Fault diagnosis of roller bearing using fuzzy classifier and histogram features with focus on automatic rule learning

Roller bearing is one of the most widely used elements in rotary machines. Condition monitoring of such elements is conceived as pattern recognition problem. Pattern recognition has three main phases: feature extraction, feature selection and feature classification. Histogram features can be used for fault diagnosis of roller bearing. This paper presents the use of decision tree for selecting best few histogram features (bin ranges) that will discriminate the fault conditions of the bearing from given train samples. These features are extracted from vibration signals. A rule set is formed from the extracted features and fed to a fuzzy classifier. The rule set necessary for building the fuzzy classifier is obtained largely by intuition and domain knowledge. This paper also presents the usage of decision tree to generate the rules automatically from the feature set. The vibration signal from a piezoelectric transducer is captured for the following conditions – good bearing, bearing with inner race fault, bearing with outer race fault, and inner and outer race fault. The histogram features were extracted and good features that discriminate the different fault conditions of the bearing were selected using decision tree. The rule set for fuzzy classifier is obtained by once using the decision tree again. A fuzzy classifier is built and tested with representative data. The results are found to be encouraging.     

Fault diagnosis of ball bearings using machine learning methods

Ball bearings faults are one of the main causes of breakdown of rotating machines. Thus, detection and diagnosis of mechanical faults in ball bearings is very crucial for the reliable operation. This study is focused on fault diagnosis of ball bearings using artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM). A test rig of high speed rotor supported on rolling bearings is used. The vibration response are obtained and analyzed for the various defects of ball bearings. The specific defects are considered as crack in outer race, inner race with rough surface and corrosion pitting in balls. Statistical methods are used to extract features and to reduce the dimensionality of original vibration features. A comparative experimental study of the effectiveness of ANN and SVM is carried out. The results show that the machine learning algorithms mentioned above can be used for automated diagnosis of bearing faults. It is also observed that the severe (chaotic) vibrations occur under bearings with rough inner race surface and ball with corrosion pitting.     

Fault diagnosis of rolling element bearing by using multinomial logistic regression and wavelet packet transform

This paper is focused on comparison of effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings. The features for classification are extracted through wavelet packet decomposition using RBIO 5.5 wavelet. The whole classification is done using two features: energy and Kurtosis. The data samples for classification are taken with reference to a healthy bearing, thus, minimizing the errors from the experimental set-up. Four bearing conditions such as bearing with outer race defect, inner race defect, ball defect and combined defect on outer race, inner race and ball have been used in this paper. Localized defects of micron level are induced through laser machining. The effectiveness of three AI techniques viz. ANN, SVM and multinomial logistic regression are compared. The results show that the Logistic Regression technique is the more effective than other two techniques as ANN and SVM.     

基于双树复小波包和改进SVM的轴承故障诊断

为了提高滚动轴承内圈、滚动体、外圈等故障诊断效率,提出了将双树复小波包和支持向量机（Support Vector Machine,SVM）结合的故障诊断方法。采用双树复小波包对轴承振动信号分解和重构,提取重构信号中的故障能量特征并构造特征样本作为支持向量机诊断模型的输入。针对支持向量机的参数选取没有固定方法而导致故障诊断的准确性降低的问题,采用人工鱼群算法对支持向量机的惩罚系数和核参数进行寻优。用寻优得到的参数建立支持向量机诊断模型对特征样本进行故障诊断。仿真结果表明提出的方法不仅可以提高降噪效果从而得到滚动轴承故障振动的特征信号,而且能实现更高精度的故障诊断。     

A joint sparse wavelet coefficient extraction and adaptive noise reduction method in recovery of weak bearing fault features from a multi-component signal mixture

Rolling element bearings are widely used to support rotating components of a machine. Due to close space locations of components in the machine, a vibration signal caused by bearing localized defects is easily overwhelmed by other strong vibration signals. Extracting the bearing fault signal from a multi-component signal mixture is thus significant to detect early bearing fault features and prevent machine breakdown. In this paper, a bearing fault diagnosis method, named cyclic spike detection method, is proposed to extract the weak bearing fault features from a multi-component signal mixture. Firstly, the optimal center frequency and bandwidth of a complex Morlet wavelet filter are determined by a simplex-simulated annealing algorithm along with a maximum sparsity objective function. The filtered signal is then obtained by applying the optimal wavelet filter to the multi-component signal mixture. After that, a new adaptive local maximum selection method is proposed to make the filtered signal succinct. Only a few spikes are retained to reveal potential cyclic intervals caused by bearing localized defects. Two multi-component signal mixtures, including a simulated signal and a real vibration signal collected from an industrial machine, are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed cyclic spike detection method. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can extract the weak bearing fault features from other strong masking vibration signals and noise.     

