Analysis of the Audible Noise of Three-Phase Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors Supplied by Inverters

One of the major problems in inverter-fed motors is the high level of audible noise produced by harmonic current and voltage components. To analyze these phenomena the field in the machine airgap is calculated using the rotating field theory together with the Maxwell stress theorem. This analysis yields a way for predicting the spectrum components produced by the motor and for relating it to the airgap flux density distribution time harmonics caused by the nonsinusoidal supply. The theoretical approach is used for calculating the airgap flux density distribution and the frequency spectrum components of a small three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor fed by a six-step voltage source inverter (VSI) and by a pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) inverter. The theoretical results are compared with experiments.     

合适的槽配合降低变频调速电动机电磁噪音

采用测量样机电磁噪音声压值与有限元法分析定子固有振动频率相结合的方法,对变频异步电机产生高频电磁噪音的原因进行分析,发现定、转子槽配合不当产生的低阶电磁力波会引起电机共振,利用交流电机电磁力波分析计算方法提出改进措施,给出合适的定转子槽配合。经对样机进行噪音对比试验,证明高频电磁噪音得到抑制,效果显著。     

800kW感应电机的振动噪声的试验分析

本文介绍用ＣＡＴ系统对ＹＲ８００－８／１１８０型８００ｋＷ中型异步电动机定子的振动和噪声的测试及频谱分析和相干分析结果，由于采用开口槽，定、转子一阶二阶齿谐波产生的四阶径向力波均引起较大的电磁振动，产生相应的噪声，同时定、转子轴向通风道产生不可忽视的一阶二阶空气动力噪声，两者频率都在１０００～１２００Ｈｚ和２４００Ｈｚ左右，相互加强，形成总的噪声。对上述主要噪声分量进行计算，与试验有很好的吻合，为预估大中型电机噪声水平提供了可靠的试验依据。     

Magnetostriction and motor vibration

A quiet induction motor is strongly demanded today. Electromagnetic factors are a main cause of vibration and acoustic noise in a small induction motor. Electromagnetic forces and magnetostrictive forces are considered as the origin of electromagnetic vibration and noise. In this paper, magnetostrictive vibration of a ring of electrical steel sheets was simulated by the mechanical finite element method. Magnetostriction was assumed as external forces and they were added at each node of the meshed ring. Resonant frequency and the mode of the ring were calculated. In the steel sheet ring excited by a PWM voltage source inverter, the frequency spectrum of vibration of ring was measured and compared with the calculated results. It was confirmed that these procedures simulated magnetostriction behavior of electrical steel sheets. Furthermore, the electromagnetic forces of a small induction motor were calculated and compared with the magnetostriction data. It became clear that electromagnetic vibration was affected by the magnetostriction of steel. These results will be useful in the reduction of acoustic noise and the development of quiet motors. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(2): 8–13, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10338     

Electromagnetic noise of induction motors driven by PWM inverters

When a squirrel cage induction motor is driven by a PWM inverter, electromagnetic noise different from that during commercial power source drive is experienced. This is because of sideband wave voltage induced in PWM inverter output voltage. This paper first describes the mechanism of electromagnetic noise generation in commercial power source drive, and then electromagnetic force considering the sideband frequency and voltage content and the mechanism of electromagnetic noise generation in PWM inverter drive. It also refers to the sideband frequency and voltage content because of operating time control. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 133(3): 55–62, 2000     

电动客车用永磁同步电机噪声特性研究

本文针对纯电动客车用永磁同步电机的噪声特性进行研究。通过建立电机的电磁场有限元模型,从电磁力角度分析电机在空载和额定负载工况下作用于电机定子齿部的径向电磁力波的差异,并考虑电机在变频器供电下时间谐波的影响,研究电机径向电磁力波的阶次特征和频域特性。最后通过半消声室台架进行电机噪声测试,验证了径向电磁力波特性分析与试验数据阶次特征的一致性。该研究为永磁同步电机电磁噪声优化提供依据。     

