coupling analysis approach for simulating the fracture of quasi-brittle materials is proposed.The cohesive interface elements are inserted into certain engineering or research region.It is assumed that damage and fracture occur only in the interface elements,while bulk material is modeled to be elastic.The Mohr-Coulomb criterion with tension cut-off is adopted as the damage initiation criterion,and a scalar damage variable representing damage in the material is used to describe the rate at which the material stiffness is degraded.Cracks are simulated explicitly by the failure of the interface elements.Numerical simulations are performed in order to validate the suggested method.Partial applications are also listed.The results show that this method provides a simple but effective tool for the simulation of crack initiation and propagation,and it can reflect the whole process of quasi-brittle materials from small deformation to large deformation and failure.     

A fatigue damage model for rock salt considering the effects of loading frequency and amplitude

With the large-scale construction of underground gas storage in salt deposit, much more efforts have been made to assess the fatigue properties of rock salt. The fatigue damage processes the primary, steady,and accelerated phases, which is similar to the axial irrecoverable deformation compiled from the loci of the loading cycles of rock salt. The cumulative fatigue damage increases with a decrease in the loading frequency and with an increase in the stress amplitude within the range tested. To take into account the effects of loading frequency and amplitude on the fatigue behavior of rock salt subjected to cyclic loading, a low cycle fatigue damage model was exclusively established combined with the Manson–Coffin formula. The proposed damage evolution equation was validated with experimental results and proved to be efficient in the prediction of fatigue damage tendency of rock salt under different loading frequencies and amplitudes.     

Simulation experiment of AE-based localization damage and deformation characteristic on covering rock in mined-out area

The localization damage and deformation characteristics of multiple rock in mined-out area under thick soil layer were investigated by acoustic emission (AE)-based physical similar simulation experiment and damage test combined with the AE theory on rock damage. During different mining courses, the degree of wall rock suffered from mining disturbed process in mined-out area was different, so did the AE density of initial damage and fracture. Some characteristic parameters, including large events, total events, and energy rate, presented fluctuations with temporal and spatial change and take on a certain extent statistic relation. Subse-quently, the percent of damage degree was defined and divided into 4 stages, and the localization damage and deformation character-istics of surrounding rock in mined-out area and coal pillars were analyzed quantitatively.     

Comprehensive assessment on dynamic roof instability under fractured rock mass conditions in the excavation disturbed zone

The damage process of fractured rock mass showed that the fracture in rocks induced roof collapse in Yangchangwan Coal Mine,China.The rock mass was particularly weak and fractured.There occurred 6 large-scale dynamical roof falls in the excavation disturbed zone (EDZ) with the collapsing volume of 216 m3.First,the field detailed geological environment,regional seismic dy-namics,and dynamic instability of roadways were generally investigated.Second,the field multiple-index monitoring measurements for detecting the deep delamination of the roof,convergence deformation,bolt-cable load,acoustic emission (AE) characteristic pa-rameters,total AE events,AE energy-releasing rate,rock mass fracture,and damage were arranged.Finally,according to the time-space-strength relations,a quantitative assessment of the influence of rock-mass damage on the dynamic roof instability was accomplished.     

岩石的统计损伤本构模型及临界损伤度研究

岩土工程中的岩体常处于空间应力状态下,因此,研究空间应力状态下岩石的损伤破坏机理有重要的实际工程意义。基于岩石内部缺陷分布的随机性,建立了围压和轴压共同作用下岩石的统计损伤本构模型。并通过砂岩的三轴压缩试验确定了模型里的参数,定性分析了围压对损伤度的影响。研究结果表明：（1）模型能反映围压效应,即可以体现岩石强度随围压变化的规律;并且模型参数确定方法揭示了模型参数的物理意义;（2）通过岩石的全应力-应变全曲线特征及峰值应力与应变确定模型参数,不同的围压对应着不同的参数;（3）临界损伤度与岩石所处的应力状态有关,同一种岩石在不同围压下临界损伤度是变化的;（4）由分布参数m的物理含义可知,m可以做为表征砂岩脆性的参数;1/m可以做为表征砂岩延性的参数。     

煤岩力电耦合模型及其参数计算

电磁辐射技术已经在矿山煤岩动力灾害预报中得到了应用，根据煤岩强度的统计理论和损伤力学理论，建立了受载煤岩的力电耦合模型，推导得到了该模型中参数的确定方法，并结合实验结果对其中的参数进行了计算．结果表明：煤岩材料的破坏是内部代表性体元微损伤累积的结果，电磁辐射可以反映煤岩体的损伤程度，力电耦合模型能够较好地描述煤岩变形破裂过程的电磁辐射规律，参数的拟合相关系数较大说明该方法合理可行．     

基于初始损伤系数修正的岩石损伤统计本构模型

损伤力学是解决岩石类材料变形和破裂的重要手段之一,统计损伤理论是目前岩石损伤研究的热点。针对以往岩石损伤统计本构模型的不足,引入初始损伤系数q,从一定意义上反映了岩石的非均匀性、非线性特征,同时,通过引入岩石应力应变全过程曲线特征参量,并考虑岩石应力应变全过程曲线的几何条件,解决了传统方法求解本构方程中参数的难点,提高了精度。基于取自某工程的砂岩所进行的三轴压缩试验实测结果,对所建立的岩石损伤统计本构模型进行了实验验证,并估算了q值。     

