CFD prediction of local scour hole around bridge piers

In order to predict the local scour hole and its evaluation around a cylindrical bridge pier, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and theories of sediment movement and transport were employed to carry out numerical simulations. In the numerical method, the time-averaged Reynolds Navier-Stokes equations and the standard k-ɛ model were first used to simulate the three-dimensional flow field around a bridge pier fixed on river bed. The transient shear stress on river bed was treated as a crucial hydrodynamic mechanism when handling sediment incipience and transport. Then, river-bed volumetric sediment transport was calculated, followed by the modification of the river bed altitude and configuration. Boundary adaptive mesh technique was employed to modify the grid system with changed river-bed boundary. The evolution of local scour around a cylindrical bridge pier was presented. The numerical results represent the flow pattern and mechanism during the pier scouring, with a good prediction of the maximum scour hole depth compared with test results.     

洪水泥沙运动特性的一维数值模拟计算和分析

采用一维非恒定水流泥水流泥沙数学模型对黄河的“96．8”洪水泥沙输移特性进行了数值计算模拟，通过对洪水运动过程的水沙要素如断面的水位、数量、含沙量变化、洪水传播时间及河床冲淤等特性的分析表明，本一维非恒定泥沙数学模型在分析模拟洪水泥运动规律可靠性，为江河洪水预报提供一种重要的预测手段。     

The Severn Barrage and other tidal energy options: Hydrodynamic and power output modeling

Details are given herein of the current main proposals for tidal energy provision from the Severn Estuary, in the UK, with particular emphasis being focused on the Severn Barrage project, as originally promoted by the Severn Tidal Power Group. In particular, emphasis has focused on assessing the potential hydro-environmental impacts and power outputs of a barrage across the estuary, with an unstructured grid, high resolution, model being developed and applied to the estuary to assess the implications of each of five shortlisted proposed schemes on the hydrodynamic, geomorphologic, flood risk and faecal indicator organism changes within the estuary. An outline is given of recent research on power refinements to the model to assess the options for power generation. The results show that the Severn Barrage has the potential to reduce the tidal currents in a highly dynamic estuary. This leads to the reduction of suspended sediment loads (particularly upstream of the barrage), an increase of light penetration within the water column and, potentially, an increase in the benthic bio-diversity and the level of aquatic life in the estuary. The results also show that the Severn Barrage will reduce markedly the risk of flooding upstream of the barrage and to a lesser extent downstream of the structure. In contrast the alternative options have far less impact on flood risk changes. In addition to the Severn Barrage some results are shown herein for a typical lagoon option, namely the Fleming Lagoon.     

三峡工程下游卵石夹沙河段床沙粗化计算

三峡工程运用后,下泄清水持续冲刷河床,造成长江中游河段床沙逐年粗化,对长江中游河段水沙输移及河床演变规律的研究产生重要影响。为研究三峡工程下游宜枝河段、枝江河段卵石夹沙河床年际床沙粗化及年内床沙交换过程,基于Markov三态转移概率矩阵,引入非均匀沙隐暴系数,得到卵石夹沙河床上床沙级配、推移质级配及悬沙级配的概率计算模型(沙量平衡方程),能够同时考虑前期水沙条件、床沙起悬及冲淤过程对床沙交换过程的影响。结果表明：2003～2017年,枝城站床沙发生明显粗化,泥沙颗粒级配分布曲线左移,2003年床沙粒径范围为0.002 mm～41 mm,2017年变为0.031 mm～86 mm;此外,该断面床沙中值粒径总体呈上升趋势,并在2010年以后有一定波动,但波动幅度较小;并以汛初、汛末为时间节点,将枝城站年内月均床沙变化过程分为三类。通过枝城站2003-2009年实测资料验证,本文建立的概率模型计算结果与实测资料符合较好,能够应用于三峡工程下游宜枝河段及枝江河段卵石夹沙河床年际床沙粗化及年内床沙交换过程的预报,为今后非均匀沙运动及非平衡输沙机理的研究提供理论基础。     

Coupled flood and sediment transport modelling with adaptive mesh refinement

Coupled flood and sediment transport modelling in large-scale domains has for long been hindered by the high computational cost.Adaptive mesh refinement is one of the viable ways to solving this problem without degrading the accuracy.This goal can be accomplished through mesh adaptation,e.g.,mesh coarsening and refining based on the dynamic regime of the flow and sediment transport along with bed evolution.However,previous studies in this regard have been limited to cases either without involving sediment transport or featuring flow-sediment-bed decoupling and the assumption of sediment transport capacity,which are not generally justified.Here,a coupled hydrodynamic and non-capacity sediment transport model is developed on adaptive non-uniform rectangular mesh.The proposed model is validated against experimental tests and numerical results based on the fixed meshes.It is demonstrated that the proposed model can properly capture shock waves,resolve the wetting/drying transition and reproduce morphological evolution.Compared with models based on the fixed meshes,the proposed model features great advantage in computational efficiency and holds promise for wide applications.     

