OLE,COM与ActiveX

基于面向对象技术的组件软件已成为软件技术发展的趋势。 COM是一个组件软件模型 ,而 OL E是一个基于 COM的面向对象的体系结构 ,Active X是 OL E的网络扩展型。对三个组件软件 OL E、COM、Active X作了较详细的介绍 ,分析了它们的特点、功能及体系结构。从而使我们充分理解组件软件及其意义。     

Design,implementation, and performance of an automatic configuration service for distributed component systems

Component technology promotes code reuse by enabling the construction of complex applications by assembling off‐the‐shelf components. However, components depend on certain characteristics of the environment in which they execute. They depend on other software components and on hardware resources. In existing component architectures, the application developer is left with the task of resolving those dependencies, i.e. making sure that each component has access to all the resources it needs and that all the required components are loaded. Nevertheless, according to encapsulation principles, developers should not be aware of the component internals. Thus, it may be difficult to find out what a component really needs. In complex systems, such as the ones found in modern distributed environments, this manual approach to dependency management can lead to disastrous results. Current systems rely heavily on manual configuration by users and system administrators. This is tolerable now, when users have to manage a few computers. But, in the near future, people will have to deal with thousands of computing devices and it will no longer be acceptable to require the user to configure each of them. This paper presents the results of our 6 year research (from 1998 to 2003) in the area of automatic configuration, describing an integrated architecture for managing dependencies in distributed component‐based systems. The architecture supports automatic configuration and dynamic resource management in distributed heterogeneous environments. We describe a concrete implementation of this architecture, present experimental results, and compare our approach to other works in the area. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A robust reconfiguration protocol for the dynamic update of component‐based software systems

This paper focuses on the dynamic reconfiguration of component‐based software systems. From a structural point of view, such systems are made of components linked together through their provided and required services, the code of components being defined by modules (e.g., jar files). Today, the ability to reconfigure component‐based systems at runtime faces limitations. Some component frameworks allow to dynamically reconfigure components – starting or stopping them, or changing how they are wired together for instance – but forbid any dynamic evolution of the modules defining their code. Other frameworks allow to dynamically update modules but at the cost of loosing control on component wires, preventing software architects or tools alike to decide how components are wired together. In this paper, we propose a component framework that addresses these limitations through a unified approach for the management of components and modules. Our approach uniquely enables to reconfigure both components and modules at runtime, without restrictions. We prototyped the proposed framework in Java and exercised various dynamic reconfigurations of component‐based systems. Furthermore, we formalized this framework and proved the correctness of its reconfiguration protocol with the Coq proof assistant. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using component metadata to regression test component‐based software

Increasingly, modern‐day software systems are being built by combining externally‐developed software components with application‐specific code. For such systems, existing program‐analysis‐based software engineering techniques may not directly apply, due to lack of information about components. To address this problem, the use of component metadata has been proposed. Component metadata are metadata and metamethods provided with components, that retrieve or calculate information about those components. In particular, two component‐metadata‐based approaches for regression test selection are described: one using code‐based component metadata and the other using specification‐based component metadata. The results of empirical studies that illustrate the potential of these techniques to provide savings in re‐testing effort are provided. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Foundations of a simple and unified component-oriented language

Component-oriented programming (COP) is actually a key research track in software engineering. A variety of component-oriented languages (COLs) have been proposed with new or adapted abstractions and mechanisms to support this new paradigm. However, the proposed features vary quite widely from one proposal to another. There is a need for a closer analysis and synthesis of these features to really discover the new possibilities of COP. In this article we present SCL, our proposition of simple language dedicated to COP. Through the presentation of SCL, we discuss and compare the main features of COLs such as component class, component, interface, port, service or connector. But these features are not enough to build a COL. Indeed, unanticipated connection of independently developed components is one of the key issues of COP. Most approaches use language primitives or connectors and shared interfaces to connect components. But shared interfaces are in contradiction with the philosophy of independently developed components. The approach of SCL is to provide a uniform component connection mechanism based on special components called connectors. SCL also integrates component properties which enable connections based on component state changes with no requirements of specific code in components.     

