基于受控马尔科夫链的软件缺陷优化测试策略

目前许多文献都讨论的受控马尔科夫链软件测试模型,是通过对部分假设条件进行特殊化处理后得到的,这将导致模型的适用范围较小且偏离实际应用。依据软件控制论思想,通过一系列新的制约条件的转换,提出一种改善的、测试资源约束下的受控马尔科夫链模型来消除已有模型的缺陷。同时,该模型能够在高效性、复杂性和适用性3方面达到一个平衡点。为了证明其有效,根据该模型设计了一种新的软件缺陷优化测试策略,并对该策略进行了仿真实验,将其与传统的随机测试策略进行了比较。实验结果表明,该模型具有较高的实用性和有效性。     

流程片段自适应重用策略研究

近年来,自适应软件是软件工程领域的研究热点.研究者们从不同角度对如何促进和提高软件系统的自适应进行了大量研究,有的以体系结构为中心研究软件的自适应,有的则从需求的角度进行研究.但是,从软件系统的流程片段自适应重用的角度来研究软件自适应,类似的研究工作还很少.借鉴软件控制论中的思想来研究流程片段的自适应重用,基于受控的Markov链模型来探讨流程片段的最优查询策略.提出了针对流程片段查询特殊应用环境下的CMC(controlled Markov chain)模型,并对该模型进行了优化处理.基于逐次最小二乘法,进一步提出了流程自适应查询策略,该策略充分利用流程片段的历史查询信息,通过在线参数调整,能够帮助查询人员及时调整和优化查询策略.Matlab环境下的仿真实验和真实流程数据集下的实验,共同验证了该模型和算法的有效性和可行性.     

基于软件层次化模型的软件测试数据生成

针对基于Markov链模型的软件测试技术在测试数据生成时不考虑软件的结构信息,生成的测试数据集对代码路径的覆盖能力以及缺陷检测能力都较低的问题,将统计测试与基于Markov链模型的测试相结合,提出了一种新的软件测试模型——软件层次化模型。该模型涵盖了软件与外部环境之间的交互,同时描述了软件内部结构信息。还给出了该模型测试数据集的生成算法：首先生成符合使用情况的测试序列,然后为测试序列生成覆盖软件内部结构的输入数据。通过针对示例软件的实验结果表明,与基于Markov链模型的测试方法对比,基于软件层次化模型的测试在满足软件测试充分性要求的同时,提高了测试数据集的代码路径覆盖能力和缺陷检测能力。     

基于使用模型的软件可靠性加速测试

给出了一种使用分层抽样和重要抽样方法并基于Markov链使用模型的软件可靠性加速测试的方法,在根据统计测试结果得到软件可靠性无偏估计的前提下,可以有效提高安全攸关软件的测试效率,部分解决了安全攸关软件统计测试时间和费用开销过大的问题.实例仿真结果表明,该方法可以有效地提高软件可靠性关键操作的测试效率.     

基于重要抽样的软件统计测试加速

本文提出一种基于重要抽样的软件统计测试加速方法,该方法通过调整软件Markov链使用模型的迁移概率,在根据统计测试结果得到软件可靠性无偏估计的前提下,可以有效提高安全攸关软件的测试效率,部分解决了安全攸关软件统计测试时间和费用开销过大的问题。同时,本文给出了计算优化迁移概率的模拟退火算法。实验仿真结果表明,该方法可以有效地提高安全攸关软件统计测试的效率。     

构件软件的自适应测试

在受控马尔可夫链方法的框架内讨论了具有测试用例限制的构件软件的自适应测试.介绍了自适应软件测试,并针对构件软件内部不可知的特点对其软件系统建模,选择测试决策,仿真研究了自适应软件测试,以及采用递归的最小二乘法进行参数估计部分的算法改进.     

基于UML的软件Markov链使用模型的构建

构建软件的使用模型是进行软件可靠性测试及软件可靠性评估的基础.近年来,如何由软件的UML模型构造软件的使用模型成为研究热点.对于大型的软件系统来说,应用现有方法构建的软件Markov链使用模型的状态空间过于庞大,模型描述困难,不利于测试用例的自动生成及软件可靠性评估.针对以上问题,提出了一种由UML模型构建Markov链使用模型的方法.该方法将场景的前置条件和后置条件作为Markov链使用模型的状态,将场景的执行及执行概率作为状态之间的转移及转移概率.与现有方法相比,新方法构建的Markov链使用模型的状态空间小且无需人为干预,而且可以很方便地生成测试输入从而进行可靠性测试.针对UML模型的有效性,提出了经过可靠性评估扩展的UML模型生成Markov链使用模型的验证算法.最后通过一个卫星控制系统的实例对新方法的性能进行了验证.     

