电力市场环境下基于价格机制的输电阻塞管理

在电力市场环境下,为了确保电力系统安全经济运行,需要对输电系统进行有效的管理。阻塞管理是其核心问题。随着电力市场研究的深入,利用经济手段来减轻输电阻塞已成为研究的热点。本文主要汇集了近年来国内外利用价格机制在阻塞管理方面的研究成果,对阻塞管理这一领域的研究进行了介绍。     

基于不同交易阶段的电力市场阻塞管理方法研究

开放的输电网络是电力市场化的一个重要方面，而如何进行阻塞管理是电力市场运作中必需解决的关键问题。根据电力市场交易的特点，按交易模式，交易周期，交易发生的顺序，把电市场分为几个不同的交易阶段，并提出分阶段分周期地进行阻塞管理的方法。给出了可考虑不同交易阶段电力市场阻塞管理的框架；同时针对各交易阶段阻塞问题的特点，采用不同的原则和方法来进行阻塞调度。对各交易阶段阻塞处理原则进行较详细阐述，并给出详细的数学模型。本文阻塞管理方法符合电力系统的实际运行情况，便于实施。     

阻塞管理机制对发电商合约收益的影响

我国电力市场正处于深化改革阶段,输电网络运营环境复杂,输电阻塞问题日益受到关注。首先,采用阻塞定价法和阻塞修正法对阻塞管理市场机制进行分类,并总结了国外典型电力市场中的阻塞管理方法。然后以英国及澳大利亚电力市场为例分析阻塞管理机制对发电商合约收益的影响,相关算例分析结果表明,阻塞管理对合约收益的影响主要在于是否对限下机组进行补偿。最后对我国电力市场阻塞管理机制提出建议。     

北美电力市场电力交易的标签化管理

在电力市场中，由于电力交易的合同路径与其所经过的物理路径并不相同，由此产生的电力平行流可能会引发输电阻塞，给电力系统带来严重的问题。针对该问题，北美电力可靠性委员会开发了一种基于Internet的电力交易标签化管理的信息系统，该系统通过多种方式进行阻塞管理。文中介绍了该电力交易标签化管理的基本原理，并对我国电力市场中电力交易的管理提出了建设性的意见。     

实时电力市场运营模式

随着电力市场改革的深入，实时电力市场将成为我国电力市场改革的重要内容，也是保证电网在市场环境下安全运行的关键。文中对实时电力市场运营中的报价、交易、阻塞管理等环节的模型和算法进行了分析和研究。设计了基于容量报价和调整报价两种实时报价方法，给出了将区域电价和实时电价相结合的阻塞管理方法以适应我国未来的多级电力市场模式。据此设计了相应的实时电力市场运营模式，根据该模式设计实现了实时电力市场技术支持系统。     

电力市场阻塞管理中的电价

当输电功率超过输电系统容量限制时,就会发生输电阻塞。为了保证电网安全,必须进行阻塞管理以消除阻塞。对阻塞费用的合理定价是电力市场成功运营的重要问题。文中介绍了电力市场阻塞管理中的几种电价,并具体说明节点边际电价在美国PJM和加州电力市场中的应用。     

三峡电力市场的输电定价与阻塞管理

在以促进发电和零售竞争为主要特征的电力市场中，输电系统由于其固有的特征仍然保持垄断运行。但作为实现竞争的场所，输电系统必须对市场参与者开放并提供无歧视的服务。这样，如何对输电服务定价就成为一个十分重要的问题。文中首先简要论述了现有的输电定价机制以及国际上几个有代表性的电力市场所采用的方法，在此基础上结合三峡电力系统的特点，提出了三峡电力市场输电定价的框架及其实现方法。然后，对输电系统运行中的另一个重要问题即输电阻塞的管理和定价做了简要论述，并介绍了目前运行的电力市场所采用的一些方法。最后，对三峡电力市场中的阻塞管理与阻塞电价做了初步研究，提出了建议。     

