基于反馈线性化的超导磁储能装置控制器研究

以含超导磁储能SMES(SuperconductingMagneticEnergyStorage)装置的单机无穷大电力系统为研究对象,建立了其非线性数学模型。在此模型基础上,提出了一种基于反馈线性化方法和线性最优控制理论的SMES控制规律的简便设计方法。一个重要的特点是:在所构成的线性系统中,通过坐标变换引入了发电机机端电压,因此,可以方便地实现使用SMES同时对系统的功角和电压稳定进行控制。仿真结果表明该控制器对改善系统的阻尼特性和提高系统的电压稳定性都具有良好的控制效果,同时也验证了该控制器的可行性。     

超导磁储能系统的自适应单神经元控制

基于自适应单神经元的控制方法是将单个神经元与环境系统相连,利用结合了Hebbian学习和监督学习特点的迭代算法在线修改其连接权值以实现控制目标.将这种控制方法用于超导磁储能(SMES)控制器的设计无需进行系统建模,所得到的控制器结构简单,算法简便,适于工程应用.文章在MATLAB环境下建立了较精确的含SMES的电力系统非线性高阶模型,通过时域仿真考察了基于自适应单神经元的SMES控制器的性能,结果表明该控制器具有令人满意的控制效果和较好的鲁棒性.     

非线性PID控制器在超导磁储能装置中的应用研究

非线性比例-积分-微分(Nonlinear Proportion-Integral-Differential,NLPID)控制是一种利用非线性跟踪-微分器和非线性组合方法对线性PID控制进行改进的新型控制策略,它具有不依赖于被控系统模型的特点.作者设计了用于电力系统超导磁储能(Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage,SMES)装置的NLPID控制器,该控制器通过对由跟踪-微分器提取的转子角速度和机端电压的偏差及其微分和积分信号分别进行适当非线性组合,产生用于协调控制SMES和系统之间的有功和无功功率交换的控制信号.仿真结果表明该NLPID控制器具有较好的适应性和鲁棒性,且改善了系统的阻尼特性,提高了系统电压的稳定性.     

超导储能装置的非线性鲁棒控制器设计

首先讨论了超导储能装置（SMES）建模问题,根据SMES样机实验结果,构造了SMES的二阶鲁棒模型;然后在单机无穷大系统中,得到了含SMES的电力系统非线性鲁棒模型。进一步,基于反馈线性化方法将系统线性化,再利用线性H_∞理论求得SMES的鲁棒控制规律。最后,用数字仿真检验控制规律的有效性。结果表明在各种工况下,SMES的非线性鲁棒控制器均可使系统在受到大干扰后迅速恢复正常运行,并显著提高系统的暂态稳定极限,从而提高系统的输电能力。     

高温超导储能变流器的LC阻尼滤波器设计

为了抑制高温超导储能电压型变流器的输出电压谐波,设计了带阻尼效应的LC低通滤波器。文中分析了滤波器的原理及传递特性,进行了正弦脉宽调制波的谐波分析,通过控制滤波网络的基波衰减因数确定了LC阻尼滤波器的参数,最后将其应用于高温超导SMES的电压跌落补偿试验。试验结果表明,LC阻尼滤波器在SMES变流器系统中能起到良好的滤波效果,提高了SMES系统的动态响应能力和稳态性能。     

非线性PID控制器在超导磁储能装置中的应用

基于非线性比例积分微分PID(Proportional Integration Differential)控制器在设计上具有不依赖于被控系统数学模型的特点,设计了用于电力系统的超导磁储能装置SMES(Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage)的非线性PID控制器。概述了非线性PID控制器利用“跟踪-微分器”非线性结构产生控制所需的比例、积分、微分信号的原理。介绍了含SMES的电力系统模型及非线性PID控制器的设计。数字仿真结果验证了所设计的控制器是可行的,同时表明该控制器结构简单、易实现。     

应用SMES改善发电机轴系扭矩的研究

提出了一种应用超导磁储能（SMES）装置改善发电机轴系扭矩的办法,以IEEE第一基准模型为研究对象,根据复转矩系数法的基本原理,得到发电机机械复转矩系数,并考虑SMES装置的电气复转矩系数的表达式,给出了二者之间的定量关系式,以此为依据研究了应用SMES改善发电机轴系扭矩的控制策略,并设计了相应的控制器。仿真结果表明,使用SMES进行无功补偿的同时可以起到阻尼发电机轴系间扭振的作用,具有一定的现实意义。     

