基于光谱特征的城市人工地物分级分类方法研究

１９９７年６月利用ＰＨＩ推帚式成像光谱仪在北京市沙河镇进行了飞行实验,其主要目的是成像光谱技术应用于城市用地和建筑和分类中关键技术研究。对所获取的１５个波段的可见光－近红外数据进行了分析与处理,试图通过对地面覆盖物质的光谱响应特征的分析来进行城市人工目标的识别与分类。由于城市地物的光谱特征异常复杂,难于应用一般的模式分类算法分离出所有类型,本文在对地面覆盖类型光谱响应分析的基础上,采用分层复合分类     

基于Bhattacharyya距离的典型地物波谱特征差异性分析

地物波谱数据主要应用于定量遥感与影像分类等相关基础研究,对各条光谱曲线之间进行定量化的光谱差异性分析具有重要意义。从USGS及JHU地物波谱库中挑选了在土地覆盖分类层次具有意义的植被(73条)、人工材料(100条)与土壤(30条)3种类型共203条地物波谱数据,以分层分类体系在4.2~2.5 μm的波长范围内分析比较各类典型地物材料的光谱特征,以B距离(Bhattacharyya Distance)作为指标定量计算不同类别地物波谱间的光谱差异性。结果表明:波谱库中金属、砖石和混凝土3类人工材料光谱对于植被、土壤等自然材料光谱具有较大的光谱差异性,而塑料与自然地物间的光谱差异度最小,在此基础上统计了最能反映这些地物光谱特征差异的最优波段。该方法能够量化多种光谱曲线间的差异性并得到最佳的区分波段,从而为地物材料光谱及高光谱数据分类提供参考。     

基于知识的山东丘陵区土地利用/覆盖分类研究

土地利用/覆盖信息的获取是土地利用/覆盖变化研究的前提和基础, 传统的基于光谱信息的分类无法克服地物光谱特征相似造成的混淆。以龙口市为例, 探讨了综合应用高程、坡度等地学专家知识和地物的光谱知识, 对山东丘陵地区土地利用/覆盖进行自动分类的方法。实验证明, 基于知识的土地利用ö覆盖分类方法消除了单纯利用光谱信息的不足, 达到了90. 24% 的分类精度, 远高于最大似然法分类。     

机载中波红外影像分类性能分析

由于中波红外谱段复杂的辐射特性以及红外探测技术的限制,目前学界对中波红外的遥感分类应用探索较少。该文是在国内首幅可见光-中波红外高分辨率(中波红外0.6m分辨率)多光谱影像的基础上,探索地物的中波红外辐射特性,挖掘中波红外谱段的潜在价值,进而融合地物的中波红外与可见光的特征,分析中波红外影像的地物分类性能,提高遥感地物分类的精度。中波红外谱段的光谱辐射特性不同于可见光与热红外谱段,既包含地面反射辐射,也包含地面物体的发射辐射能量。研究中基于多尺度分割算法与随机森林分类器分别对可见光影像和中红外+可见光四波段融合影像进行面向对象分类。该方法融合了地物的可见光与中波红外特征,并且评估了光谱、形状、纹理等特征在分类中的重要程度,定量分析了融合中波红外波段后的特征空间。研究结果表明:针对中红外特征,最有效特征为中红外与可见光其中两波段组合HIS空间各分量特征,其次为灰度共生矩阵纹理信息;中波红外波段的引入可以稳定地提高地物分类的总精度;中波红外波段对于人工地物的分类效果优于非人工地物类型,其中建筑物的分类精度提升最为显著。     

基于分层分析的ASTER 影像土地利用/ 覆盖遥感监测研究

以龙海市为实验区, 利用ASTER 遥感数据, 在研究区典型地物光谱特征系统分析的基础上,进行基于分层分类思想的地物分类提取方法研究。首先将影像划分为独立的子区( 水体、植被覆盖区和非植被覆盖区域) 以避免分类过程中光谱的互相影响; 然后在每个独立的子区基础上根据各类地物的不同光谱特征和空间特征, 对各类地物进行逐层掩模、分层提取。结果表明该方法优于传统的监督和非监督分类效果。     