Nonlinear dynamical characteristics of bed load motion

The turn of the century has ushered in reforms and improvements to many classical fields of study in science and engineering. Two worldwide trends in the development of science are noteworthy in particular. First, new inter-disciplinary areas are emerging as a result of classical subjects crossing over each other. Second, the nonlinear science has become mature enough to be increasingly applied to many fields[1,2]. River dynamics, as a central topic in the study of sediment transport, contains…     

非均匀沙的运动特性与规律

在理论分析及前人试验结果的基础上,从非均匀沙的起动条件及机理、挟沙力及推移质输沙率的计算方法、悬移质不平衡输沙等方面分析了非均匀沙的运动特性,根据非均匀沙推移质输沙率公式分析了同一启动标准条件下输沙率的变化规律及输沙率变化的影响因素.     

Sediment transportation and bed morphology reshaping in Yellow River Delta

The Yellow River Delta supports the ecological function as a typical estuarine foreshore wetland. The wetland area is changing greatly every year because of sediment deposition and erosion, which influences the wetland function tremendously. Application of environmental fluid dynamics code (EFDC) to the Yellow River Delta is on the basis of the mobile bed dynamic model and wetting-drying process. Careful calibration is carried out for the numerical model which is set up for the Yellow River Delta, the sediment transport process of the model is compatible to the Yellow River situation. The simulated bed elevation by considering the sediment deposition in the Mouth is particularly focused on, the numerical results are in agreement with the measured bed morphology within 1992–2000. Simulation in this paper indicates that most of the sediment deposited just out of the Mouth which makes the mouth move forward into the sea 2.5 km per year. This paper presents good results in simulation of varying sediment deposition and provides further methods to predict the future morphology and area of the Yellow River Delta.     

来沙条件变化对河床形态及推移质运动的影响

摘要：针对山区河流的来沙条件的不确定性导致的河流形态变化的问题,根据J . G. Venditti的系列来沙条件变化水槽试验成果,引入无量纲参数河床结构强度Sp,充分考虑推移质泥沙运动特性,探讨了来沙条件变化对卵石河床形态、推移质输沙率和河床级配的影响。结果表明:在已经粗化的河床上加入细沙会对河床形态、推移质输沙率和河床级配产生影响。加入细沙会造成河床重新出现冲淤变化,底坡变大,冲刷变严重,最终降低河床结构强度Sp;加沙会增大推移质输沙率,其中中值粒径为3mm的细沙运动表现为行进推移质,而中值粒径为8mm的粗沙运动表现为结构推移质;加入细沙后会细化河床,且加入的粒径越小,细化效果越明显,加入中值粒径为3mm的细沙后推移质的中值粒径先减小后增大,与加入中值粒径为8mm的粗沙后推移质的中值粒径先增大后减小相反。     

宽级配非均匀推移质输沙率的实验研究

非均匀沙推移质输沙率是生产中的一个重要问题,由于测验困难,许多河流尚无系统的原型观测资料。目前计算非均匀推移质输沙率的公式相差较大,难以得到统一的结论。本文利用实验及实测资料分析推移质输沙率的脉动特性,用负幂律分布进行描述,表明具有一定的普遍性。     

A three-dimensional k-?-kp model in curvilinear coordinates for sediment movement and bed evolution

To aim at the substitution of the magnitude and direction of water flow movement near bed for those of bed load transport in solid-liquid two-phase one-fluid model, and to simulate the effect of secondary flow on transverse bed load transport in channel bends and the effect of bed slope on bed load transport in a better way, a three-dimensional k-ɛ-k _p solid-liquid two-phase two-fluid model in curvilinear coordinates is solved numerically with a finite-volume method on an adaptive grid for studying water- sediment movements and bed evolution in a 120° channel bend. Numerical results show that the trajectories of solid-phase deviate from those of liquid-phase in the channel bend, and the deviation increases with the increase of the particle diameters. The calculated bed deformation by the k-ɛ-k _p model is in better agreement with measured bed deformation than those by one-fluid model. It is proved that the k-ɛ-k _p model can simulate the effect of secondary flow on lateral bed load transport with the higher accuracy than the one-fluid model.     

分汊河道水沙输移特征试验

根据分流河道的水沙特性,对现有的水沙输移计算模式进行了分类,总结了分汊河道分流分沙计算模式在国内外研究发展的现状,并进行了简要的分析评论,继而通过水槽试验对分汊河道整体水流结构和底沙输移演化特征进行了初步的探讨.试验结果表明:在汊道洲头和洲尾的局部范围内流速减小较明显,洲尾处出现水流分离区且左右两侧为高流速区;主、支汊流量的分配决定底沙输移强度,最大冲刷深度在主汊分流口下游.     

