Countermeasures for controlling lightning‐caused overvoltage on indoor wiring with communication line

Overvoltage generated by lightning is a threat to indoor electrical equipment in our information‐oriented and computerized society. Countermeasures for preventing overvoltage on indoor wiring are demanded. Therefore, we have investigated the effectiveness of some countermeasures, such as low‐voltage arresters, communication line arresters, SPDs, and a common grounding wire, for reducing the overvoltage on indoor wiring with a communication line. In particular, we have studied the effect of the combination of these countermeasures and their layout on controlling the overvoltage, using a full‐scale test distribution line with a customer's facility. The main results are as follows:

• (1) A common grounding wire installed along the low‐voltage indoor wiring is more effective for reducing the overvoltage on the indoor wiring with a communication line than is one installed under the floor, when the arresters are installed at the panel board.
• (2) Combination of an SPD and other countermeasures, such as low‐voltage arresters and a common grounding wire, is effective for controlling the overvoltage on the indoor wiring, and the effectiveness of these countermeasures for preventing damage of electrical equipment has been verified by an experiment using actual electrical equipment. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(1): 37–45, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10223

     

电涌保护器应用中几个问题的探讨

探讨了电涌保护器（SPD）应用中的4个颇有争议的问题，这就是SPD的响应时间、多级SPD的动作顺序、不同波形中冲击电流的等效变换以及SPD的残压与冲击电流峰值的关系。最后说明了SPD应用中各电压之间的相互关系。     

多分支系统中SPD配合的研究

通过理论分析和软件仿真,研究了低电压系统中多分支电路对开关型SPD和限压型SPD之间的配合,及限压型SPD间配合的不同影响.研究表明,各支路波阻抗的并联效果有利于设备的保护,使MOV型SPD间的配合效果提高,但开关型和MOV型SPD配合时,易造成开关型SPD不动作,在工程实践中应予注意.     

Influence of Grounding Resistance Connecting to Surge Arrester on Effectiveness of Lightning Protection Caused by Direct Hit for Power Distribution Lines

In Japan, the grounding resistance of surge arresters (Arrs) for the lightning protection of power distribution lines is generally maintained below 30 Ω. Therefore, electric power companies have been spending large amounts of money on the construction and maintenance of low grounding resistances. In this paper, the influence of grounding resistance on lightning protection measures for power distribution lines with both a ground wire (GW) and Arrs is investigated by EMTP analysis and experiments. These results showed that even if the grounding resistance of Arrs becomes high, the effectiveness of lightning protection is hardly decreased. The results also indicated that it is more important for constructing a rational lightning protection system to install a large number of lightning protection devices on power distribution lines than to lower the grounding resistance of Arrs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(3): 10–22, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21280     

线路电阻对SPD配合的影响分析

为了准确分析用于低压配电系统过电压防护的多级浪涌保护器(SPD)的配合问题,通过建立SPD配合电路的拉氏运算方程,求解并分析线路电压降的解析解,理论研究了线路电阻对低压系统SPD配合的影响,指出忽略线路电阻将使通过后级SPD的电流被夸大,造成配合分析的不准确。理论分析表明,在前级SPD的残压一定的情况下,2级SPD间的电压差主要由后级SPD的V-I特性曲线、线路电感和线路电阻共同决定。通过对多种线路模型的SPD配合进行仿真计算,验证了理论分析的正确性。     

A field study of lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines

The number of home electric appliances, such as personal computers and telephones, has been rapidly increasing. Lightning damage to these home electric appliances has a great impact on a highly sophisticated information society. There are cases in which lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines cause malfunctions in them, even though they are equipped with surge protective devices to protect against lightning overvoltages. Therefore, for lightning protection of low‐voltage equipment including home electric appliances, it is important to understand the phenomenon of lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage power distribution lines. However, many aspects of this problem are not entirely clear, in particular how they are generated. The Tokyo Electric Power Company carried out lightning observations on low‐voltage distribution lines. The observation results provide a statistical distribution of lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines. A mechanism for generating lightning overvoltages in low‐voltage distribution lines is inferred from the observed waveforms and facilities data. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 183(2): 12–21, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21299     

电磁瞬态多级防护技术研究

对电磁瞬态 (电涌 )的器件防护技术进行了研究。根据电涌多级防护的基本要求 ,利用电路波过程理论 ,推导了两级防护电路的电压和电流波的计算公式。在此基础上 ,对两级防护的动态特性进行计算分析。最后采用 EMTP软件对多级防护的实例进行仿真     

Numerical electromagnetic analysis on current distribution in building directly hit by lightning