随机频率PWM逆变器的分析设计

应用随机PWM方法可以使逆变器的输出电压频谱呈连续分布而不影响基波分量,这样由逆变器供电的电动机的声学噪声和机械振动就会大大减小。然而,由于RPWM机理的分析和设计对于一般工程师来讲是比较繁琐的,这就限制了RPWM的应用。本文提出了一种用于驱动感应电机的随机频率PWM逆变器,并给出了可实现的设计程序。首先,直观分析了随机信号对逆变器输出电压频谱的影响,其次,进行了相关的量化设计,最后,采用SIMULINK仿真和实验的手段对整个系统进行了分析。仿真和实验结果表明本文提出的RFPWM设计方案中,逆变器输出电压的频谱是均匀随机分布的,而且声学噪声和机械振动都得到有效抑制。     

Method for Diffusing Carrier Noise under Zero‐Speed Condition using a Zero‐Sequence Voltage

In this paper, a technique is proposed to reduce the carrier noise of pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters for a permanent magnet motor drive. The carrier noise is generated by the motor and the reactor driven by the inverter and affected by the switching frequency. When a motor rotates and drives a machine, the carrier noise is hidden by the machine noise. However, when the motor speed is approximately zero, the carrier noise becomes dominant and raucous. The typical method to reduce the noise employs a switching frequency higher than the audible frequency of human hearing. However, the increase in switching frequency results in the inverter suffering a higher switching loss and lower efficiency. In particular, when the permanent magnet motor operates at approximately zero‐speed and full‐load, for example, in the hill‐start conditions of electric vehicles and the start and stop conditions of elevators, the current flows in specific power devices and the switching loss further increases. The proposed technique uses a zero‐sequence voltage, which is generated randomly with the M‐sequence signal, and diffuses the frequency components of the ripple contained in the current. The technique is able to reduce the noise without increasing the switching frequency of the inverter when the motor speed is almost zero. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed technique can diffuse the carrier noise and the cycle of the M‐sequence signal changes the diffusion effect of the carrier noise.     

三相逆变器共模传导电磁干扰的建模与分析

为了预测进而抑制三相逆变器的共模传导电磁干扰(EMI),需要研究其建模和分析方法。本文首先通过对三相逆变器各个开关管的开关状态的分析,得到了三相逆变器共模传导EMI干扰源的简便表示方法,进而提出一种由共模传导EMI干扰源和传播通道模型构成的等效电路模型。通过实验测量和电磁场数值计算,获得等效电路中的各个高频参数。对其共模传导EMI进行仿真和实测1,50kHz～30MHz频段的仿真与实测频谱基本吻合,说明采用本文方法建立的共模等效电路模型是可行的。该方法可作为计算评估三相逆变器共模传导EMI的一种可行方案。     

低噪声屏蔽电机的电磁设计

以37 kW两极屏蔽电机为例,给出了低噪声屏蔽电机的电磁设计参数,并对该电机的起动性能进行了仿真计算。将计算结果与路算法进行对比验证后,发现两者基本吻合。然后当对电机采用场-路耦合有限元法进行电磁力计算和对定子铁心进行模态分析时,确认定子铁心固有频率和电机运行频率及主要电磁力波频率三者没有重合点,即不存在共振的激励点,说明了该设计方案的正确性和可行性。     

Determination of mechanical resonances in induction motors byrandom modulation and acoustic measurement

Acoustic noise emission from PWM-VSI inverter driven induction motors is a well-known problem. The generated noise depends mainly on two factors: the harmonic content of the supply voltage waveform; and the mechanical resonance frequencies of the induction motor. It is necessary to know the mechanical resonances to optimize the switching scheme of the inverter to reduce the noise emission. Measuring the resonance frequencies is normally a laborious process. This paper introduces a new method for estimating the mechanical resonances from acoustic noise measurements. Employing random modulation of the output voltage of the inverter, the voltage spectrum can be spread over a wide frequency range. Using the spectrum analysis of the measured acoustic noise, the resonances can easily be estimated as the dominant frequencies of the acoustic noise spectrum. The method was tested on a 2.2 kW induction motor at no load and full load. Some of the mechanical resonances of the motor at no load were calculated by the Holzer method. The calculations showed good agreement with the sound measurements. The influence of the fan cowl was investigated and it is concluded that this is an important factor in the acoustic noise emission. Finally, it was observed that new mechanical resonances appeared when the induction motor was loaded by a pump drive system, and they were estimated by the measurement technique     

