具有多种运动方式的小型模块化双手爪机器人MiniBibot

受尺蠖等动物攀爬动作的启发,开发了一款舵机驱动的具有多种运动方式的小型双手爪机器人MiniBibot.采用模块化方法设计和搭建了机器人系统,以攀爬杆件为控制实例介绍了用户程序开发的步骤和方法.然后根据该机器人的构型,提出了5种可实现的运动方式,并分析了各自的特点和应用.最后通过一系列实验,充分展示和验证了所提出的双手爪机器人系统及其运动方式的有效性和可行性.     

基于状态机的巡线机器人控制系统设计

通过对巡线机器人运动控制系统的分析,提出采用有限状态机实现运动控制系统中的运动保护及机构定位系统的方法.结合巡线机器人运动控制的特殊需求,通过对运动控制系统的时序分析,设计了运动保护及定位系统的状态机.并在可编程器件上实现了巡线机器人运动控制器,从而给出了基于可编程器件设计控制系统的一种方法.     

微小气动机器人的移动控制

根据仿生尺蠖运动机理研制了一种用于人体腔道微创诊查的气动微机器人系统。该机器人系统由前支撑单元、后支撑单元和具有3个气室的橡胶驱动器三部分组成。设计了控制机器人移动的计算机电-气控制系统,通过控制该电-气系统的继电器和高速开关电磁阀来控制机器人系统的钳位气囊和驱动器气室内的气压。通过分析一个运动周期内机器人的运动状态,给出了机器人移动的控制算法,使机器人前、后支撑单元的气囊和驱动器的气室实现有规律的充气、保持及放气3种状态,从而实现有规律的运动。研究结果表明所设计的机器人具有仿生尺蠖移动机理的柔性结构,通过所设计的电-气控制系统可实现机器人的自动移动。     

新型仿生水下子母机器人系统设计

传统的水下子母机器人在水下作业时母机器人会有噪音大、体积大和隐蔽性差的缺点,而且子机器人作为提高水下机器人位置精度和续航时间的重要手段大多采用尾部摆动、机身两侧划水、小型螺旋桨推进等方式,造成运动过程中稳定性差、噪音大而且尺寸难以微型化的缺点.为了克服这些不足,设计一种新型仿生水下子母机器人系统.该系统球形母机器人采用喷水电机进行喷水推进,减少噪音,增加隐蔽性,并为微型子机器人提供控制信号和能源.微型子机器人以樽海鞘为原型基于仿生原理设计,在水下运动透明度高、隐蔽性强、稳定性高.建立球形母机器人的喷水推进器和微型子机器人的微型驱动器的驱动力计算模型,同时建立微型子机器人的水下转向模型.最后制作子母机器人样机并进行子母机器人的水下运动实验,以验证所设计的子母机器人系统的有效性.     

从NAO感知系统看机器人的设计

本文从硬件设计的角度出发,在分析机器人传感系统的基础上,重点分析了典型的机器人——NA0的感知系统,包括音频系统、视觉系统和运动系统.通过基于硬件设计的具体实例分析,对未来机器人设计进行了展望.     

机器人行走运动软件设计

在前期对游乐园所要求的机器人服务系统开发基础上,设计了机器人的行走运动程序、机器人行走中避开碰撞物体程序和视觉驱动设计。这些程序可以分别使机器人在行走的时候更加自如、使机器人就可以感知和避免来自前方的碰撞,以及使机器人能够识别和根据外界光线的强弱来决定行走路线。本设计有效地提高了机器人的运动功能。     

微创血管介入手术机器人控制系统与零位定位装置设计

为实现微创血管介入手术机器人对手术工具的精确定位和稳定把持,设计了其控制系统及相应零位定位装置.首先介绍了机器人系统组成和基于PMAC(可编程多轴控制器)的上下位机控制系统构架.同时,设计了5次插值运动规划算法和关节运动的三环PID控制算法,提高了机器人响应速度和稳定性.为了确定机器人运动初始位置,提出了以霍尔传感器为基础,结合电机运动信号的零位找寻方法和装置.实验结果表明,该零位定位装置定位稳定且准确.     

主从遥操作下双臂机器人的阻抗控制策略研究

在遥操作机器人系统中,从端机器人不仅需准确地跟随主端设备的运动,还需与外界环境保持合适接触力,以避免因接触力过大对机器人和环境造成破坏.由于遥操作机器人系统中主从端设备是分离的,要实现遥操作下柔顺接触是极具挑战的.为了提高遥操作机器人系统任务执行的安全性,本文结合运动映射提出一种主从遥操作下阻抗控制策略.首先,通过提出主从端运动映射策略,将主从端设备联系起来,并获得从端机器人运动的目标位姿.接着,为了实现机器人末端执行器与环境的柔顺接触,提出阻抗控制策略,建立机器人与外界环境之间的位置和接触力的动态响应关系.同时,引入虚拟排斥力,让从端机器人的双臂在可行的空间中运动,从而提高了机器人操作的柔顺性和安全性.设计了机器人拖拽和白板擦拭两个实验来验证方法有效性.实验结果表明,所提出方法可实现机器人在具有接触的任务中的柔顺操作,可提高操作的安全性.     