Induction motors bearing fault detection using pattern recognition techniques

This paper proposes a systematic procedure based on a pattern recognition technique for fault diagnosis of induction motors bearings through the artificial neural networks (ANNs). In this method, the use of time domain features as a proper alternative to frequency features is proposed to improve diagnosis ability. The features are obtained from direct processing of the signal segments using very simple calculation. Three different cases including, healthy, inner race defect and outer race defect are investigated using the proposed algorithm. The ANNs are trained with a subset of the experimental data for known machine conditions. Once the network is trained, efficiency of the proposed method is evaluated using the remaining set of data. The obtained results indicate that using time domain features can be effective in accurate diagnosis of various motor bearing faults with high precision and low computational burden.     

Artificial neural networks and support vector machines with genetic algorithm for bearing fault detection

A study is presented to compare the performance of bearing fault detection using two different classifiers, namely, artificial neural networks (ANNs) and support vector machines (SMVs). The time-domain vibration signals of a rotating machine with normal and defective bearings are processed for feature extraction. The extracted features from original and preprocessed signals are used as inputs to the classifiers for two-class (normal or fault) recognition. The classifier parameters, e.g., the number of nodes in the hidden layer in case of ANNs and the radial basis function kernel parameter (width) in case of SVMs along with the selection of input features are optimized using genetic algorithms. The classifiers are trained with a subset of the experimental data for known machine conditions and are tested using the remaining set of data. The procedure is illustrated using the experimental vibration data of a rotating machine. The roles of different vibration signals and signal preprocessing techniques are investigated. The results show the effectiveness of the features and the classifiers in detection of machine condition.     

A new feature extraction approach based on one dimensional gray level co-occurrence matrices for bearing fault classification

ABSTRACT

Recently, precise and deterministic feature extraction is one of the current research topics for bearing fault diagnosis. For this aim, an experimental bearing test setup was created in this study. In this setup, vibration signals were obtained from the bearings on which artificial faults were generated in specific sizes. A new feature extraction method based on co-occurrence matrices for bearing vibration signals was proposed instead of the conventional feature extraction methods, as in the literature. The One (1) Dimensional–Local Binary Patterns (1D-LBP) method was first applied to bearing vibration signals, and a new signal whose values ranged between 0–255 was obtained. Then, co-occurrence matrices were obtained from these signals. The correlation, energy, homogeneity, and contrast features were extracted from these matrices. Different machine learning methods were employed with these features to carry out the classification process. Three different data sets were used to test the proposed approach. As a result of analysing the signals with the proposed model, the success rate is 87.50% for dataset1 (different speed), 96.5% for dataset2 (fault size (mm)) and 99.30% for dataset3 (fault type – inner ring, outer ring, ball) was found, respectively.     

Fault features extraction for bearing prognostics

Over the past years, investigation on condition-based maintenance (CBM) technique on bearing has been conducted. Bearing diagnostics and prognostics are the important aspects in CBM. A key to the success of using vibration data for bearing fault diagnostics and bearing lifecycle prognostics is a quantified relationship between bearing damage and bearing fault features. To establish such a quantitative relationship, effective signal processing techniques to extract bearing fault features from vibration signals are needed. This paper describes a newly developed fault feature extraction method for bearing prognostics. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated with two real bearing run-to-failure test datasets: one collected under normal operating conditions and another one under abnormal operating conditions. Experimental results show that the bearing fault features extracted using both traditional vibration analysis methods and the proposed method give clear bearing heath degradation trend for the dataset collected under normal operating conditions. However, for the data collected under abnormal operating conditions, bearing fault features obtained using traditional vibration analysis methods fail to show the bearing health degradation trend while the fault features extracted using the proposed method give consistent bearing degradation trends.     