基于多代理的分布式构件库系统框架

本文提出了一个基于多代理的用于主动服务的分布式构件库系统框架,并将构件语义网络应用到该系统框架之中。在局域网环境下,根据分布式构件库系统框架实现了一个原型系统,该系统能够实现基于语义导航的构件搜索、构件间关系的展现,以及基于移动代理的构件搜索过程。基于多代理的分布式构件库系统框架具有一定的智能性和良好的扩展性。     

可复用构件的表示和业务构件规则库的研究

构件库作为分类和管理构件资产的基础设施就变得越来越重要,实践中构件数量不断增长、构件也随技术和领域演化而更新,要在众多的构件中爬疏寻找合适的构件就必须建立起有效的构件表示机制和切实可行的构件库管理系统。业务构件是业务对象和构件的融合,是业务对象软件实现所形成的自治的业务概念和可复用的软件单元。业务构件的有序集合,就构成实际的业务活动。本文提出一种基于框架的构件表示方法,并提出基于利用业务构件重组的方式来适应其过程的变化,从而实现业务过程的重组方法。     

基于XML的产业链协同工作平台构件管理技术研究*

针对产业链协同工作平台体系结构动态扩展性需求,对构件管理技术进行了研究,通过依赖信息和被依赖信息的引入,建立了平台构件关联模型,使某一构件发生变化时,相关的构件能够协同感知;建立了基于XML的构件分类和构件库管理系统。在此基础上,对平台集成框架下业务构件集成开发技术进行了研究,建立了业务构件集成开发环境,并将上述成果在汽车产业链协同工作平台开发中进行了应用验证。     

An evolutionary approach to identify logical components

ContextIdentifying suitable components during the software design phase is an important way to obtain more maintainable software. Many methods including Graph Partitioning, Clustering-based, CRUD-based, and FCA-based methods have been proposed to identify components at an early stage of software design. However, most of these methods use classical clustering techniques, which rely on expert judgment.ObjectiveIn this paper, we propose a novel method for component identification, called SBLCI (Search-Based Logical Component Identification), which is based on GA (genetic algorithm), and complies with an iterative scheme to obtain logical components.MethodSBLCI identifies logical components of a system from its analysis models using a customized GA, which considers cohesion and coupling metrics as its fitness function, and has four novel guided GA operators based on the cohesive component concept. In addition, SBLCI has an iterative scheme in which it initially identifies high-level components in the first iteration. Then, in the next iterations, it identifies low-level sub-components for each identified component in previous iterations.ResultsWe evaluated the effectiveness of SBLCI with three real-world cases. Results revealed that SBLCI is a better alternative for identifying logical components and sub-components in comparison with existing component identification methods.     

基于范畴论的构件行为组合研究

针对基于构件开发过程中单个构件功能难于满足用户需求的问题,提出一种利用范畴论对构件行为进行组合的方法,用以实现复杂的业务功能。采用范畴论给出构件的形式语义描述,构件与构件之间的行为交互关系采用图表进行建模。给出一种基于图表推出的构件行为组合方法与推出运算的算法实现。实际应用结果表明,该方法对构件的形式化描述更加精确,构件组合也更加有效快捷。     

基于刻面分类标识和聚类树的构件检索方法

针对如何从规模庞大的软件构件库中快速且高效地检索出目标构件的问题,提出一种基于刻面分类标识和聚类树的构件检索方法。使用构件标识集合对构件进行刻面分类标识描述,克服了单纯采用刻面分类法对构件进行分类描述和检索时带来的主观因素的影响;引入聚类树的思想,对构件进行基于语义相似度的聚类分析,建立构件聚类树,能有效地缩小检索范围,减少检索构件与构件库中构件比较的次数,提高检索效率。最后在实验中与一般检索方法对比,实验结果表明该方法的构件查准率为88.3%,查全率为93.1%;而且在大规模的构件库中使用时依然有良好的检索效果。     

INTEGRATING PLANNING,EXECUTION, AND LEARNING TO IMPROVE PLAN EXECUTION

Algorithms for planning under uncertainty require accurate action models that explicitly capture the uncertainty of the environment. Unfortunately, obtaining these models is usually complex. In environments with uncertainty, actions may produce countless outcomes and hence, specifying them and their probability is a hard task. As a consequence, when implementing agents with planning capabilities, practitioners frequently opt for architectures that interleave classical planning and execution monitoring following a replanning when failure paradigm. Though this approach is more practical, it may produce fragile plans that need continuous replanning episodes or even worse, that result in execution dead‐ends. In this paper, we propose a new architecture to relieve these shortcomings. The architecture is based on the integration of a relational learning component and the traditional planning and execution monitoring components. The new component allows the architecture to learn probabilistic rules of the success of actions from the execution of plans and to automatically upgrade the planning model with these rules. The upgraded models can be used by any classical planner that handles metric functions or, alternatively, by any probabilistic planner. This architecture proposal is designed to integrate off‐the‐shelf interchangeable planning and learning components so it can profit from the last advances in both fields without modifying the architecture.     