基于超导储能的暂态稳定控制器设计

设计了用于提高电力系统的暂态稳定超导储能(SMES)装置的非线性鲁棒控制器,并从数字仿真和动模实验两方面进行了验证。为了简化动态性能分析和控制器设计,在实验样机的基础上,提出了新的基于电流型变流器的SMES的动态模型,并将其转化为标幺制模型。通过外部干扰的引入,得到了装设SMES的单机无穷大系统的动态模型,并采用精确线性化方法和线性H∞控制理论设计了SMES的非线性鲁棒控制器。为了验证该控制器的效果,对装设SMES单机无穷大系统进行了数字仿真和动模实验,并将其与常规PI控制器进行了比较。仿真和实验结果都证明了非线性鲁棒控制器具有良好性能。     

基于间接Hamilton化理论的超导储能控制设计

采用超导储能装置（Superconducting magnetic energy storage,SMES）的二阶模型,得到含SMES的单机无穷大电力系统模型。进而利用Lagrange化和间接Hamilton化理论, 构造了该动态系统的Hamilton函数,并提出相应的SMES的稳定控制策略。最后,利用Matlab进行仿真验证了笔者所提出控制律的正确性和有效性。结果表明, 在大干扰的情况下,基于间接Hamilton化理论所设计的超导储能控制器能使系统快速地恢复到稳定运行状态,提高电力系统的暂态稳定性。     

超导储能改善并网风电场稳定性的研究

建立了风电机组和超导储能(SMES)装置的数学模型以研究SMES对并网风电场运行稳定性的改善.针对风电系统中经常出现的联络线短路故障和风电场的风速扰动,提出利用SMES安装点的电压偏差作为SMES有功控制器的控制信号的策略.对实例系统进行的仿真计算结果表明,SMES采用该控制策略,不仅可以在网络故障后有效地提高风电场的稳定性,而且能够在快速的风速扰动下平滑风电场的功率输出,降低风电场对电网的冲击.     

利用SSSC阻尼电力系统低频振荡

提出了一种改进的装有静止同步串联补偿器(SSSC)的单机、多机系统Phillips-Heffron模型,并由此得出了SSSC在单机、多机系统中能够抑制低频振荡的理论依据.通过重新构建控制量的方法,得到了装有SSSC的单机系统仿射非线性方程,进而应用非线性变换与非线性反馈理论求解SSSC的非线性控制策略.结合最优控制理论,得到了单机系统SSSC非线性最优控制策略,并将其应用于提高系统阻尼.基于实时数字仿真(RTDS)的仿真结果,证实所做理论分析的正确性以及所提出的非线性控制策略的有效性.     

Application of simultaneous active and reactive power modulation ofSMES unit under unequal α-mode for power system stabilization

A simple and novel control strategy for damping electromechanical oscillations through control of power converter firing angles α ₁ and α₂ of a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit is proposed. Both active and reactive power modulations are used under unequal α-mode of operation. The choice of unequal mode is discussed in detail. The gains of the proposed SMES controller are determined once offline depending on the power system and the rating of the SMES unit. Simulation results show that the SMES unit can effectively suppress power system oscillations by utilizing its active and reactive power modulation capabilities. The control algorithm is simple and its realization will require very little hardware     

A fuzzy logic controlled superconducting magnetic energy storage,SMES frequency stabilizer

This paper presents application of fuzzy logic controlled superconducting magnetic energy storage device, SMES to damp the frequency oscillations of interconnected two-area power systems due to load excursions. The system frequency oscillations appear due to load disturbance. To stabilize the system frequency oscillations, the active power can be controlled via superconducting magnetic energy storage device, SMES. The error in the area control and its rate of change is used as controller input signals to the proposed fuzzy logic controller. In order to judge the effect of the proposed fuzzy logic controlled SMES, a comparative study is made between its effect and the effect of the conventional proportional plus integral (PI) controlled SMES. The studied system consists of two-area (thermal–thermal) power system each one equipped with SMES unit. The time simulation results indicate the superiority of the proposed fuzzy logic controlled SMES over the conventional PI SMES in damping the system oscillations and reach quickly to zero frequency deviation. The system is modeled and solved by using MATLAB software.     