基于LightGBM和多光谱—SAR多特征综合的中亚干旱区城市不透水面提取

不透水面是评价城市化水平和城市生态环境的重要指标,是近年来城市遥感研究中的热点方向之一。与湿润、半湿润区相比,干旱区城市植被覆盖度较低,不透水面与裸土、荒漠之间相似的光谱特征导致传统基于光学影像的亚像元分解法与光谱指数法在干旱区不透水面提取的适用性降低。针对该问题,提出一种多光谱与合成孔径雷达（SAR）影像多特征综合的方法以增大不透水面与其他地物覆盖类型之间的特征差异,从而提取干旱区城市不透水面。以阿斯塔纳、塔什干和杜尚别3个中亚城市为研究区,哨兵2号和哨兵1号影像为数据源,通过LightGBM算法对多光谱和SAR图像的空间特征、SAR的极化特征进行分类并提取不透水面。研究对比了不同特征组合以及不同分类方法的不透水面提取结果,实验结果表明：多光谱与SAR影像多特征综合的方法能有效提高干旱区不透水面提取精度,明显改善干旱区其他土地覆盖类型错分为不透水面的问题;LightGBM算法与XGBoost、HistGBT等基于梯度提升决策树的算法和随机森林等方法相比能获取更高的精度,更适用于干旱区不透水面提取。这表明基于LightGBM以及多光谱和SAR多特征联合的方法能够有效提取中亚干旱区城市不...     

基于时序Landsat数据的三江平原植被地表类型变化遥感探测研究

Landsat 卫星遥感数据具有分辨率较高,数据积累时间长的特点,在探测地表覆盖变化和地物分类中得到广泛应用。首先,对获取的Landsat TM/ETM+时间序列数据进行了定量化处理,获取了三江平原七台河市1989~2012年时间序列Landsat地表反射率图像。其次,设计了林地指数和湿地指数,提取了三江平原七台河区域地物光谱和时序特征,同时设计构建了地表覆盖分类和植被地表类型变化探测的决策树算法,实现了1989~2012年七台河区域的植被地表覆盖变化的动态监测,提取了森林覆盖变化的空间分布与变化时间。最后,对七台河区域地表覆盖与植被地表类型变化进行了精度检验,分类总体精度达到90.04%,Kappa系数达0.88。研究结果表明:基于定量化的Landsat时间序列数据的分类算法能克服单时相影像分类的缺陷,实现区域地物自动分类和地表覆盖变化的动态监测。
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沙化土地光谱特征初步分析

分析地物光谱特征与土地沙化间的数量关系,找出地物光谱特征变异的规律,从地物光谱的角度为遥感影像中沙化土地提取和定量分析提供依据.沙化土地光谱数据源分为单一地物类型级和复合地物类型级两种,野外测量时分别采取不同的采样方法.沙化土地光谱数据表现出随植被覆盖、植被类型、土壤、地类等的变化规律.     

结合KPCA和多尺度纹理的IKONOS遥感影像决策树分类

城市地物类型多样,空间分布复杂,具有很强的非线性特征。核主成分分析(KPCA)通过将特征空间映射到高维核空间,可以表达图像像素间的高阶关系,因而可以提取图像的非线性特征,同时提供一组相互独立的主成分。本文在加入多尺度纹理特征的基础上,以应用地物分布的空间细节信息;且利用核主成分分析(KP-CA)方法对光谱和纹理量提取非线性特征信息,增大类别之间的可分性;并结合决策树分类方法对IKONOS遥感影像分类。实验结果表明:KPCA能很好提取地物之间的非线性特征,结合KPCA和多尺度纹理的决策树分类方法能有效地提取地物类型,提取精度为79.3%,KAPPA系数为0.763.     

