硅氧烷对水树老化后的交联聚乙烯电缆的修复研究

采用了一种硅氧烷修复液对水树老化电缆进行绝缘修复,并对修复效果及水树尖端电场进行了分析和讨论。首先,采用水针电极加速老化系统对10kV交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆样本绝缘进行高频高压老化,直到电缆介质损耗因数达到20%左右。此后,通过压力注入式修复系统从老化样本缆芯注入修复液,修复液渗透进入绝缘进行修复。通过比较修复前后电缆介质损耗因数和击穿电压的变化,发现随着修复时间的延长,老化电缆的绝缘性能逐渐恢复到新电缆水平;同时,通过显微镜观察到水树空洞被反应生成的有机化合物有效填充,达到了消除绝缘层微孔中水分的效果。此外,通过修复液直接与水反应实验和电场有限元仿真结果,进一步证实该修复液能有效提升水树老化电缆的绝缘性能。结果表明,修复液能渗透到水树区并修复水树老化电缆。     

XLPE 电缆绝缘水树老化的无机修复机理及试验分析

为解决电网中大量运行电缆的水树老化问题,采用一种能生成TiO2无机颗粒的修复液对水树老化交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆绝缘进行修复,研究了修复效果和绝缘提升机理。将修复液与水直接反应,利用数字电桥和扫描电镜(SEM)研究生成物的介电性能和微观特征。用水针电极法加速XLPE电缆绝缘水树老化,利用修复液对老化绝缘进行修复,测量了样本的击穿电压。通过SEM和能谱分析(XPS),对水树内的填充物进行了观察和分析。实验结果表明:该修复液能扩散到水树区域消耗水分、生成绝缘性能良好的有机-无机复合填充物填充水树空洞;同时,分析认为生成的大量TiO2颗粒能均匀电场、吸收紫外光、降低热电子加速,使修复后样本的击穿电压高于老化样本和新样本的击穿电压。通过实验研究证明,该修复液不但能修复水树老化电缆绝缘,还能进一步提升老化区域的击穿性能。     

基于硅氧烷的XLPE电缆水树修复方法研究

交联聚乙烯(crosslinked polyethylene,XLPE)绝缘电力电缆在经过长时间运行后会发生水树老化,降低电缆绝缘强度,威胁电力系统的安全稳定运行。笔者设计了一套XLPE电缆绝缘水树修复装置,利用硅氧烷修复液对电缆试样进行了修复工作,详细介绍了修复过程并深入分析了修复机理。然后仿真对比了修复前后不同类型水树区域的电场变化,测试了修复后电缆介质损耗角正切与绝缘电阻的变化趋势,接着对电缆进行了加速水树老化实验,利用光学显微镜观察老化后XLPE绝缘中的水树生长情况。研究表明:修复液与水能快速反应产生聚合物填充水树孔隙,逐步提升电缆整体绝缘性能;生成物的介电性能与XLPE接近,能显著改善水树区域特别是尖端的电场,抑制水树的进一步生长,有效延长电缆使用寿命。     

基于硅氧烷的XLPE电缆水树修复方法研究

交联聚乙烯(crosslinked polyethylene,XLPE)绝缘电力电缆在经过长时间运行后会发生水树老化,降低电缆绝缘强度,威胁电力系统的安全稳定运行。笔者设计了一套XLPE电缆绝缘水树修复装置,利用硅氧烷修复液对电缆试样进行了修复工作,详细介绍了修复过程并深入分析了修复机理。然后仿真对比了修复前后不同类型水树区域的电场变化,测试了修复后电缆介质损耗角正切与绝缘电阻的变化趋势,接着对电缆进行了加速水树老化实验,利用光学显微镜观察老化后XLPE绝缘中的水树生长情况。研究表明:修复液与水能快速反应产生聚合物填充水树孔隙,逐步提升电缆整体绝缘性能;生成物的介电性能与XLPE接近,能显著改善水树区域特别是尖端的电场,抑制水树的进一步生长,有效延长电缆使用寿命。     