Fractal analysis on the spatial distribution of acoustic emission in the failure process of rock specimens

The spatial distribution of acoustic emission (AE) events in the failure process of several rock specimens was acquired us-ing an advanced AE acquiring and analyzing system.The box counting method (BCM) was employed to calculate the fractal dimen-sion (FD) of AE spatial distribution.There is a similar correlation between the fractal dimension and the load strength for different rock specimens.The fractal dimension presents a decreasing trend with the increase of load strength.For the same kind of specimens,their FD values will decrease to the level below a relatively same value when they reach failure.This value can be regarded as the critical value,which implies that the specimen will reach failure soon.The results reflect that it is possible to correlate the damage of rock with a macroscopic parameter,the FD value of AE signals.Furthermore,the FD value can be also used to forecast the final fail-ure of rock.This conclusion allows identifying or predicting the damage in rock with a great advantage over the classic theory and is very crucial for forecasting rockburst or other dynamic disasters in mines.     

裂纹扩展过程红外热像实验及数值模拟研究

采用花岗岩材料通过红外热像和数值实验的方法,对两预制裂纹导致的岩石中新裂纹孕育、繁衍、萌生、扩展和贯通机制,以及由此引起的试样宏观强度变化等进行分析.通过红外热像遥感观测方法以及数值模拟对7块预制双裂纹的试样进行了实验研究.结果表明,裂纹扩展过程中,脆性破裂的声发射前兆不明显,在主破裂发生之前有小规模声发射现象,但释放的能量不多,只有在主破裂发生时产生大量声发射,特别是岩爆类型的破坏.试样破裂过程中有红外异常现象,在破裂处会出现明显的高温区和高温条带,并指出斑状花岗岩在破裂前主要表现为高温前兆.     

Acoustic Emission and Damage Characteristics of Alumina

Advanced multi-channels acoustic emission(AE)system is used to study the fracture process of alumina material subjected by three-point-bending loading.Using AE counts and AE hits,the location of damage and damage characteristics are discussed.AE energy,AE counts,AE amplitude changing with loading time are analyzed for the notched alumina specimen.It is indicated that AE characteristic parameters reflect the damage process and fracture of material.     

Experimental Study on AE Characteristics of Granite under Uniaxial Tension at Different Strain Rates

To investigate the acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of quasi-brittle materials like rock and concrete,and to further analyze their damage and failure mechanism under seismic and other dynamic loads,the uniaxial tension test of granite cylinder specimens within the strain rate range of 10~(-7)-10~(-4) s~(-1) was monitored by AE technology,and the typical AE characteristic parameters were analyzed using statistical and correlation analysis.The experimental results show that,with the increase of strain rate,the peak of AE hit rate appears earlier and increases;the proportion of AE hits with higher duration or amplitude increases significantly,the b-value shows a decreasing trend,and the distribution of AE frequency-amplitude is increasingly discrete.In addition,the obvious characteristic of double dominant frequency bands was observed in AE waveforms by using spectrum analysis,with the increase of strain rate,the percentage of A-type waveforms corresponding to low dominant frequency band increases,while that of D-type waveforms corresponding to high ones decreases accordingly,which is significance for the further study of the damage and failure mechanism of quasi-brittle materials.     

弯曲加卸载下杂质盐岩断裂力学行为特征研究

为研究弯曲荷载下杂质盐岩断裂力学行为及损伤演化规律,利用四川大学MTS815岩石力学测试设备及三维声发射监测系统,展开了纯盐岩、含杂卤石盐岩及杂质盐岩三点弯曲加卸载试验。试验结果表明：(1)杂卤石及泥质胶结提升了盐岩的韧性,纯盐岩的断裂韧度均值KIC=6.36MPa.mm^-0.5,杂卤石盐岩的断裂韧度较纯盐岩高43.08%,杂质盐岩的断裂韧度为纯盐岩的3.18倍;(2)杂质导致盐岩脆性提高,纯盐岩声发射事件覆盖区域大于杂卤石盐岩及杂质盐岩;三点弯曲加卸载下岩石内部声发射事件由切槽尖端逐渐向荷载点扩散,直至岩石完全断裂;(3)盐岩损伤程度随循环次数增长逐渐提高,但增长速度逐渐降低,损伤变量与切槽张开度符合指数函数关系,损伤变量-张开度曲线拐点对于研究岩石失稳倾向性具有一定的预测效果;(4)声发射参数rc值能够反映盐岩弯曲加卸载破坏全过程中主裂纹与微裂纹的发展趋势,峰后残余阶段纯盐岩及杂卤石盐岩rc曲线持续上升,微裂隙稳定发展;杂质盐岩表现出更强的脆性,其在峰后残余阶段rc曲线表现出与纯盐岩及杂卤石盐岩相反的变化趋势。