基于蝙蝠算法优化相关向量机的轴承故障诊断方法

由于轴承振动信号具有复杂性和非线性,难以有效提取故障特征,影响故障诊断的准确率。为了提高故障诊断准确率,提出一种蝙蝠算法(BA)优化相关向量机(RVM)的轴承故障诊断方法。首先结合变分模态分解和多尺度熵从轴承振动信号中提取出故障特征,作为相关向量机的输入向量;接着采用蝙蝠算法优化相关向量机的核函数参数;然后训练相关向量机模型;最后使用训练后的相关向量机进行故障诊断。通过仿真实验评估故障诊断方法的有效性,实验结果表明,该方法的故障诊断准确为100%,故障诊断准确率高于SVM方法、RVM方法,说明BA-RVM故障诊断方法是可行和有效的,满足一般轴承故障诊断的精度要求。     

Fault diagnosis of rolling element bearing with intrinsic mode function of acoustic emission data using APF-KNN

This paper presents a fault diagnosis technique based on acoustic emission (AE) analysis with the Hilbert–Huang Transform (HHT) and data mining tool. HHT analyzes the AE signal using intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), which are extracted using the process of Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD). Instead of time domain approach with Hilbert transform, FFT of IMFs from HHT process are utilized to represent the time frequency domain approach for efficient signal response from rolling element bearing. Further, extracted statistical and acoustic features are used to select proper data mining based fault classifier with or without filter. K-nearest neighbor algorithm is observed to be more efficient classifier with default setting parameters in WEKA. APF-KNN approach, which is based on asymmetric proximity function with optimize feature selection shows better classification accuracy is used. Experimental evaluation for time frequency approach is presented for five bearing conditions such as healthy bearing, bearing with outer race, inner race, ball and combined defect. The experimental results show that the proposed method can increase reliability for the faults diagnosis of ball bearing.     

Artificial neural networks and genetic algorithm for bearing fault detection

A study is presented to compare the performance of three types of artificial neural network (ANN), namely, multi layer perceptron (MLP), radial basis function (RBF) network and probabilistic neural network (PNN), for bearing fault detection. Features are extracted from time domain vibration signals, without and with preprocessing, of a rotating machine with normal and defective bearings. The extracted features are used as inputs to all three ANN classifiers: MLP, RBF and PNN for two- class (normal or fault) recognition. Genetic algorithms (GAs) have been used to select the characteristic parameters of the classifiers and the input features. For each trial, the ANNs are trained with a subset of the experimental data for known machine conditions. The ANNs are tested using the remaining set of data. The procedure is illustrated using the experimental vibration data of a rotating machine. The roles of different vibration signals and preprocessing techniques are investigated. The results show the effectiveness of the features and the classifiers in detection of machine condition.     

无量纲免疫支持向量机的复合故障诊断方法

针对机组多故障并发时,故障特征互相干扰,产生模式混淆,难以准确分类,提出一种无量纲免疫支持向量机的复合故障诊断方法。由于五种无量纲指标对不同频段复合故障的敏感性不同,将无量纲指标和人工免疫的阴性选择算法相结合,通过选择合适的编码位数来提取故障特征,多分类支持向量机（MSVM）的参数经过免疫优化算法训练后获得最优解,把五种时域特征的无量纲指标提取的故障特征向量输入到MSVM,学习后的MSVM应用于故障诊断。实验结果表明优化后的支持向量机对小样本具有良好的分类性能和实时性,无量纲免疫MSVM与MSVM模型相比能够更加快速、准确进行复合故障诊断。     

基于SVD和TKEO的轴承振动信号特征提取

为了解决滚动轴承振动信号中微弱故障信息难以提取的问题,提出了一种基于奇异值分解（Singular Value Decomposition,SVD）和Teager-Kaiser能量算子（Teager-Kaiser Energy Operator,TKEO）的轴承振动信号特征提取方法。采用SVD将突变信息从背景噪声和光滑信号中分离,提取信号的突变信息;利用TKEO计算突变信息的瞬时能量,对该能量信号进行频谱分析,从而提取出轴承振动信号的能量频谱特征,用于故障检测。将该方法应用于轴承外圈、内圈局部故障状态下的振动信号特征提取,利用特征信息能够准确检测并识别出故障类型,表明了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