基于混合视线-脑机接口与共享控制的人-机器人交互系统

设计了一种基于混合视线-脑机接口与共享控制的人-机器人交互系统,以使得用户可通过视线和意念对机器人末端在2维空间进行连续的运动控制,并在避障和趋近目标的任务中获得机器智能的辅助.首先,按照用户运动意念的强度对机器人末端的运动速度大小进行等比例连续调节,以提高用户对机器人的控制感以及完成任务的参与性.然后,提出了机器人末端运动方向的一种共享控制策略,动态地融合基于视线追踪技术所得到的用户方向控制指令以及由机器人避障和趋近目标的行为设定所得到的机器人系统方向控制指令,自适应地调整机器人系统对用户的辅助力度,以减轻用户脑力负荷,提高任务完成成功率.最后,针对搭建的基于混合视线-脑机接口和共享控制的人-机器人交互平台,通过实验验证了所提系统的有效性.     

架空线移动机器人行走越障特点

面向电力巡检及维护作业任务需求,以电力输电线路为对象,分析了架空线移动机器人运动环境的特点,对典型架空线移动机器人行走越障过程的特点以及质心调节的影响情况进行了分析,探讨了机器人质心调节方法.提出了一种新型双臂四轮机器人结构以及被动适应的手臂方案,并提出了一种主被动结合的运动协调控制方法.提出的方法在巡检机器人系统中得到了实际应用,实验室模拟线路及实际线路的运行情况表明了机器人系统设计的合理性以及所提出方法的有效性.     

Development of a separable search-and-rescue robot composed of a mobile robot and a snake robot

Abstract

In this study, we propose a new robot system consisting of a mobile robot and a snake robot. The system works not only as a mobile manipulator but also as a multi-agent system by using the snake robot's ability to separate from the mobile robot. Initially, the snake robot is mounted on the mobile robot in the carrying mode. When an operator uses the snake robot as a manipulator, the robot changes to the manipulator mode. The operator can detach the snake robot from the mobile robot and command the snake robot to conduct lateral rolling motions. In this paper, we present the details of our robot and its performance in the World Robot Summit.     

移动机器人的Android远程控制终端软件设计

针对移动机器人设计了基于Android平台的远程控制终端软件,利用Wi-Fi实现控制终端和移动机器人的无线通信。移动机器人带有基于惯性传感器和和里程计的惯性定位系统。机器人把自身惯性定位测得的位置参数传回给控制终端,通过在控制终端平板电脑上可以看到移动机器人所处的位置,并对机器人的动作发出指令,实现对移动机器人的远程监测与控制。实验结果表明,该远程控制终端能对移动机器人进行位置显示和有效控制。     

足球机器人的视觉系统的研制

足球机器人的视觉系统是足球机器人必不可少的组成部分。机器人仅依赖于其视觉系统获得比赛场上的信息。讨论了一种经济的小型的CMUcam视觉模块,把此视觉模块安装在智能机器人平台—能力风暴智能机器人上,使每一个机器人都有独立的视觉,从而使机器人成为全自主式的足球机器人。     

一个装配机器人离线编程系统的设计与实现

机器人离线编程系统是机器人应用开发的有效工具。本文给出一个智能装配机器人离线编程系统ＡＲＰＳ。该系统提供了一个良好的机器人程序开发和调试环境。用户可采用交互方式建立机器人及环境模型，用操作手级的机器人语言ＡＲＬ描述机器人作业，通过图形仿真调控机器人程序，目标程序与数据通过串行口下装到机器人控制器。     

Component-based robot system design for grasping tasks

The paper presents a robot system design with highly reusable components for a component-based robot system for manipulation tasks. The robot system is designed based on the analysis of manipulation tasks using a unified modeling language use case diagram. For a service robot with locomotion and manipulation mechanisms, reusability of robot system components is improved by adopting the proposed design. Our structure consists of scenario, task, robot information management server, data analyzer, sensor hardware controller, skill, and motion hardware controller on a component-based robot system. Based on the proposed robot system, we implemented a component-based robot system and subsequently realized a grasping motion by a service robot.     