应用超导储能装置阻尼次同步谐振的研究

提出了一种新的应用超导储能(SMES)装置阻尼电力系统次同步谐振(SSR)的方法。与以往的类似研究相比,由于本方法基于复转矩系数法, 因而不仅可以适应多机复杂电力系统, 还可以得到电气阻尼系数随扰动频率的变化曲线。在引入SMES控制装置后的IEEE第一基准模型中, 根据复转矩系数法的基本原理, 得出了发电机机械复转矩系数和考虑SMES装置时的电气复转矩系数的表达式, 给出了二者之间的定量关系式, 以此为基础研究了应用超导储能装置阻尼次同步谐振的控制策略, 设计了相应的比例积分(PI)控制器,给出了控制框图, 并在IEEE第一基准模型的系统结构和参数条件下得到了控制器参数。在PSCAD /EMTDC环境中将控制策略和超导磁储能装置应用于IEEE第一基准模型进行了动态仿真, 仿真结果验证了该控制方案的有效性和正确性。     

Power oscillation damping by superconducting magnetic energy (SMES) storage unit

With the increase in the size and capacity of electric power systems and the growth of widespread interconnections, the problem of power oscillations due to the reduced system damping has become increasingly serious. Since a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) unit with a self-commutated converter is capable of controlling both the active (P) and reactive (Q) power simultaneously and quickly, increasing attention has been focused recently on power system stabilization by SMES control. This paper describes the effects of SMES control on the damping of power oscillations. By examining the case of a single generator connected to an infinite bus through both theoretical analyses and experimental tests (performed with a SMES unit with maximum stored energy of 16 kJ and an artificial model system), the difference in the effects between P and Q control of SMES is clarified as follows:

• 1 In the case of P control, as the SMES unit is placed closer to the terminal of the generator, the power oscillations will decay more rapidly.
• 2 In the case of Q control, it is most effective to install the SMES unit near the midpoint of the system.
• 3 By comparing the P control with Q control, the former is more effective than the latter based on the conditions that the SMES unit location and the control gain are the same.

     

Superconducting magnetic energy storage controller design and stability analysis for a power system with various load characteristics

A simultaneous active power and reactive power (P–Q) control scheme of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit is proposed to enhance the damping of a power system. In order to control the P–Q modulation to the power system, a proportional-integral (PI) controller is used to provide a supplementary damping signal. The parameters of the PI controller are determined by a systematic pole assignment method based on modal control theory. Both static load and dynamic load are included to improve the system model fidelity. Eigenvalue analysis and time-domain nonlinear simulation, using a power system incorporating a composite load, are illustrated to validate the effectiveness of the proposed PI SMES controller for the damping of the studied system over a wide range of operating conditions. The control scheme also shows that the stability margin of the power system is expanded.     

Design of a nonlinear power system stabilizer using synergetic control theory

Electromechanical oscillations of small magnitude and low frequency exist in the interconnected power system and often persist for long periods of time. Power system stabilizers (PSSs) are traditionally used to provide damping torque for the synchronous generators to suppress the oscillations by generating supplementary control signals for the generator excitation system. Numerous techniques have previously been proposed to design PSSs but many of them are synthesized based on a linearized model. This paper presents a nonlinear power system stabilizer based on synergetic control theory. Synergetic synthesis of the PSS is based fully on a simplified nonlinear model of the power system. The dynamic characteristics of the proposed PSS are studied in a typical single-machine infinite-bus power system and compared with the cases with a conventional PSS and without a PSS. Simulation results show the proposed PSS is robust for such nonlinear dynamic system and achieves better performance than the conventional PSS in damping oscillations.     

A heuristic‐based design of robust SMES controller taking system uncertainties into consideration

In this paper, a heuristic‐based design of robust superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) controller is proposed taking system uncertainties into consideration. The SMES model with active and reactive power controllers is used. In addition, the effect of SMES coil current is also included in the model. The power system and the SMES unit with the designed controller are formulated as an optimization problem. The proposed objective function considers both the damping performance index and the robust stability index. In particular, the robust SMES controller is designed to enhance the system damping performance and robustness against system uncertainties such as various load and system parameter changes. The robust stability margin is guaranteed in terms of the multiplicative stability margin (MSM). In the proposed method, the robust SMES active and reactive power controllers are designed systematically by using hybrid tabu search and evolutionary programming, so that the desired damping performance and the best obtainable MSM are acquired. Finally, the designed SMES controller is examined under different situations to evaluate and confirm the effectiveness and robustness via eigenvalue analysis and nonlinear simulations. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

采用协同控制理论的同步发电机非线性励磁控制

提出了一种基于协同控制理论的非线性励磁控制器。首先依据同步发电机励磁控制的基本要求和特点,选择机端电压、有功功率和转子角速度三个变量的偏差的线性组合构成流形,以保证有效控制机端电压和抑制系统功率振荡。然后以同步发电机非线性模型为对象,推导出了非线性协同励磁控制器（Synergetic excitation controller,SEC）的控制律,并根据电力系统的运行特性,探讨了控制器参数的选取原则。最后,单机无穷大系统仿真结果表明,无论在大扰动还是在小扰动下,所提非线性协同励磁控制器比常规的AVR+PSS方式下的励磁控制器都能更快更精确地调节机端电压,还能够有效地抑制系统的功率振荡。