Highly efficient full-vectorial integral equation solution for the bound, leaky, and complex modes of dielectric waveguides

A full-vectorial contour integral equation analysis of the natural modes of dielectric waveguides (DW) of arbitrary cross section is presented. The Galerkin method, together with the Analytical Regularization procedure, is applied to discretizing and solving the eigenvalue problem. This ensures the fast convergence and superior accuracy of the numerical algorithms. The waveguide cross section is characterized by a parametrical curve defining its contour, with a limited curvature at each point. This avoids the singularity points at corner regions and provides accurate results, even for waveguides with virtually sharp corners. Both fundamental and higher order mode propagation characteristics are studied in the bound, leaky, and complex regimes. Numerical results consistent with other theories and experimental data are presented for a wide range of practical dielectric waveguides that demonstrate the efficiency, accuracy, and versatility of the method developed. Finally, the technique is applied to model a fused fiber coupler.     

Tapered rib adiabatic following fiber couplers in etched GaAsmaterials for monolithic spot-size transformation

Design details and demonstration data are presented for an (Al,Ga)As monolithic tapered rib waveguide achieving modal spot-size transformation. The tapered rib adiabatic following fiber coupler structure (TRAFFIC) achieves two-dimensional (2-D) expansion of the output optical mode of single-transverse-mode semiconductor waveguide modulators and lasers using a one-dimensional (1-D) taper between noncritical initial and final taper widths which are compatible with optical lithographic techniques. Measurements are presented of total mode expansion losses between ~1.5-2.0 dB and semiconductor to single-mode-fiber waveguide coupling losses of ~0.5-1.0 dB for doped pin optical-modulator-type waveguides using the TRAFFIC waveguide. A semiconductor laser with a TRAFFIC tapered-rib mode-expansion section and measured coupling loss between the laser output and single-mode fiber of only 0.9 dB is described. Finally, a TRAFFIC Spot-size transformer for undoped waveguide modulators with total mode expansion losses of 1.84 dB and excellent modal behavior at 1.32-μm wavelength is presented. The TRAFFiC structure is particularly well suited for integration with both active and passive etched rib waveguide devices. Fabrication is relatively simple, requiring only patterning and etching of the tapered waveguide and uniform-width outer mesa waveguide without any epitaxial regrowth     

进/出水口出流扩散脉动流速规律试验研究

侧式进出水口出流工况水流呈现扩散态,拦污栅断面脉动流速很大,可能危及拦污栅安全,其脉动流速变化规律及产生原因有待进一步探讨。本文建立了典型进出水口试验装置,利用激光多普勒流速仪与声学多普勒流速仪开展试验研究。结果表明：在靠近扩散水流末端的拦污栅断面脉动流速很大,流速脉动值可达时均值的1.8倍,平均紊动强度为0.724,该断面流速脉动呈现出明显的正态性,其概率密度分布基本服从正态分布;水流自输水隧洞段经扩散段、调整段、防涡段、向库区流动的过程中,紊动强度沿程呈现先增大后减小的变化规律,水流在输水隧洞段脉动流速小,在扩散段及调整段内脉动流速沿程均较大,脉动流速值接近时均值,甚至大于时均值,进一步解释了拦污栅断面脉动流速很大的原因。拦污栅断面及进出水口沿程的脉动流速规律有别于对脉动流速的一般认知规律。研究成果将为进出水口体型参数优化及分析引起拦污栅振动破坏提供理论依据。     

计及N-1约束的多维空间断面热稳定安全域边界快速计算

大规模互联电网潮流分布复杂,关键断面的输电极限影响因素较多,呈现出明显的多维特性,因而在多维参数空间中可以更为精细地刻画系统安全运行区域。为此,提出了一种计及N-1约束的多维空间中断面热稳定安全域边界的快速计算方法。首先,通过分析发电机组出力变化对断面各构成线路的功率传输转移分布因子(PTDF),解析在单一约束条件下机组出力与断面热稳定极限的数值关系;在此基础上提出了顶点搜索策略,形成参数全空间中断面热稳定安全域边界快速求解综合法。该方法结合解析分析和仿真计算两类方法的优点,能够发现参数空间中可能存在的全部热稳定极限约束,快速求得安全域边界的分段近似线性表达式,在多维参数空间中快速准确地刻画系统的安全运行边界。目前,该方法已在中国南方某电网运行方式计算中得到应用。     

Birefringence properties of magneto-optic rib waveguide as a function of refractive index

We report on the theoretical study of magneto optical rib waveguides with two kinds of silica type matrix doped by magnetic nanoparticles and made by sol–gel process (SiO₂/ZrO₂ film or SiO₂/TiO₂). The mode propagation and the light confinement are simulated using software based on a Film Mode Matching method. The modeling is based on geometrical adjustments of the rib waveguide. We propose from those results magneto optical waveguide geometries for optical integrated applications.     