基于LSMM模型的精确地物覆盖类型的提取方法

本文对线性光谱混合模型(LSMM)进行了研究，提出了利用分解误差和比值系数分别进行约束，从而提取精确的地物覆盖类型的研究方法，并利用模拟数据和实际数据进行了验证。实验结果表明，相对于传统的需要对地物进行逻辑上或光谱组成上归并的研究方法，采用本方法提取更为细致的地物覆盖类型，是可能的。     

A probabilistic SVM approach for hyperspectral image classification using spectral and texture features

New hyperspectral sensors can collect a large number of spectral bands, which provide a capability to distinguish various objects and materials on the earth. However, the accurate classification of these images is still a big challenge. Previous studies demonstrate the effectiveness of combination of spectral data and spatial information for better classification of hyperspectral images. In this article, this approach is followed to propose a novel three-step spectral–spatial method for classification of hyperspectral images. In the first step, Gabor filters are applied for texture feature extraction. In the second step, spectral and texture features are separately classified by a probabilistic Support Vector Machine (SVM) pixel-wise classifier to estimate per-pixel probability. Therefore, two probabilities are obtained for each pixel of the image. In the third step, the total probability is calculated by a linear combination of the previous probabilities on which a control parameter determines the efficacy of each one. As a result, one pixel is assigned to one class which has the highest total probability. This method is performed in multivariate analysis framework (MAF) on which one pixel is represented by a d-dimensional vector, d is the number of spectral or texture features, and in functional data analysis (FDA) on which one pixel is considered as a continuous function. The proposed method is evaluated with different training samples on two hyperspectral data. The combination parameter is experimentally obtained for each hyperspectral data set as well as for each training samples. This parameter adjusts the efficacy of the spectral versus texture information in various areas such as forest, agricultural or urban area to get the best classification accuracy. Experimental results show high performance of the proposed method for hyperspectral image classification. In addition, these results confirm that the proposed method achieves better results in FDA than in MAF. Comparison with some state-of-the-art spectral–spatial classification methods demonstrates that the proposed method can significantly improve classification accuracies.     

Pixel- and feature-level fusion of hyperspectral and lidar data for urban land-use classification

The complexity of urban areas makes it difficult for single-source remotely sensed data to meet all urban application requirements. Airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) can provide precise horizontal and vertical point cloud data, while hyperspectral images can provide hundreds of narrow spectral bands which are sensitive to subtle differences in surface materials. The main objectives of this study are to explore: (1) the performance of fused lidar and hyperspectral data for urban land-use classification, especially the contribution of lidar intensity and height information for land-use classification in shadow areas; and (2) the efficiency of combined pixel- and object-based classifiers for urban land-use classification. Support vector machine (SVM), maximum likelihood classification (MLC), and object-based classifiers were used to classify lidar, hyperspectral data and their derived features, such as the normalized digital surface model (nDSM), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and texture measures, into 15 urban land-use classes. Spatial attributes and rules were used to minimize misclassification of the objects showing similar spectral properties, and accuracy assessments were carried out for the classification results. Compared with hyperspectral data alone, hyperspectral–lidar data fusion improved overall accuracy by 6.8% (from 81.7 to 88.5%) when the SVM classifier was used. Meanwhile, compared with SVM alone, the combined SVM and object-based method improved OA by 7.1% (from 87.6 to 94.7%). The results suggest that hyperspectral–lidar data fusion is effective for urban land-use classification, and the proposed combined pixel- and object-based classifiers are very efficient and flexible for the fusion of hyperspectral and lidar data.     

基于残差3DCNN和三维Gabor滤波器的高光谱图像分类

高光谱图像含有数百个波段,包含丰富的光谱信息,因此被广泛应用于地物分类中,但仍存在 着维数灾难的问题。高光谱图像中同时也含有丰富的纹理信息,有效利用纹理信息能够显著提高分类精度。三 维 Gabor 滤波器不仅能够保留图像丰富的光谱信息,还能提取到图像的纹理特征。为了充分利用高光谱图像的 特征,提出一种基于三维 Gabor 和残差三维卷积神经网络(Res-3DCNN)的分类方法。三维卷积神经网络(3DCNN) 能够直接对三维立方体数据进行处理,提取到深层纹理-光谱信息,然而随着网络层的加深会产生网络退化问 题,因此利用残差思想对 3DCNN 模型进行改进。在 PaviaU,Indian Pines 和 Salinas 3 个公共高光谱图像数据 集上进行实验,分别取得 99.17%,97.40%,98.56%的平均分类精度,结果表明该方法能有效提高高光谱图像 的地物分类精度。     