基于优化Markov链使用模型的电子商务平台可靠性测试

近年来,随着互联网的迅猛发展,国内外消费者习惯发生了翻天覆地的改变,电子商务在消费市场上扮演着越来越重要的角色。电子商务平台作为电子商务的基础设施,支撑电子商务业务中信息流、货物流、资金流的正常流转,其可靠性高低对于电子商务有重要意义。本文,首先利用简化的可用性测试对Markov链使用模型进行优化,然后利用优化后的Markov链对电子商务平台实例进行建模示范。本文中提出的优化的Markov链使用模型,融合时下互联网行业的可用性测试,通过可用性测试获得符合实际使用场景的转移概率,建立的可靠性测试使用模型更有现实参考价值。该模型指导的可靠性测试能保证电子商务平台运行稳定,电子商务业务顺利进行,是电子商务发展的重要前提。     

基于Markov链使用模型的软件可靠性测评方法研究

基于Markov链使用模型的软件统计测试是产生高效测试用例,实现软件可靠性定量评估的有效方法.论述了该方法中使用链与测试链的构建技术,基于使用模型的统计分析计算,基于测试链的软件可靠性评估,操作可靠性和使用可靠性评估,以及它们在实际应用中需要注意的若干问题.     

基于Markov决策过程用交叉熵方法优化软件测试

研究了待测软件某些参数已知的条件下,以最小化平均测试费用为目标的软件测试优化问题.将软件测试过程处理成马尔可夫(Markov)决策过程,给出了软件测试的马尔可夫决策模型,运用交叉熵方法,通过一种学习策略获得软件测试的最优测试剖面,用于优化软件测试.模拟结果表明,学习策略给出的测试剖面要优于随机测试策略,检测和排除相同数目的软件缺陷,学习策略比随机测试能够显著地减少测试用例数,降低测试成本,提高缺陷检测效率.     

Optimal and adaptive testing for software reliability assessment

Optimal software testing is concerned with how to test software such that the underlying testing goal is achieved in an optimal manner. Our previous work shows that the optimal testing problem for software reliability growth can be treated as closed-loop or feedback control problem, where the software under test serves as a controlled object and the software testing strategy serves as the corresponding controller. More specifically, the software under test is modeled as controlled Markov chains (CMCs) and the control theory of Markov chains is used to synthesize the required optimal testing strategy. In this paper, we show that software reliability assessment can be treated as a feedback control problem and the CMC approach is also applicable to dealing with the optimal testing problem for software reliability assessment. In this problem, the code of the software under test is frozen and the software testing process is optimized in the sense that the variance of the software reliability estimator is minimized. An adaptive software testing strategy is proposed that uses the testing data collected on-line to estimate the required parameters and selects next test cases. Simulation results show that the proposed adaptive software testing strategy can really work in the sense that the resulting variance of the software reliability estimate is much smaller than that resulting from the random testing strategies. The work presented in this paper is a contribution to the new area of software cybernetics that explores the interplay between software and control.     

基于缺陷关联度的Markov模型软件优化测试策略

软件测试过程通常期望以最小的成本检测尽可能多的缺陷.为了降低建模复杂度,多数文献通常假设缺陷之间相互独立.但在实际测试中,缺陷之间往往存在关联,并且每个缺陷引发软件失效的严重程度也不相同.充分利用缺陷之间的关联信息,有助于增加相关缺陷的可检测率,提高软件测试效率.因此,提出一种新的思路:利用软件缺陷之间的关联构造缺陷相关系数,引入回扣机制,量化不同严重等级的缺陷所被检测到的价值,综合考虑缺陷相关系数、检测率、回扣三者的权值,以构造基于缺陷关联的最优测试策略.同时,提出复合的优化算法来构造相应的最小生成树,将测试剖面转换成带权的路径问题,以有效地寻找具有最大权值的最优测试路径.另外,改进了已有的剔除策略,以更有效地删除关联缺陷.通过实验仿真,并与其他测试策略相比较,证明了该方法的有效性.     