电网自愈控制中的状态估计模式研究

自愈电网概念的出现要求发展新的网络状态分析方法，作者将用于运行控制的过程状态估计和用于在线监测的断面状态估计相结合，提出了面向过程的状态估计的概念和模型，通过估计系统在某一分钟级运行时段上的过程特征断面的状态，准确、全面地描述系统在该运行时段的运行工况，解决了测量快速与决策慢速之间的矛盾。同时提出了变化量测触发方式的断面状态估计，由量测量的变化引导断面状态估计的触发，获得了良好的在线监测效果，并给出了自愈电网中完整的状态估计模式。过程状态估计和传统状态估计的计算结果验证了文中分析和模型的正确性和优越性。     

Applications of Highly-Nonlinear Chalcogenide Glass Devices Tailored for High-Speed All-Optical Signal Processing

Ultrahigh nonlinear tapered fiber and planar rib Chalcogenide waveguides have been developed to enable highspeed all-optical signal processing in compact, low-loss optical devices through the use of four-wave mixing (FWM) and cross-phase modulation (XPM) via the ultra fast Kerr effect. Tapering a commercial As₂Se₃ fiber is shown to reduce its effective core area and enhance the Kerr nonlinearity thereby enabling XPM wavelength conversion of a 40 Gb/s signal in a shorter 16-cm length device that allows a broader wavelength tuning range due to its smaller net chromatic dispersion. Progress toward photonic chip-scale devices is shown by fabricating As₂S₃ planar rib waveguides exhibiting nonlinearity up to 2080 W^-1ldr km^-1 and losses as low as 0.05 dB/cm. The material's high refractive index, ensuring more robust confinement of the optical mode, permits a more compact serpentine-shaped rib waveguide of 22.5 cm length on a 7-cm- size chip, which is successfully applied to broadband wavelength conversion of 40-80 Gb/s signals by XPM. A shorter 5-cm length planar waveguide proves most effective for all-optical time-division demultiplexing of a 160 Gb/s signal by FWM and analysis shows its length is near optimum for maximizing FWM in consideration of its dispersion and loss.     

Development of the EM coupling in laminated multilayered 3D optical waveguides

The theoretical investigation of waveguides having non‐uniform cross‐section is an attractive and challenging problem which arises serious interest. In this paper, we develop the analysis of laminated multilayered 3D‐waveguide, by the three following steps: (i) Coupled Mode theory (CM) is generalized and compared with Local Mode theory (LM). The latter is a rigorous technique which accounts for propagation, diffraction and coupling in a non‐uniform environment. (ii) The two approaches are then applied to the problem of polarization coupling in a laminated rib‐waveguide S_i:H–S_iO₂. For moderate optical axis slant (low hybridization) and fixed layer thickness the two theories yields similar results, while LM becomes mandatory when hybridization is important. (iii) Finally, we validate and complete the EM analysis by using the finite element method (FEM) for the 3D modelling of the structure. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Silicon-on-silicon rib waveguides with a high-confiningion-implanted lower cladding

The realization of single-mode rib waveguides in standard epitaxial silicon layer on lightly doped silicon substrate, using ion implantation to form the lower cladding, is reported. The implanted buffer layer enhances' the vertical confinement and improves the propagation characteristics. Respect to similar standard all-silicon waveguides a propagation loss reduction of about 7 dB/cm, in the single-mode regime, has been measured. A numerical analysis has been performed to evaluate the theoretical attenuation and the transverse optical field profiles. As a result of the presence of the ion implanted buffer layer, an increase of the fundamental mode confinement factor from 0.3 to 0.85 has been calculated. This results in a great enhancement of the coupling efficiency with standard single-mode optical fibers. Moreover, the proposed technique is low cost, fully compatible with standard VLSI processes, and allows a great flexibility in the integration of guided-wave devices and electronic circuits. Finally, the very high thermal conductivity characterizing these waveguides makes them attractive host-structures for electrically and thermally controlled active optical devices     

A universal optical heterostructure for photonic integratedcircuits: a case study in the AlGaAs material system