Spatial–spectral ant colony optimization for hyperspectral image classification

Hyperspectral satellite images contain a lot of information in terms of spectral behaviour of objects and this information can be extracted by several mechanisms including image classification. Traditional spectral information-based methods of hyperspectral image classification are generally followed by spatial information-driven post-processing techniques such as relaxation labelling and Markov Random Field. Spectral or spatial information alone may lead to different results depending upon scene captured. An algorithm which can incorporate influence of both spectral and spatial features is needed to address this problem. In this article, an ant colony optimisation-based hyperspectral image classification technique is proposed. This method exploits both spatial and spectral features. Five standard hyperspectral data sets have been used to validate the proposed method and comparisons with other approaches have been carried out. It was observed that the proposed method yielded a significant improvement in classification accuracy. For the instance, nearly 10% increase in accuracy was observed when compared to Support Vector Machine for Indian pines, Botswana, and Salinas images.     

A new residual fusion classification method for hyperspectral images

In this paper, we propose a novel residual fusion classification method for hyperspectral image using spatial–spectral information, abbreviated as RFC-SS. The RFC-SS method first uses the Gabor texture features and the non-parametric weighted spectral features to describe the hyperspectral image from both aspects of spatial and spectral information. Then it applies the residual fusion method to save the useful information from different classification methods, which can greatly improve the classification performance. Finally, the test sample is assigned to the class that has the minimal fused residuals. The RFC-SS classification method is tested on two classical hyperspectral images (i.e. Indian Pines, Pavia University). The theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the RFC-SS classification method can achieve a better performance in terms of overall accuracy, average accuracy, and the Kappa coefficient when compared to the other classification methods.     

基于独立成分分析和神经网络的高光谱遥感数据分类

高光谱遥感数据以数据量大、含混度高、地面样本数据少的特点给分类处理带来了困难。将独立成分分析技术与多层前向神经网络相结合, 得到一种新的分类算法。独立成分分析在提取有效光谱特征的同时, 大大降低了数据的维数。神经网络作为分类器, 分类精度显著高于传统的bayes 分类器。通过对220 波段的高光谱数据进行实验, 得到了良好的效果。     

Hyperspectral Multiple Features Optimization Using Improved Firefly Algorithm

The utilization of hyperspectral remote sensing image is mainly based on the spectral information,and the spatial information is always be ignored.To solve this problem,a novel hyperspectral multiple features optimization approach based on improved firefly algorithm is presented.Firstly,four spatial features,the local statistical features,gray level co-occurrence matrix features,Gabor filtering features and morphological features of hyperspectral remote sensing image are extracted,and some spectral bands are selected and then combined with these spatial features,and the feature set is constructed.Then,the firefly algorithm is used to optimize the extracted features.In view of the slow convergence speed of firefly algorithm,we use the random inertia weight from particle swarm optimization algorithm to modifiy the location update formula of firefly algorithm,and JM(Jeffreys-Matusita)distance and Fisher Ratio are used as the objective function.Two urban hyperspectral datasets are used for performance evaluation,and the classification results derived from spectral information and spectral-spatial information are compared.The experiments show that random inertia weight can improve the speed of FA-based feature selection algorithm,the performance with multiple features is better than that of spectral information for urban land cover classification,The statistical results of the two sets of experimental data indicate that the selected number of morphological features are the most in the four spatial features.The local statistical features and morphological features are more helpful to the classification of hyperspectral remote sensing images than GLCM and Gabor features.     

基于高光谱的砀山酥梨炭疽病害等级分类研究

为了检测病害的不同程度等级,以接种炭疽病的砀山酥梨为研究对象,利用高光谱成像技术对病害进行建模分类。在400～1000nm光谱区域采集砀山酥梨样本接种炭疽病初期到发病、直至腐烂整个过程的时序高光谱图像;采用阈值分割法对图像进行背景分割,并基于有效的光谱区域做主成分分析,选取第二主成分(PC2)提取染病的感兴趣区域,并对感兴趣区域用权重系数法作特征值提取;采用非监督的分类算法对特征值进行聚类分析。通过对210个样本集进行观察分析发现,样本分类的有效程度为98.41%。实验结果表明,采用高光谱成像无损检测技术对砀山酥梨炭疽病不同程度的分类是有效的。