北美电力市场电力交易的标签化管理

在电力市场中,由于电力交易的合同路径与其所经过的物理路径并不相同,由此产生的电力平行流可能会引发输电阻塞,给电力系统带来严重的问题。针对该问题,北美电力可靠性委员会开发了一种基于Internet的电力交易标签化管理的信息系统,该系统通过多种方式进行阻塞管理。文中介绍了该电力交易标签化管理的基本原理,并对我国电力市场中电力交易的管理提出了建设性的意见。     

电力市场中的传输阻塞管理和交易盈余的消除

对几种常用阻塞管理方法进行了分析和比较，介绍了一种在电力市场中当阻塞区域发电容量足够和不足两种情况下进行阻塞管理的办法。分析了交易盈余产生的原因并提出一种按损失费用大小比例对负荷进行补偿的交易盈余消除方法。     

新型输电权期权交易及其模式研究

引用和结合了国内外已经研究得比较成功的输电权交易模式，并在此基础上进一步结合输电阻塞管理各环节中经济性分析，对原有的模式进行了进一步的优化设计，提出一种新的电力输电权交易模式，即电力发电商与电力用户之间的输电权期权交易模式。以输电阻塞损失期望值均衡为基础，使电力发电商与电力用户之间通过输电权期权交易，公平地承担输电阻塞引起的利益损失风险。同时，通过交易优化电力市场条件下电网潮流经济性流动，降低输电阻塞的发生。输电权期权交易的分析表明：输电权交易具有良好的特性，能够显著降低发电商与电力用户的阻塞利益损失风险，提高社会效益。     

计及可中断负荷影响的阻塞管理定价模型研究

在电力市场环境下,利用可中断负荷参与阻塞管理能有效缓解阻塞和消除市场力,合理的定价是有效利用可中断负荷的关键.作者指出,利用负荷需求的弹性特点并将可中断负荷参与到阻塞管理机制中,通过市场供需关系确定电价可显著减轻阻塞.文中提出了一种定价模型,在此基础上给出了两种定价方法,即节点定价法和分摊定价法,并比较了两种定价方法的特点.最后对两种定价方法进行了仿真,并讨论了电价与负荷弹性的关系,算例结果说明,所提出的定价模型正确合理、简单、实用.     

电力市场中的投标策略

在电力市场环境下,发电公司可通过采用策略性的投标来取得最大利润。另一方面,市场调节或监管机构(regulator)需要评估发电公司的策略性投标行为,考察滥用市场力(market power)的可能性,以确定适当的市场结构和管理规则,确保市场竞争。这样,研究最优的投标策略是发电公司和市场调节机构都感兴趣的课题。近几年中,这方面的研究工作相当活跃,发表了数十篇论文。文中对这一领域的研究工作进行简要的综述。     

Energy bidding strategies for restructured electricity market

Many countries around the world have changed the economics of their electricity markets from monopolies to oligopolies in an effort to increase competition. The restructured electricity markets have introduced risk and uncertainty into a sector of the economy that was traditionally state-owned. Suppliers and customers use financial methods to manage the risk from market prices. The maximization of profit for power companies is highly associated with the bidding strategies. In order to maximize the profit, participants need suitable bidding models. In an open access electricity market, the bidding problem is a complicated task because of producer’s uncertain behaviors and demand fluctuation. Therefore, developing bidding strategy is extremely important for electricity market participants to achieve the maximum profit. This paper analyses a comprehensive literature on the state of the art research of bidding strategies in restructured electric power market.     