XLPE粘弹性与水树自恢复后微观形貌变化的关联

为研究交联聚乙烯(XLPE)绝缘内部水树自恢复后的微观形貌变化与其粘弹性对水树自恢复的影响机制,室温下(20℃)对2组XLPE样本分别施加有效电压老化时间均为21天的持续性老化与周期性老化。实验结果发现:相较于持续性老化样本,周期性老化样本中水树产生了自恢复现象,其水树样本尺寸较短,而扫描电镜(SEM)观察到其水树区域的微孔却尺寸相对较大,分布也较为密集。通过动态热机械分析(DMA)测试和电场仿真,表明交变电场下XLPE内部弹性能量的不断累积与形变的逐渐增大,直至超过其弹性极限时将导致水树生长。周期性电压老化下的水树样本在撤去电压后,水分逐渐渗出水树区域,储存在水树通道和微孔内部的弹性能量逐渐消失,从而导致其水树尺寸明显小于持续电压老化下的水树样本。此外,老化过程中,水分多次重复进出已有的水树区域,对周围的XLPE基体造成机械疲劳损伤,是导致周期性老化样本水树区域微孔尺寸较大,分布密集的原因。     

在XLPE电缆加速老化过程中理解水树的自愈性

针对加速XLPE电缆绝缘水树老化过程中发现的绝缘自愈现象,对水树生长和绝缘自愈性机理进行了分析讨论。利用水针电极法对XLPE电缆绝缘进行加速水树老化,样本介质损耗因数随老化时间推移而增大,但一旦停止施加电压,介质损耗又会逐渐恢复到较低水平,出现了自愈现象。通过建立由一系列充水微孔和微观通道连接而成的水树模型,进行电场有限元计算,发现当水树通道打开时水树尖端电场畸变严重,由此产生的扩张能量使绝缘疲劳断裂,水树生长,介质损耗增加;停止施加电压后,水树通道内出现弹性恢复使水分被挤出,通道逐渐关闭,水树区变成孤立的充水微孔,绝缘自愈。再次施加电压后,充水微孔端部和关闭的水树通道内电场显著提升,水树通道逐步打开。研究表明,水树的自愈和水树通道的打开是一个逐步的过程,需要一定的时间,主要决定于施加的电场大小和绝缘的屈服强度。     

修复液沿交联聚乙烯电缆高度方向的浓度分布及其变化对修复效果的影响

为了认识修复液沿交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆高度方向的浓度分布及其对修复效果的影响,研究了预修复(老化前预先注入修复液)电缆样本上侧和下侧的水树生长特征以及绝缘层的微观形貌变化。对两组预修复电缆样本分别进行不同时间的加速水树老化。通过光学显微镜观测不同老化时间的样本其上下侧的水树形态和尺寸,同时利用扫描电镜(SEM)和红外光谱(IR)观测(检测)样本上下侧水树区域的微观形貌和修复液浓度变化。测试结果表明:加速老化30天后,样本上侧的水树尺寸达到310.5μm,大于样本下侧的水树尺寸(251.2μm)。此外,样本下侧水树区域C—Si键吸光度(与修复液浓度呈正比)为0.83%,高于样本上侧水树区域的C—Si键吸光度(0.72%),表明此时样本下侧水树区域的修复液浓度高于样本上侧。而加速老化40天后,样本下侧的水树尺寸达到371.8μm,反而超过样本上侧的水树尺寸(350.3μm)。此时样本下侧水树区域C–Si键的吸光度降至0.48%,低于样本上侧水树区域C—Si键的吸光度(0.63%),表明此时样本下侧水树区域的修复液浓度反而低于样本上侧。该研究表明,重力对修复液沿电缆高度方向的浓度分布及其变化具有重要影响。受重力作用,修复液在电缆中易于向下渗透,从而使得样本下侧水树区域的修复液浓度降低,并导致样本下侧的水树生长速率和老化程度增加。     