Lightning current distribution in a directly hit building is studied by using a simple equivalent circuit and an electromagnetic model. The Numerical Electromagnetics Code (NEC‐4) is employed for numerical electromagnetic analysis. The error in the shunt ratio of lightning current entering wiring, which is calculated using the electromagnetic model, is estimated to be less than 4%. The shunt ratios for lightning current entering the wiring on the top floor and the first floor are largest. Although they are larger for a higher building, they are almost constant if the building struck has more than five floors. They are smaller when there are more vertical conductors, or the length of the wiring is longer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 159(1): 9–16, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20449     

风电机组箱式变压器低压侧雷电过电压仿真

针对某高山风电场风机塔顶遭受雷击,造成风电机组塔外箱式变压器（简称箱变）损坏事故,分析了箱变低压侧雷电过电压产生的机理,根据风机-箱变系统防雷配置情况,建立了ATP-EMTP仿真模型。利用该模型计算了电涌保护器（surge protective device,SPD）接入时和脱开后箱变低压侧的电压,并分析了雷电流波形、幅值及接地网冲击接地电阻对箱变低压侧电压的影响,同时计算了低压侧短路后的工频续流。计算结果表明,SPD脱开后低压侧电压超过了箱变的冲击耐压值（12 kV）,低压侧工频续流为4.50～8.75 kA。由于开关型SPD无法切断工频续流,提出将其更换为无续流的氧化锌避雷器,推荐避雷器型号为YH10W-0.8/3.0,并通过仿真计算进行了防雷效果验证。     

Evaluation of the effective protection distance of low-voltage SPD to equipment

Installing surge protection devices for a low-voltage power supply is important to ensure the survival of electric or electronic devices and systems. Sometimes one group of surge protective devices (SPDs) installed on the distribution board is expected to protect all equipment supplied power by this distribution board. This equipment is connected to the distribution board by cables with different lengths, the influence of the cable length between the SPD and protected equipment on protective effects of SPD was discussed. The reflection and oscillation phenomena of the transient voltage caused by the connecting cables were analyzed, which would affect the protective effects of SPDs. These phenomena depend on the characteristics of the SPDs, the properties of the protected loads, and the length of the connecting cable. Five different types of loads and three different cable lengths have been simulated by electromagnetic transient analysis software, and their respective transient voltages across the SPD and the load were discussed in detail. The effective protection distances of SPD to equipment were analyzed for different types of loads.     

Effective Protection Distances of Low-Voltage SPD With Different Voltage Protection Levels

If surge protection devices (SPDs) are installed without consideration of the concept of lightning protection zones, the equipment to be protected might be damaged despite the correct energy coordination of SPDs. This damage is induced by the reflection phenomena on the cable connecting an external SPD and the load protected. These reflection phenomena depend on the characteristics of the output of the external SPD, the input of the loads, and the cables between the load and the external SPD. Therefore, the SPD has an effective protection distance under the condition of the specific load and the specific voltage protection level of SPD. In this paper, the equipment with different load characteristics and SPDs with different voltage protection levels are analyzed combinatorially under the operation of the surge combination wave. The influence of voltage protection level on the effective protection distance is discussed. Moreover, the effective protection distance of the SPD with the same parameter in a different voltage protection level is also analyzed in detail. The analyzed results show that the effective protection distance would be very long if the impedance of equipment is close to or smaller than the characteristic impedance of the connecting cable.     

电涌保护技术讲座第二讲电涌保护器的原理

本讲说明了电涌保护器的基本原理和要求,介绍了电涌保护器的三种基本类型和基本特性,比较了它们的优缺点.最后进一步阐述了两类电涌保护器的动作特性和动作过程.     

A distribution line model for lightning overvoltage studies

Recently, the focus of lightning protection measures for distribution lines has moved from a nearby lightning stroke to a direct lightning stroke. Studies of direct lightning stroke countermeasures are generally carried out by digital simulations using the EMTP (Electro‐Magnetic Transients Program). Thus, components of a distribution line must be modeled appropriately in the EMTP for accurate simulations. The authors have previously clarified the surge response of a distribution line by pulse tests using a reduced‐scale distribution line model. In this paper, first, the results of the pulse tests are simulated in the EMTP using a conventional model which represents a distribution pole by a single lossless distributed‐parameter line model, and comparisons with the test results show that transient overvoltages generated at the insulators cannot accurately be reproduced by the conventional model. This indicates that a special treatment is required to represent the transient response of a distribution pole and wires. Then, this paper proposes new EMTP models of the pole and wires which can reproduce the transient overvoltages at the insulators. The parameter values of the proposed models can be determined based on a pulse test result. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 173(1): 11–23, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21001     