An approach for the realization of a single heterostructure for multiple optical device applications in a photonic integrated circuit environment is addressed from the standpoint of building into the heterostructure separate device features. In particular, a low compositionally graded depressed cladding laser structure is shown to have a large mode, compared to a structure optimized for maximum confinement factor, and a radiation loss an order of magnitude lower than for a structure without the inner cladding, features which are important for fiber coupling and for compact bends. By incorporating a narrow gap section into the barrier layer, a bulk electroabsorption modulator can be integrated into the same structure that contains quantum wells for optical amplifiers. Data are presented on the device properties of a single heterostructure when used as large optical cavity lasers, s-bends, and bulk electroabsorption modulators. The only laser parameter affected by the incorporation of the modulator is the transparency current density which is increased 25% over standard structures. The performance of rib delineated s-bends is exceeded only by native oxide defined small optical cavity laser structures. The electroabsorption modulator, which was activated in a disordered section under reverse bias, had a modulation depth approximately 1/3 that predicted by model studies which was attributed to the depletion electric field profile. Methods for improving the modulation depth while lowering the transparency current density are outlined     

Comparison between line and surface integral formulations of the hybrid mode‐matching/two‐dimensional finite element method

The hybrid mode‐matching/two‐dimensional‐finite‐element (MM/FEM2D) technique has been proposed for the analysis of discontinuities with waveguides of arbitrary cross section; this technique combines the computational efficiency of modal analysis with the versatility and flexibility of the FEM approach. In this paper, we present in detail a surface‐integrals and a line‐integrals formulation of the hybrid MM/FEM2D technique, in case the ‘Standard Formulation’ is used as FEM2D formulation. Such formulations allow computing analytically both the normalization and the coupling integrals. Furthermore, we compare the accuracy obtained by using the line‐integrals and the corresponding surface‐integrals formulation. To these aims we present several numerical results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A full-vectorial pseudospectral modal analysis of dielectric optical waveguides with stepped refractive index profiles

A new full-vectorial mode solver based on the pseudospectral method for computing dielectric optical waveguides is proposed. The subdomains with homogeneous refractive indexes are connected with imposing the continuities of E/sub z/ and H/sub z/ at the dielectric interfaces, and thus the coupled equations in terms of the transverse magnetic field components H/sub x/ and H/sub y/ are formulated. The optical fields are expanded by a suitable set of orthogonal basis functions, such as Laguerre-Gauss (LG) functions or Chebyshev polynomials. Furthermore, the a priori determination of the scaling factor in LG functions is introduced by means of the effective index method in order to considerably reduce the extra computational time by lengthy trial and errors used by others. Results calculated by the proposed full-vectorial scheme for dispersion characteristics of rectangular channel and rib waveguides having piecewise uniform refractive indexes, even though a coarse mesh used, show good agreement with previously published data based on other rigorous numerical methods.     

Classical eigenvalue mode‐spectrum analysis of multiple‐ridged rectangular and circular waveguides for the design of narrowband waveguide components

A classical eigenvalue mode‐spectrum analysis of waveguides with multi‐ridged cross sections is presented and applied to the design of narrowband waveguide components in rectangular and circular waveguide technology. Modifications of the modes of the empty waveguide enclosures are used as expansion functions and lead to a classical, real and symmetric eigenvalue problem. A simple yet efficient constraint function is introduced to satisfy boundary conditions for TM modes. The number and locations of ridges positioned in a regular rectangular or circular waveguide enclosure is arbitrary. Measurements and comparisons with results from existing full‐wave modeling tools and commercially available field solvers verify the correctness and flexibility of the approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑条件断面限额自动匹配的一体化发电计划优化

断面限额是电网安全可靠运行的重要边界条件。随着电网规模的扩大,互联电网运行方式复杂多变,很多断面限额仅在一定的机组开机方式或者相关支路潮流水平等条件下适用,甚至这些条件断面之间也会存在相互关联。传统基于人工经验的起效条件判定需反复尝试断面限额进行发电计划优化,使得发电计划优化决策过程非常复杂。文中在传统考虑固定断面限额的发电计划优化模型的基础上,针对条件断面限额依据相关变量所属区间进行判定的特点,提出一种发电计划和条件断面限额一体化优化建模技术。该模型可实现条件断面限额与发电计划自动匹配,在保障电网安全的同时进一步挖掘电网输送潜力。最后,基于所提模型对断面潮流区间、开停机台数等典型的条件断面限额场景进行算例分析,验证了该模型的有效性。     

大截面电缆隧道电缆夹具研究

武汉地区大截面电缆隧道(顶管)采用的是内径为3m,外径为3.55m圆型的钢承口钢筋混凝土管,传统的电缆布置为水平布置、垂直布置和"品"字形布置方式,而大截面电缆隧道(顶管)的电缆采用环形布置方式,针对新型环形电缆布置方式进行了新型电缆夹具的研制,经现场检验,获得了成功.     