电树向水树转化过程中的生长特性

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电力电缆中生长的电树存在向水树转化的可能性。本研究依据观察到的电树向水树转化现象进行有限元电场仿真,对电树向水树转化的特性及其机理进行了讨论。将电缆样本在交流恒压下进行电树引发实验,在样本引发电树后对其进行加速水树老化实验,通过显微镜观察样本切片中电树向水树转化的特点。基于电场仿真结果并结合实际电缆运行情况,分析了电树向水树转化的特性和机理。结果表明:电树的分枝结构在电树发展过程中起到了一定的电场屏蔽作用。在极度潮湿的环境下,水分受介电电泳力作用向电树枝尖端迁移并填充电树通道,为较低场强下水树的生长提供了条件。湿润的水树包围电树后,水树尖端成为场强集中区域,但削弱了电树尖端电场,抑制了电树的发展,一定程度上减缓了电缆绝缘的劣化。     

修复液抑制XLPE电缆局部放电的有效性研究

针对XLPE电缆中存在水树缺陷引起局部放电导致电缆绝缘迅速劣化的问题,提出了一种通过注入修复液修复电缆水树缺陷抑制电缆局部放电的方法,从XLPE电缆试样局部放电特征及缺陷表面微观形貌结构两方面研究修复液对XLPE电缆局部放电的影响。采用水针电极法加速XLPE电缆绝缘水树老化,并对生成水树缺陷的电缆试样进行注入式修复,测试分析修复前后电缆试样的局部放电特征,并对修复后电缆试样缺陷处的表面形貌特征进行分析。此外,建立XLPE电缆水树缺陷的有限元模型,结合水树缺陷处电场仿真进一步阐述修复液对XLPE电缆局部放电的影响机理。结果表明:修复后XLPE电缆局部放电的放电幅值和放电次数均大幅减小,表明修复液可以抑制电缆局部放电的发展,减缓XLPE电缆绝缘的劣化。     

交联聚乙烯电缆水树缺陷的修复方法研究

采用硅氧烷修复液修复交联聚乙烯电缆老化试样中的水树,进而分析修复效果及机理。将介质损耗因数为4%～6%,绝缘电阻7 500～10 000 MΩ的短电缆在7.5 kV 450 Hz交流电压下老化至介质损耗因数达到20%左右,绝缘电阻3 500～5 000 MΩ。然后用压力注入式修复装置把修复液注入缆芯对水树缺陷进行修复。以介质损耗因数、绝缘电阻和击穿电压为指标对修复效果进行评判;通过显微镜切片观察修复前后水树微观形态;通过仿真修复前后水树附近电场分布来分析和验证水树的修复机理。实验结果证明,修复液可以充分与电缆水树中的水发生反应生成胶状聚合物填充水树通道;修复后电缆介质损耗因数、绝缘电阻和击穿电压恢复到新电缆水平;改善了绝缘层电场分布;有效地抑制了水树生长。实验表明,该修复液可有效修复电缆中的水树缺陷,提高电缆绝缘水平。     

硅氧化焼注入后水树老化交联聚乙烯电缆电气特性和微观结构（英文）

To evaluate the effect of using siloxane liquid to rejuvenate water tree defects in cross-linked polyethylene(XLPE)cables,we investigated the electrical properties and micro-structures of water-tree aged XLPE cables after siloxane liquid injection treatment.The water-tree aged samples were prepared by performing accelerated aging experiment using water-needle electrodes,and the siloxane liquid is injected into the aged cable through a pressurized injection system.Dielectric loss factors of the samples before and after the rejuvenation were compared.The water trees and the internal filler were observed using scanning electron microscope(SEM).Electrical properties of the reactants are measured.Electric field simulation is conducted to verify the rejuvenation effect by finite element method.The results show that the siloxane liquid diffused into the insulation layer in a short time and reacted with water in the water trees.The electrical properties of the formed organic filler are in accord with that of XLPE.Therefore,the action between siloxane and water can inhibit the growth of water trees and reduce electric field distortion of the water tree areas.As a result,insulation performance of the cable is enhanced.A 70 m long cable was aged and rejuvenated in laboratory and an on-site rejuvenation experiment was conducted,and in both cases the dielectric loss factor and leakage current halved after rejuvenation.     