Vibration-based fault diagnosis of spur bevel gear box using fuzzy technique

To determine the condition of an inaccessible gear in an operating machine the vibration signal of the machine can be continuously monitored by placing a sensor close to the source of the vibrations. These signals can be further processed to extract the features and identify the status of the machine. The vibration signal acquired from the operating machine has been used to effectively diagnose the condition of inaccessible moving components inside the machine. Suitable sensors are kept at various locations to pick up the signals produced by machinery and these signals are very meaningful in condition diagnosis surveillance. To determine the important characteristics and to unravel the significance of these signals, further analysis or processing is required.This paper presents the use of decision tree for selecting best statistical features that will discriminate the fault conditions of the gear box from the signals extracted. These features are extracted from vibration signals. A rule set is formed from the extracted features and fed to a fuzzy classifier. The rule set necessary for building the fuzzy classifier is obtained largely by intuition and domain knowledge. This paper also presents the usage of decision tree to generate the rules automatically from the feature set. The vibration signal from a piezo-electric transducer is captured for the following conditions – good bevel gear, bevel gear with tooth breakage (GTB), bevel gear with crack at root of the tooth (GTC), and bevel gear with face wear of the teeth (TFW) for various loading and lubrication conditions. The statistical features were extracted and good features that discriminate the different fault conditions of the gearbox were selected using decision tree. The rule set for fuzzy classifier is obtained by once using the decision tree again. A fuzzy classifier is built and tested with representative data. The results are found to be encouraging.     

柔性形态滤波和遗传规划在电机轴承故障诊断的应用

针对电机轴承故障振动信号的强噪声背景.以及电机轴承故障是一个内圈故障、外圈故障和滚动体故障多级分类问题的情况,提出了一种基于柔性形态滤波和遗传规划的电机轴承故障诊断方法.该方法首先对电机轴承故障原始信号进行柔性形态滤波,然后提取滤波后信号的故障特征频率的归一化能量以及时域统计特征量作为遗传规划中的终止符,通过复制、交叉、突变以及适应度计算等操作,使个体逐渐逼近问题的最优解,得到电机轴承故障模式分类的最优模型,试验结果表明了该方法的有效性.     

基于ICA和SVM的滚动轴承故障诊断方法研究

通过对滚动轴承振动信号的分析处理,提出了基于独立分量分析和支持向量机的故障诊断方法,采用FastICA算法对信号进行分析处理,提取出代表轴承运行状态的投影系数矩阵,并以此作为特征向量来建立支持向量机分类器,利用SVM网络的智能性来判断滚动轴承的工作状态和故障类型。     

基于DCT和GA-SVM的轴承故障诊断

针对轴承故障振动信号特点,提出一种基于离散余弦变换(DCT)、遗传算法(GA)和支持向量机(SVM)的轴承故障诊断方法.利用DCT的能量聚集性在广义频域建立原始特征向量集,运用GA以SVM的最低分类错误率为目标函数建立故障特征向量集,使用SVM完成轴承故障诊断.分别对轴承内圈故障、外圈故障、滚动体故障进行故障诊断,结果表明,该方法能够准确诊断轴承故障.     

自适应流形学习在故障诊断中的应用

针对人工干预的旋转轴承故障类型及损坏程度诊断问题,提出了一种基于自适应流形学习的故障诊断新方法。该算法借助集合经验模态分解和双谱分析提取振动信号的故障特征,用纹理分析法构建故障信息的纹理特征矩阵,通过自适应流形学习的方法对高维纹理特征矩阵进行降维。整个过程能够很好地去除噪声,同时自适应选择参数,具有很好的聚类性能和复杂信号处理能力。实验结果表明该方法能够很好地区分不同的故障类型,同时在区分内圈故障、外圈故障、滚动元素故障退化程度方面也有着较好的性能。     

基于记忆的SVM相关反馈算法

支持向量机(SVM)方法并不假设样本的分布条件,它基于结构风险最小化原则,对小样本情况下的学习问 题给出最优解,并且在样本趋于无穷时能保持良好的一致收敛性。在SVM的基础上提出的MSVM方法,通过记忆 功能,用历次反馈的累积样本代替一次反馈样本,从而增加了学习样本数量,减小了查准率的振荡,提高了检索精度; 同时为了减轻用户负担,提出了记忆性标注。实验证明,MSVM方法可以避免因训练样本集过小而出现的局部最小 化的问题,能较为准确地分类图像库中的图像,同时有效地减轻了用户的负担。