基于博弈论的发电厂竞价策略综述

在电力市场环境下,发电商可以通过投标来取得最大收益;另一方面,市场调节或监管机构需要研究发电商的策略性投标行为,评估滥用市场力的可能性,以确定适当的竞价机制和投标规约,来保证电力市场的稳定,这就需要运用博弈论的研究成果.从发电公司如何制定报价策略的角度,对各种主要博弈方法进行了深入的探讨,并分类综述,提出了需要解决的问题.近几年中,已有许多文献对其进行了讨论.参11     

Congestion management considering hydro-thermal combined operation in a pool based electricity market

This paper proposes a novel congestion management strategy for a pool based electricity market considering combined operation of hydro and thermal generator companies. The proposed congestion management problem is formulated as mixed binary nonlinear programming problem to minimize the cost of re-dispatching the hydro and thermal generator companies to alleviate congestion subject to operational, line overloading and water availability constraints. A piecewise-linearized unit performance curve is used in this formulation, which takes into account its non-concave nature. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated by solving the modified IEEE 57-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems for congestion management under line outages.     

电力市场的输电阻塞管理模型

分析了电力市场交易规则和市场交易-调度中心的运作过程和机理.在考虑电力市场规则的基础上制定了一种常用的限上-限下阻塞费用计算规则,采用非线性规划找到各机组出力最优分配方案,在发生输电阻塞时采用"迭代规划"的算法可得到调整各组出力的分配方案和调整阻塞的费用.     

基于均衡原则的实时电力市场模拟与等报价方法

文中对电力市场的均衡进行了详细的描述,说明均衡是电力市场运作的最佳状态.分析了网络损耗和阻塞对电力市场均衡的影响,建立了考虑网损和阻塞情况下的电力市场均衡模型,最后说明等报价方法也是完全可以用来求解此均衡模型的.通过一个实际系统来对所描述的电力市场均衡进行模拟,结果表明文中所提出的实时电力市场均衡状态是实际可行的.     

Congestion management in power systems – A review

In the past few decades, restructuring has overtaken all possible domains including the electric supply industry. Restructuring has brought about considerable changes by the virtue of which electricity is now a commodity and has converted into deregulated one. Such a competitive market has paved way for innumerable participants. This has led to overloading and congestion of transmission lines. Moreover, open access transmission network has ingenerated a more intensified problem of congestion. Thus, congestion management in power systems is germane and of central importance to the power industry. In this paper a review work is carried out to unite all the publications in congestion management.     

Influence of TCSC on congestion and spot price in electricity market with bilateral contract

This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the effect of TCSC on congestion and spot price in deregulated electricity markets. The paper could also be considered as a comprehensive tutorial on the influence of TCSC in electricity market. A voluntary pool market, where the market participants can trade electricity either via a pool or through bilateral contracts is considered. The electricity market is modeled in an optimal power flow framework with the objective of maximizing the social welfare. In such formulation, the Lagrange operators associated with the equality constraints associated with real power balance give the spot prices of energy at each bus of the system. Studies are carried out with and without TCSC at peak and low loading conditions to capture the influence and to see the effectiveness of TCSC at different loading conditions. The paper further explores the effect of TCSC compensation level on the spot prices and the congestion under varying pool and bilateral loading conditions. A 5-bus test system is used for numerical studies and to showcase the influence of TCSC in an electricity market environment.     

Congestion management impacts on bilateral electricity markets under strategic negotiation

Congestion management design is key to a fair and efficient use of transmission facilities and an improvement of market efficiency. Emergence of bilateral electricity markets provides a more flexible, private and decentralized decision-making scenario, in which the self-interested players autonomously search for counterparts to negotiate profitable transactions. In competitive bilateral markets of imperfect and incomplete information and explicit consideration of the network constraints, which make the markets significantly complex, more sophisticated bargaining strategies and market evaluation tools are imperative to both players and regulators.In this paper, under an assumption of imperfect and incomplete information, evolutionary bipartite complex network theory is employed to develop quantities bidding strategies through a dynamic game, in which the players drive the evolution of the network while maximizing their own utilities with explicitly considering the congestion management results. Resorting to adjustment bids, two congestion management schemes, with and without balancing bilateral transactions, are considered.The approach is illustrated with an application to the IEEE30 test system, assessing the impact of different congestion management schemes on the negotiations, market equilibria, market performance and gaming opportunities for the market participants in congestion managements.