Understanding Electrical Performance and Microstructure of Water Tree Aged Cables after Silicone Injection during Electrical-Thermal Accelerated Aging

To further understand the long-term effect of rejuvenation fluid on water tree aged cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables after silicone injection, electrical performance and microstructure of water tree aged cables were investigated during an electrical-thermal accelerated aging experiment. Two groups of treated and untreated water tree aged cable samples were subjected to electrical-thermal aging for 2 weeks. The results of the dielectric loss factor showed that the electrical performance of the treated samples was significantly better than that of untreated samples after electrical-thermal aging. Microobservation results showed that the overall water tree sizes of the treated samples were much smaller than those of the untreated samples after electrical-thermal aging. Furthermore, there was a second growth of water trees in the original water tree region during electrical-thermal aging in both groups of samples. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), rejuvenation fillers were observed tightly embedded in water tree voids after electrical-thermal aging. The infrared (IR) spectroscopy analysis results showed that the concentration of rejuvenation fluid increased from the outer layer to the inner layer of insulation. Based on the results, due to the improvement of the electric field at the water tree tip and the diffusion of silicone fluid in the insulation layer, both the second growth in the original water tree region and continuing growth at the water tree tip can be effectively inhibited.     

Computation of the Electric Field in Cable Insulation in the Presence of Water Trees and Space Charge

The presence of space charge changes locally the electric field distribution in power cable insulation and may play an important role in tree development, thus accelerating the dielectric breakdown. This paper is concerned with the computation of the electric field in polyethylene-insulated power cables affected by water trees which grow from the following: 1) the inner semiconducting layer; 2) the outer semiconducting layer; and 3) the inner and outer semiconducting layers, taking into account the space charge corresponding to the ions present in the treeing area. Space charge in plane samples where trees have been developed in an accelerated manner was estimated using the thermal step method. Average charge values given by space charge measurements were then used for the electric field computation in cable insulation with continuous or/and individual water trees. For the calculation of the electric field, an analytical and a numerical method have been used. This paper shows that the space charge changes the electric field distribution inside and outside the trees (the field increases in some areas and decreases in others) and that the field variations depend on the magnitude and on the polarity of the space charge, as well as on the dimensions of the water trees developed in the cable insulation. The obtained results show that, in the presence of water trees and space charge, the initiation of electric trees is more probable in the case of individual water trees than in the case of continuous water trees.     

The fractal analysis of water trees: an estimate of the fractaldimension

Water trees result from ac electrical aging of the polymeric insulation of medium and HV power cables in a humid or wet environment. As suggested by their name, they arise from penetration of water in the polymer. Visual observation with the help of an optical microscope shows tree (bush) type structures. This suggests that water trees might be fractal objects. Calculation of the fractal dimension from experimental samples may confirm the fractal characteristics and also give information on the damage caused to the polymer. In this work images of water trees taken under the optical microscope, dyed by methylene blue and etched for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were studied in order to estimate the fractal dimension using a box-counting algorithm. The photographs, made using an optical microscope (scale of 100 μm), of the dyed samples were obtained from laboratory-aged low-density polyethylene (LDPE) specimens using accelerated techniques. Different field amplitude and frequency and also time of aging were used and the dimension values were compared. SEM images resulting from aged cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables revealed a structure at a different scale (~3 μm). Each photograph was analyzed to compare regions with and without water trees     

The effect of water treeing on the electric field distribution ofXLPE. Consequences for the dielectric strength