散热片数对湿式潜水感应电机噪声影响分析

针对感应电机运行中的噪声问题,通过对一台160 kW潜水感应电机进行多物理场耦合有限元计算,结合解析法对径向电磁力的阶次和频率进行探究,分析了电机气隙中径向电磁力波的时空特性,并通过声学仿真进行了噪声的相关计算。考虑径向电磁力的二维傅里叶分解得到的结果和机壳模型模态的阶次与频率,分析说明了噪声的来源,提出可通过如调整电机机壳散热片数等方式改变电机模态在阶次与频率上的分布或降低机壳振动系数实现噪声控制的目的。     

矩形与面包形磁钢永磁同步电机噪声对比分析

为了对比分析矩形磁钢和面包形磁钢永磁同步电机运行时产生的0阶振动噪声,从理论上对电机的径向电磁力波进行推导,对力波的的磁密来源进行了分析,讨论了两种不同磁钢形状的永磁同步电机的0阶振动噪声。基于Workbench仿真平台,对这两种不同磁钢形状的36槽24极永磁同步电机进行仿真分析,得到两种电机的0阶6倍频力波的组成和0阶径向电磁力波的傅里叶分析结果;对电机定子的结构分别进行有限元建模和解析计算,得出电机结构的固有模态;通过解析计算的方法,得到电机定子表面的0阶电磁力振动位移频谱图;最后,通过计算电机的声辐射效率,对电机外部声场进行快速建模,计算出电机0阶电磁力声功率级频谱图。研究表明:面包形磁钢永磁同步电机的振动噪声要远小于矩形磁钢永磁同步电机的振动噪声。     

考虑磁致伸缩效应的电机应力数值仿真与实验

电机振动噪声的来源之一是电机定子铁心硅钢片的磁致伸缩效应。首先建立电磁-机械耦合数值模型,并在有限元分析软件中进行计算,研究磁致伸缩力单独作用与电磁力单独作用对电机定子硅钢片的影响。数值仿真结果表明:电机定子结构中磁致伸缩力为主要应力来源,定子铁心硅钢片中低频振动频率为供电频率的1倍频率与2倍频率。根据仿真思路设计实验,取出电机转子以保证主磁路通过电机定子,通过振动测量设备采集电机定子表面的振动信号进行分析,对仿真结果进行证明。计算理论与实验方法对分析磁致伸缩效应对电机定子振动噪声的影响具有重要的指导意义,对电机低噪声化的研究具有一定的学术意义和参考价值。     

PWM变频驱动系统传导干扰的高频模型

以典型的PWM变频驱动电机系统为对象,研究了干扰通道寄生参数和高频干扰源的建模方法。分别提出了变频器电路寄生参数的理论计算方法和电动机高频模型的实验提取方法,建立了系统级差模干扰和共模干扰的高频电路模型,提出了考虑PWM上升时间的高频干扰源建模方法,并对变频驱动装置在电网侧和负载电机侧的传导干扰进行了计算,以一台工业产品驱动装置为对象进行了实验验证,测试结果与计算结果的对比证明了该文方法的正确性。     

基于电机本体的新能源客车电磁噪声分析

为了研究新能源整车在行驶过程中的高频电磁噪声,采用试验与仿真相结合的方法,对某款新能源客车进行噪声、振动与声振粗糙度(NVH)测试,对新能源客车电机进行电磁仿真分析。对求解的电磁力密度进行时空的二维傅里叶变换,结合试验数据确定了电磁噪声主要来自于0阶72倍频;从电机本体出发,以电机转子的磁钢夹角、磁钢长宽等结构参数为设计变量,优化电机电磁力密度与转矩脉动;同时对优化后的模型利用有限元方法进行电磁、结构与声学的多物理场联合仿真,进一步求解电机的电磁噪声,并进行整车的NVH试验验证。试验结果表明:优化后的整车总体噪声减小了8.53 dB(A),电机72倍频噪声最大值减小了18.59 dB(A),减速机7阶噪声最大值减小了5.02 dB(A),仿真结果与试验测试结果吻合。     