Optimal stopping of multi-project software testing in the context of software cybernetics

Software cybernetics explores the interplay between control theory/engineering and software theory/engineering. The controlled Markov chains (CMC) approach to software testing follows the idea of software cybernetics and treats software testing as a control problem. The software under test serves as a controlled object and the software testing strategy serves as the corresponding controller. The software under test and the software testing strategy make up a closed-loop feedback control system, and the theory of controlled Markov chains can be used to design and optimize software testing strategies in accordance with testing/reliability goals given a priori. In this paper we apply the CMC approach to the optimal stopping problem of multi-project software testing. The problem under consideration assumes that a single stopping action can stop testing of all the software systems under test simultaneously. The theoretical results presented in this paper describe how to test multiple software systems and whe     

An experimental study of adaptive testing for software reliability assessment

Adaptive testing is a new form of software testing that is based on the feedback and adaptive control principle and can be treated as the software testing counterpart of adaptive control. Our previous work has shown that adaptive testing can be formulated and guided in theory to minimize the variance of an unbiased software reliability estimator and to achieve optimal software reliability assessment. In this paper, we present an experimental study of adaptive testing for software reliability assessment, where the adaptive testing strategy, the random testing strategy and the operational profile based testing strategy were applied to the Space program in four experiments. The experimental results demonstrate that the adaptive testing strategy can really work in practice and may noticeably outperform the other two. Therefore, the adaptive testing strategy can serve as a preferable alternative to the random testing strategy and the operational profile based testing strategy if high confidence in the reliability estimates is required or the real-world operational profile of the software under test cannot be accurately identified.     

动态可靠性约束的多阶段测试资源分配研究

为满足测试资源分配过程中用户对软件可靠性的需求,构建一种动态可靠性约束的多阶段多目标测试资源分配模型DRC-MSMOTRA。从理论上分析不同阶段满足可靠性约束的测试时间下限并设计相应的种群初始化策略,结合参数估计、加权归一化方法和多目标差分进化,提出一种动态可靠性约束的多阶段多目标测试资源分配算法MS-DRC-GDE3。实验结果表明,与MSMOTRA模型相比,DRC-MSMOTRA模型在2种不同规模的软件系统上所获解的覆盖值分别提高约62和59个百分点,与MS-GDE3算法相比,MS-DRC-GDE3算法在2种软件系统上所获解的覆盖值分别提高约69和80个百分点,即所提模型和算法能够根据用户对可靠性的需求来为用户提供更多更优的测试资源分配方案。     

一种有效的软件测试模型

软件测试是软件质量保证的一个重要元素。在测试过程中使用合理的软件测试模型可以降低测试在开发活动中的花费。该文提出了一个软件测试模型。该模型将软件测试贯穿软件开发周期的各个阶段,可以尽可能早地发现软件中的错误,有效地缩短了测试在软件开发过程中所占的时间。最后给出该测试模型在报表生成软件升级开发项目中的应用。     

Structural testing for message‐passing concurrent programs: an extended test model

Developing high‐quality, error‐free message‐passing concurrent programs is not trivial. Although a number of different primitives with associated semantics are available to assist such development, they often increase the complexity of the testing process. In this paper, we extend our previous test model for message‐passing programs and present new structural testing criteria, taking into account additional features used in this paradigm, such as collective communication, non‐blocking sends, distinct semantics for non‐blocking receives, and persistent operations. Our new model also recognizes that sender primitives cannot always be matched with every receive primitive. This improvement allows us to remove statically a significant number of infeasible synchronization edges that would otherwise have to be analyzed later by the tester. In this paper, the test model is presented using the Message‐Passing Interface standard; however, our new model has been designed to be flexible, and it can be configured to support a range of different message‐passing environments or languages. We have carried out case studies showing the applicability of the new test model to represent message‐passing programs and also to reveal errors, mainly those errors related to inter‐process communication. In addition to increasing the number of features supported by the test model, we have also reduced the overall cost of testing significantly. Our case studies suggest that the number of synchronization edges can be reduced by up to 93%, mainly by eliminating infeasible edges between unmatchable communication primitives. The main contribution of the paper is to present a more flexible test model that provides improved coverage for message‐passing programs and at the same time reduces the cost of testing significantly. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于六边形的自适应层次网格及其应用于点在球面多边形内的判断

软件测试是一种广泛使用的软件质量保证手段. 变异测试是一种基于故障的软件测试方法, 广泛用于评估测试用例集的充分性与软件测试技术的有效性. 数量庞大的变异体导致变异测试的成本非常高. 提出一种数据流分析指导的变异体精简方法(DFSampling), 设计了启发式规则, 基于这些规则对随机选择技术与基于路径感知的变异体精简技术(PAMR)进行了改进. 采用经验研究的方式评估了DFSampling的有效性, 比较了DFSampling与随机选择技术、PAMR技术的有效性, 实验结果表明DFSampling是一种有效的变异体精简策略, 提高了变异测试的效率.