电力系统机电暂态仿真多机控制系统诊断分析

为了提高电力系统机电暂态控制能力,提出了以主导轨迹断面阻尼比灵敏度条件来分析仿真关键参数的方案,从而将轨迹特征根处理思想引入工程分析中。系统通过二个典型模式发生振荡,仿真测试后以Prony方法处理发电机的功角曲线生成振荡变化的特征量组,判断模式二属于主导仿真模式。通过时段主导模式得到的轨迹断面阻尼比灵敏度更高。在相同的模式下,当参与因子提高后,机组控制系统可以形成更高的轨迹断面阻尼比灵敏度。对于复杂多机系统,可以利用轨迹断面阻尼比灵敏度来诊断控制系统的各项参数,从而更高效地处理复杂振荡模式并降低计算量。经过3.5 s仿真后,考虑到Dy比规定门槛值更大,机组励磁控制系统具有增幅振荡的特性。当T_A上升后能够达到更高的稳定性,参数T_A提高形成了更平稳的励磁电流与功角曲线。     

峰谷形燃烧对炉内燃烧特性影响的数值模拟

为了深度降低燃煤锅炉的NO_x排放,需要对常规低NO_x燃烧方式做进一步优化。对某采用低NO_x燃烧技术的超超临界锅炉进行数值模拟,研究了“峰谷形燃烧”模式对炉内温度场、组分场、燃尽率和底渣量的影响,并与常规低NO_x燃烧模式进行了比较。结果表明：在保持还原区及燃尽区过量空气系数不变的前提下,“峰谷形燃烧”模式可以较常规低NO_x燃烧模式更进一步降低NO_x排放,不会对整个炉膛内的燃烧、温度分布、炉底渣量和煤粉的燃尽产生明显的影响;某优化工况下,炉膛出口NO_x含量可以较常规低NO_x燃烧模式深度降低达12%。     

重负荷变电站低压侧备投方式应用的探讨

在重负荷的变电站中应用低压侧分段开关备自投的方式,必须防止在一台主变失电而备投动作合上低压侧分段开关后,另一台主变严重过载导致保护跳闸也造成失电。通过对此类变电站在一台主变失电情况下备投动作后状况的分析,指出了在此类变电站中应用低压侧分段开关备自投方式时应注意的几个方面,并给出了针对性的解决方法。     

Reset-free integrated polarization controller using phase shifters

An endless, reset-free polarization controller implemented with planar lightwave circuits using phase shifters for tuning is proposed and demonstrated. By avoiding the need for tunable polarization mode converters, simple fabrication processes and a large range of material systems can be used, since neither the electrooptic effect nor a rotatable birefringence axis are necessary for device operation. The proof of concept is demonstrated by implementing the equivalent of a rotating waveplate using Ge-doped silica-on-silicon waveguides and thermooptic phase shifters. The polarization controller is shown to have excellent tolerance to fabrication variations. Fast thermooptic control (on the order of 10 kHz) is achieved using high-index-contrast (4%) waveguides.     

Rare earth doped fluoride waveguides fabricated using molecularbeam epitaxy

We have grown planar waveguides of rare earth doped single crystal fluoride films on insulating and semiconductor substrates using molecular beam epitaxy and have formed channel waveguides by ion milling. Structural and spectral analysis demonstrates that excellent crystallinity is being achieved and that the rare earth ion is incorporated into the film at sites and in charge states similar to bulk laser hosts. Lifetime measurements confirm that the local environment of the dopant ion is essentially that found for bulk materials. Single and higher order optical mode propagation has been demonstrated for the channel waveguides. By exciting individual channels with an 800 nm pump, we have generated strong upconversion fluorescence in Er and Nd doped guides. The ability to fabricate these waveguides On semiconductor substrates substantiates the potential for on chip integration of both IR downconversion lasers and IR pumped upconversion visible and UV lasers with a diode laser pump source. The use of transition metal dopants is possible and would enable tunable operation. Waveguide propagation loss in present devices must be reduced to realize a laser oscillator and we discuss how this is being addressed