Comparison of PWM and PFM induction drives regarding audible noise and vibration for household applications

This paper is aimed at comparing the performance of pulse frequency modulation (PFM) and pulsewidth modulation (PWM) techniques regarding audible noise generated from inverter-driven induction motors. For the purpose of illustrating the performance of the two modulation techniques, a drive developed for washing machine applications is considered. First, the measured and simulated harmonic content of this inverter is compared with the measured harmonic spectrum of a three-phase input-output commercial variable-frequency inverter. It is found that despite the 8-bit processor inexpensive implementation, the total harmonic distortion (THD) of PFM is comparable to the THD of PWM in more sophisticated applications. It is discovered that the harmonic spectrum of PFM exhibits harmonics of smaller magnitude distributed over 0.9f/sub o/--2.1f/sub o/ (base switching frequency) range, as opposed to a smaller number of dominant harmonics of PWM. Next, the prototype drive is programmed to generate both sine-PWM and PFM waveforms. The motor is driven at several frequencies and the audible noise and vibration level of the motor is measured. It is observed that the type of current harmonic content of PFM leads to reduced noise and vibration.     

一种新型无刷直流电机谐振极软开关逆变器

永磁无刷直流电机具有高功率密度、高转矩/电流比和控制简单等优势,得到了广泛应用。然而,无刷直流电机通常采用硬开关逆变器驱动,硬开关逆变器的系统效率较低,散热器的体积和重量较大,限制了大功率无刷直流电机驱动系统功率密度和性能的进一步提升。针对硬开关逆变器问题,提出了一种无刷直流电机专用的谐振极软开关电压源逆变器。通过在传统硬开关逆变器的三相输出端添加辅助谐振网络,实现了逆变桥主开关器件的零电压(ZVS)开关动作,辅助双向开关在零电流开关(ZCS)条件开通和关断。针对新型软开关逆变器,提出了一种新的脉宽调制(PWM)控制策略——TPWM TON,逆变桥上下侧开关器件轮流进行PWM调制,保持了直流母线中点电位的平衡,且使主开关和辅助开关的开关频率降到PWM调制频率的一半。对提出的软开关逆变器进行了实验研究,实验结果验证了电路结构、理论分析和控制策略的正确性与可行性。     

车用异步电机的电磁噪声分析与抑制

分析车用异步电机的电磁噪声问题。分析一台电动汽车牵引用异步电机空载噪声过大的原因,定位噪声的主要来源。基于Ansys Workbench多物理场仿真分析平台建立样机的电磁-结构-声场仿真模型,对样机的电磁噪声进行仿真预测,并通过试验测试和有限元仿真的噪声频谱对比验证电磁噪声仿真的正确性。对样机电磁噪声过大的原因进行理论分析,通过更改槽配合抑制电磁噪声,并通过噪声测试验证理论分析的正确性。     

车用永磁同步电机的电磁噪声分析与抑制

电机模态的准确分析是实现电机低噪声驱动设计的重要环节。当电机模态频率与对应阶次径向电磁力波频率接近时,会产生共振。以一台6极36槽的70 kW商务车主驱动永磁同步电机(PMSM)为研究对象,对比分析转子开辅助槽和针对一阶齿谐波的转子分段斜极方法对电磁力波的影响。采用转子开辅助槽和转子分段斜极的优化方法后,0阶12倍频径向电磁力波幅值可减小79%。建立电机三维有限元模态仿真模型,分析电机结构部件对模态的影响,结合常用车载驱动电机的安装固定方式对外壳进行约束,分析不同约束方式下电机的模态特性。结果表明,在峰值功率8 000 r/min的工况下,优化设计方案下的0阶12倍频的径向电磁力波幅值较大,但由于频率为4 800 Hz,远离电机模态的固有频率,因此不会发生共振,降低了电磁噪声。