Present and future robot control development—An industrial perspective

Robot control is a key competence for robot manufacturers and a lot of development is made to increase robot performance, reduce robot cost and introduce new functionalities. Examples of development areas that get big attention today are multi robot control, safe control, force control, 3D vision, remote robot supervision and wireless communication. The application benefits from these developments are discussed as well as the technical challenges that the robot manufacturers meet. Model-based control is now a key technology for the control of industrial robots and models and control schemes are continuously refined to meet the requirements on higher performance even when the cost pressure leads to the design of robot mechanics that is more difficult to control. Driving forces for the future development of robots can be found in, for example, new robot applications in the automotive industry, especially for the final assembly, in small and medium size enterprises, in foundries, in food industry and in the processing and assembly of large structures. Some scenarios on future robot control development are proposed. One scenario is that light-weight robot concepts could have an impact on future car manufacturing and on future automation of small and medium size enterprises (SMEs). Such a development could result in modular robots and in control schemes using sensors in the robot arm structure, sensors that could also be used for the implementation of redundant safe control. Introducing highly modular robots will increase the need of robot installation support, making Plug and Play functionality even more important. One possibility to obtain a highly modular robot program could be to use a recently developed new type of parallel kinematic robot structure with large work space in relation to the robot foot print. For further efficient use of robots, the scenario of adaptive robot performance is introduced. This means that the robot control is optimised with respect to the thermal and fatigue load on the robot for the specific program that the robot performs. The main conclusion of the presentation is that industrial robot development is far away from its limits and that a lot of research and development is needed to obtain a more widely use of robot automation in industry.     

How social distance shapes human–robot interaction

This paper investigates how social distance can serve as a lens through which we can understand human–robot relationships and develop guidelines for robot design. In two studies, we examine the effects of distance based on physical proximity (proxemic distance), organizational status (power distance), and task structure (task distance) on people׳s experiences with and perceptions of a humanlike robot. In Study 1, participants (n=32) played a card-matching game with a humanlike robot. We manipulated the power distance (supervisor vs. subordinate) and proxemic distance (close vs. distant) between participants and the robot. Participants who interacted with the supervisor robot reported a more positive user experience when the robot was close than when the robot was distant, while interactions with the subordinate robot resulted in a more positive experience when the robot was distant than when the robot was close. In Study 2, participants (n=32) played the game in two different task distances (cooperation vs. competition) and proxemic distances (close vs. distant). Participants who cooperated with the robot reported a more positive experience when the robot was distant than when it was close. In contrast, competing with the robot resulted in a more positive experience when it was close than when the robot was distant. The findings from the two studies highlight the importance of consistency between the status and proxemic behaviors of the robot and of task interdependency in fostering cooperation between the robot and its users. This work also demonstrates how social distance may guide efforts toward a better understanding of human–robot interaction and the development of effective design guidelines.     

基于B样条曲线的电力巡检机器人越障控制

为了提高电力巡检机器人越障控制能力,该文提出基于B样条曲线的电力巡检机器人越障控制技术,首先构建电力巡检机器人的被控对象模型,结合电力巡检机器人驱动动力学分布,进行电力巡检机器人的定位控制,同时采用避障算法进行电力巡检机器人巡检过程中的越障控制,结合位姿参数的自适应调节方法进行电力巡检机器人越障运动学模型构造。在此基础上,建立电力巡检机器人越障控制目标函数,采用B样条曲线跟踪寻优方法进行机器人的越障路径规划,采用自适应的模糊信息加权方法,进行电力巡检机器人越障控制优化。仿真结果表明,采用该方法进行电力巡检机器人运动轨迹测定分布结果稳定,接近运动轨迹的标准值。其越障控制的灵敏度较高,自适应控制能力较强,电力巡检机器人运动轨迹测定分布结果稳定,提高了电力巡检机器人越障性能。     

三维线性倒立摆模型在双足机器人系统中的应用

机器人稳定的步行行走模式在双足机器人的控制中占有很重要的地位,提出了一种基于三维线性倒立摆的机器人行走模型。通过机器人的三维倒立摆模型得到机器人质心的位置和速度,再结合机器人的逆运动学,求得机器人各关节的关节角度,驱动机器人关节运动。从而得到机器人完整的运动轨迹。     

Online robot calibration based on vision measurement

Robot calibration is a useful diagnostic method to improve positioning accuracy in robot production and maintenance. Unlike traditional calibration methods that require expensive equipment and complex steps, a vision-based online robot calibration method that only requires several reference images is presented in this paper. The method requires a camera that is rigidly attached to the robot end effector (EE), and a calibration board must be settled around the robot where the camera can see it. An efficient automatic approach to detect the corners from the images of the calibration board is proposed. The poses of the robot can be estimated from the detected corners. The kinematic parameters can be conducted automatically based on the known poses of the robot. Unlike in the existing self-calibration methods, the great advantage of this online self-calibration method is that the entire process of robot calibration is automatic and without any manual intervention, enabling the robot calibration to be completed online when the robot is working. Therefore, the proposed approach is particularly suitable for unknown environments, such as deep sea or outer space. In these high-temperature and/or high-pressure environments, the shapes of the robot links are easy to change. Thus, the robot kinematic parameters are changed by allowing the robot to grab objects with different qualities to verify the performance of the online robot calibration. Experimental studies on a GOOGOL GRB3016 robot show that the proposed method has high accuracy, convenience, and high efficiency.