限压型低压电涌保护器级间配合研究

采用电磁暂态程序(EMTP)仿真方法,研究了MOV限压型低压电涌保护器(SPD)两级保护电路.模型中采用传输线模型仿真电缆线,通过实验测量SPD在不同冲击电流下的残压值获得SPD仿真的必要电流和残压值参数.得到了两级在不同冲击电流大小、线缆长度连接时的电流分布情况和残压大小.对传输线的长度为5、10、20 m,冲击电流为8.9 kA时的仿真结果进行实验验证,实验结果和仿真结果基本一致.该项研究有助于雷电防护中SPD辅助工程设计.     

Experimental and analytical studies on lightning surge characteristics of a buried bare wire

Lightning surge analysis is very important from the viewpoint of insulation design of transmission lines and substations. Lightning surge analysis has many parameters, which include lightning surge characteristics of transmission towers, back flashover phenomena at an arcing horn, characteristics of footing resistance, effects of corona wave deformation, characteristics of electromagnetic fields caused by lightning, and other parameters. This paper describes experimental and analytical studies on lightning surge characteristics of a buried bare wire. The measurement of the lightning surge characteristics of the buried bare wire is carried out under various experimental conditions. The experimental parameters controlled in these experiments include earth resistance, length of the buried bare wire, and waveform of the injected current. The measured results are compared with analytical results based on the theoretical study by Sunde. A comparison of the measured results with the analytical results shows good agreement. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(3): 35– 41, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20532     

变电所防雷技术

大多数变电所存在有雷击隐患,根据新颁布的GB50057—2010《建筑物防雷设计规范》[1]相关规定和防雷理论知识,将接闪器、引下线、接地装置、等电位联结、屏蔽、合理布线、浪涌保护器的安装等方面,与变电所的自身结构相结合,使变电所最大程度达到安全防雷,也为变电所及相关设施的防雷整改、验收、安全运行等提供技术指导。     

自然雷电下氧化锌避雷器残压特征分析

对自然闪电条件下氧化锌避雷器的残压波形特征进行了分析。通过线路过电压和快电场的变化,对记录的12次自然闪电引起的避雷器残压波形进行了分析。分析结果表明,自然闪电条件下的避雷器残压持续时间约330 μs,明显长于实验室用8/20 μs波形电流冲击得到的几十微秒残压持续时间,波形宽度过长可能会造成压敏电阻体的熔化穿孔。其次,避雷器上残压波形与闪电放电过程紧密相关,具有较多的不规则性。此外,避雷器对前端埋地50 m的线路过电压有一定的抑制作用,对闪电首次回击引起的过电压抑制作用较弱,对继后回击引起的过电压抑制作用较强。     

电梯防雷技术

对建筑物内电梯的防直击雷、屏蔽及布线、等电位联结、共用接地、合理安装SPD等综合防雷措施进行了探讨,并提出了防雷设计的思路,对防雷工作人员的研究工作具有一定的参考价值。     

Equivalent Circuit of Distribution Line for Lightning‐Induced Voltage Analysis Using Analytical Formulas

This paper proposes an equivalent circuit at a transition point of distribution line for lightning‐induced voltage analysis. The lightning‐induced voltages caused by a piecewise linearly varying lightning current are expressed by analytical formulas. The equivalent circuit is represented by resistors and current sources, which are known from past history and given by the lightning‐induced voltage on an infinite‐length line. Transient voltages and currents at the transition point are accurately obtained in small computation time using the equivalent circuit. Thus, the proposed equivalent circuit is very convenient for analyzing the lightning‐induced effect in complicated electric power networks. This paper presents an example of EMTP data cards to use the proposed equivalent circuit in the EMTP.     

Effect of lightning overvoltages on low-voltage power distribution lines due to direct lightning hits to overhead ground wire

Overhead ground wires and surge arresters have been installed to protect high-voltage power distribution lines and apparatus from overvoltages induced by nearby lightning strokes. The effects of surge arresters for protection of high-voltage distribution lines against direct lightning strokes have already been investigated using the digital simulation program EMTP (Electromagnetic Transients Program). With regard to the protection of low-voltage distribution lines from overvoltages induced by lightning strokes, experimental analyses using a scale model line have been reported. This paper reports on the comparison between the experimental analyses and EMTP simulation of power distribution lines, including low-voltage lines, and the validity of EMTP simulation. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the overvoltages on low-voltage power distribution lines against direct lightning strokes to overhead ground wire using the digital simulation.