This paper describes the influence of water trees on dielectric properties of flat samples cut from a HV crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) cable insulation. In order to obtain experimental results in a short period of time, we used accelerated aging conditions of voltage and frequency as well as different techniques for producing a multitude of artificial water tree inception points. The average value of the water tree permittivity and a law for the time-dependence of permittivity inside the treed degraded areas were deduced from measurements of capacitance and water tree lengths. On the basis of the experimental knowledge of permittivity and water tree length, we determined with analytical numerical methods, the distribution of the electric field for different shapes of treed regions. Because of the increase in length and permittivity of the water tree, the electric field in front of the degraded area is amplified, which is an important factor of risk leading to the electric breakdown     

变频电机电磁线绝缘膜电树枝化击穿机理研究

阐述了调速牵引电机中电磁线绝缘破坏的问题及电树产生和发展的机理。以完好的和含有杂质的变频电机用电磁线为试样,在高压下老化直至击穿,对击穿点进行扫描电镜和能谱分析。试验结果表明,两试样的击穿均为树枝状击穿,金属杂质的存在降低了绝缘膜的电气强度。     

In-service methods for distinguishing the dc component due to water treeing from noise currents in xlpe cable

This paper describes the water tree diagnoses of 6.6-kV class XLPE cables by the dc component method. The dc current component is measured by energizing the cable with ac high voltage, therefore, it would be suitable for on-line diagnoses. The dc component is considered to be caused by the rectifying effect of water trees inside the insulation. In laboratory tests, the dc component showed a good correlation with the degradation. However, almost no correlation was seen in the on-site measurement. The authors found that the cause of this bad correlation is the galvanic effect inside the jacket. This generates the noise current through the grounding circuit when the jacket resistivity is low. Based on this finding, the equivalent circuit of on-site measurement was proposed. Considering the equivalent circuit, this paper proposes nine methods for discriminating the dc component due to water tree from noise current. Also described are the analytical results of each method. Furthermore, the on-site or laboratory tests show that some of them are effective in separating the dc component due to water tree from noise current.     

Investigation of Water Tree Degradation in Dry‐Cured and Extruded Three‐Layer (E‐E Type) 6.6‐kV Removed XLPE Cables

Dry‐cured and extruded three‐layer (E‐E type) 6.6‐kV cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables were introduced into electric power systems more than 30 years ago, but they do not experience failures because of water tree degradation. Also, the degradation index of water treeing for these cables has not been established. Therefore, investigating results of residual breakdown voltage and water tree degradation of these cables will help us plan for cable replacement and determine water tree degradation diagnosis scheduling, and will be fundamental data for cable lifetime evaluation. In this study, the authors measured the ac breakdown voltages of dry‐cured and E‐E type 6.6‐kV XLPE cables removed after 18 to 25 years of operation and observed the water trees in their XLPE insulation. As a result, it was observed that breakdown voltages were larger than the maximum operating voltage (6.9 kV) and the ac voltage for the dielectric withstanding test (10.3 kV). Water trees were mainly bow‐tie water trees and their maximum length was approximately 1 mm. Although the number of measured cables was limited, the lifetime of this type of cable was estimated to be approximately 40 years, even experiencing water immersion.     

绝缘纸中空间电荷效应的模拟研究

为明晰空间电荷对油纸绝缘纸板中电场强度的畸变效应、纸板老化状态与空间电荷的作用机制,采用双极性载流子输运模型,对不同老化状态的绝缘纸板中的空间电荷特性进行数值模拟。对于同一老化状态下的绝缘纸板施加直流电压时,纸板中会出现同极性电荷积聚现象,且正极性电荷的分布范围较负极性显著变窄;随着加压时间的增加,纸板中的电场畸变率呈增大趋势。当绝缘纸板老化程度加深时,其陷阱密度和深度均会增加,致使空间电荷在纸板的近电极侧大量积聚,进而削弱纸板和电极边界处的电场强度,加剧纸板内部的场强畸变;且绝缘纸板老化愈严重,空间电荷对电场的畸变作用愈突出,使得绝缘纸板加速老化,容易诱发绝缘击穿故障。研究结果可为变压器油纸绝缘设计提供参考。