河道水流泥沙运动一维、二维模型嵌套及交界面连接问题

本文导得了河道水流泥沙运动一维、二维模型交界面连接的一般条件,对交界面上水流阻力、悬移质挟沙力、推移质输沙率、河床变形及床沙级配的一维、二维模型不匹配问题进行了合理处理,建立了河道水流泥沙运动一维、二维嵌套数学模型。     

考虑泥沙分选及床沙级配调整的二维数值模拟研究

在正交曲线坐标系下建立平面2维河流数学模型,包括水流模型、泥沙模型。在前人研究成果的基础上,通过修正泥沙模型中非均匀沙挟沙力公式以考虑泥沙分选影响;并根据近底床沙质量守恒方程计算床沙级配调整。利用seal水槽下游细化试验资料,对模型进行了验证,结果表明,本模型能够合理模拟水槽地形及其床面泥沙分布变化,反映试验水槽沿程细化的趋势,具有研究实际河道河床变形及床沙分布变化的潜力。     

基于雅鲁藏布江辫状河流的洪峰流量输沙变异数值模拟

该研究根据雅江中游辫状河流平面形态建立输沙地形,构建了可用于辫状河流输沙模拟的数学模型。数值计算采用二维水动力学和非粘性泥沙耦合模型对辫状河流中泥沙输运规律进行模拟研究,模型基于不可压缩雷诺平均N-S方程,模型中包括连续方程、动量方程、河床面变形方程、全沙输沙方程。该数学模型通过全沙输移理论计算悬移质和推移质输沙率。当模拟洪峰流量时,辫状河流出口含沙过程和悬移质输沙过程峰值滞后于入流过程,形成相位差,泥沙粒径越小,相位差越小,0.01mm和0.02mm泥沙相位差接近0,出口悬移质输沙率产生的相位差小于含沙量;0.3mm、0.2mm和0.1mm泥沙在辫状河流中淤积的淤积量超过50%。在计算泥沙输移的同时,考虑泥沙的启动、沉降淤积作用导致的地形更新,进而求解挟沙水流在辫状河流当中运动时对地形变化的影响,为天然辫状河流的研究预测建立一定的数值模拟基础。     

3D mathematical model for suspended load transport by turbulent flows and its applications

In recent years, 1D sediment mathematical models have been widely applied in en-gineering practice. However, simulation results from such models provide limited tech-nical details and they cannot fully meet the requirements of engineering planning and design. Though 2D sediment mathematical models have been developing rapidly and already been used to solve the sediment problems in hydraulic engineering, the area near the main structure of a project has 3D problems of water flow and sediment m…     

溪洛渡水电站导流洞卵石推移质采样方案及其输沙特性

溪洛渡水电站位于金沙江下游,水流流速大,挟沙能力强,本文结合溪洛渡水电站导流洞推移质情况,开展了高速挟沙水流条件下卵石推移质测验方案的试验研究,提出了溪洛渡水电站卵石推移质测验方案即缆道悬挂采样器加拉偏的方式进行测量并予以实施。测验成果表明,金沙江溪洛渡6#导流洞河段存在河床卵石运动情况,而且推移量很大。根据导流洞实测水沙运动资料,揭示了溪洛渡水电站导流洞卵石推移质的输移特性,并建立了卵石推移质输沙率与流量的经验关系。     

小浪底水库运用初期黄河下游河道冲刷模拟计算

采用小浪底水库运用后的1999年11月至2002年10月水沙系列对已建立并运用多年的黄河准二维泥沙数学模型进行验证计算，河床冲淤变化、断面形态调整、洪水演进及洪水位变化、床沙与悬沙交换等各方面的计算结果与实测资料基本吻合。这说明该模型适用于因小浪底水库运用而水沙条件发生重大变化的黄河下游，该模型可在今后小浪底水库运用方式的比选、黄河下游河道治理及下游防洪决策等工作中发挥其模拟和预测的作用。     

黄茅海水域三维水动力数值模拟

基于k-kl紊流模型,联合第三代海浪模式SWAN,建立了波流共同作用下的三维水动力数值模式,并应用到黄茅海水动力数值模拟研究中.考虑到实际河口和海底地形,通过平面和垂向三维坐标变换,在空间完全交错的网格系统上离散化控制方程组,采用内外模式分裂技术求解.数值模拟结果表明:计算值与实测值符合良好,模型较好的复演了黄茅海水域的三维水动力状况,可用于进一步的研究.     

自然化河床防冲工程模型试验研究

通过动床模型试验 ,讨论了不同水、沙条件下利用天然石块砌成的丁坝、潜坝以及河床局部展宽等河床防冲工程对河床形态及水、沙运动特性的影响 ,分析了不同防冲工程对减轻河床冲刷的作用 .试验是在长2 4m、宽 0 .7m的梯形动床水槽中进行的 .试验中利用先进的量测设备测量了水位、流速、推移质输沙率以及河床形态的变化 .试验结果表明 ,河床建筑物加大了河床阻力 ,与无建筑物时相比 ,河道水深增大 ,输沙能力有所降低 ,河床形态及水流结构更加复杂 ;并表明 ,不同工程措施对河床的防冲效果不同 .实验结果对生产应用有一定的指导意义