基于构件库/工作流的可视化软件开发

在研究构件技术的基础上,结合工作流技术提出了一种新的软件开发模式,即通过将可视化的构件库与可视化的工作流编辑系统全面融合实现零编程的软件搭建平台。构件库包含了多层次和多粒度的可视化软件构件集合。工作流以业务流程为核心来组装各种构件以实现可视化的软件开发。论文提出了软件构件运行与逻辑控制分离的思想,通过构件库不同层次构件为用户提供良好的软件扩展性和移植性,通过工作流引擎的流程控制取代程序流程的过程控制实现面向业务的快速软件搭建,并支持任意流程的实时测试。这种软件开发模式拓展了传统软件工程的过程开发方式,能较好兼容自上而下和自下而上的软件工程方法,并能适用于BS/CS开发模式。该模型已在新一代GIS平台——MapGIS搭建平台中得到成功应用。最后分析了该软件开发方法的优缺点。     

基于构件形状分布和配准位置的BIM 模型对比方法

建筑全生命周期的各个阶段中会出现各种不同版本的BIM 模型,其间的差异可以 对建筑的施工和运维阶段提供决策支持。大部分BIM 模型对比都是基于目视检查、手动计数和 选择性属性检查。尽管目前有学者和相关机构研究了一些自动比较BIM 模型的方法,但大多依 赖于模型中构件的ID,而且比较的结果无法直观地体现到具体构件、具体属性上。针对以上问 题,提出了一种基于形状分布和位置配准的BIM 模型对比方法,即提取构件特征进行构件匹配, 从构件级进行BIM 模型对比。首先根据构件的几何信息构造构件的形状分布,计算类型相近构 件的形状分布之间的相似度;再配准构件的位置,计算位置之间的相似度;然后结合2 个相似 度进行构件匹配,比较匹配构件之间的差异;最后得出模型间的差异,并利用WebGL 进行可 视化展示。该方法忽略了构件ID 变化对模型对比的影响,并且能得出模型构件级别的差异。     

基于构件设计的正确性验证

本文研究基于构件设计的正确性问题,我们首先建立一个构件描述的模型：（１）接口：通过对ＣＯＲＢＡ的ＩＤＬ进行扩展,使其能够在构件的接口中同时描述构件的语法和语义信息,（２）实现,通过引入一个简单的程序模型,阐述如何利用子构造一个新的构件,然后我们考虑如何将构件的接口和实现联系起来,利用Ｈｏａｒｅ逻辑,验证一个构件的实现是否满足其接口中所给出的语义要求。     

基于部件设计的运行时验证

研究软部件设计中的可靠性问题,对这一问题主要诉是,当一个已存软部件的正确性无法得到确认时,在具具体实现不可知的情况下,如何提高它的运行时可靠性？为解决这一问题,该文首先构造一个能够用于软部件动态语义检测的抽象模型;然后通过在设计中系统地引入一些运行时技术以保证基于部件软件的可靠性。这些运行时技术包括：（１）包裹部件。作为额外的一层设计,根据软部件的接口说明自动生成,用于检测运行时错误;（２）虚拟部     

C 静态分析中对泛型构件的识别与表示方法

本文从C 静态分析的角度出发,介绍了模板和泛型构件技术、一个C 静态分析器实现中对模板和基本泛型构件的分析和识别方法、以及一种基于UML的泛型构件的表示方法。     

A database system of mechanical components based on geometric and topological similarity. Part II: indexing, retrieval, matching, and similarity assessment

This paper presents an approach for retrieving and matching similar designs in a database of mechanical components. The retrieval and matching process is based on the geometric and topological similarity between mechanical components. The process constitutes five steps: (i) transforming the component from the CAD system in STEP format, (ii) building an attributed graph for it, (iii) abstracting the graph into some geometric entities, (iv) retrieving a set of similar graphs based on the abstracted data, and (v) matching the graph of the new design with each graph on the set of similar graphs. This paper addresses the last three steps. Retrieving and matching mechanical parts based on their shape has many applications such as cost estimation and process planning. Matching similar parts and calculating a similarity index for them has applications in manufacturing evaluation, design by case-based reasoning, robotics, and computer integrated manufacturing. Having a database system of mechanical components based on part shape serves in all of these applications.     

Testing component compatibility in evolving configurations

Software components are increasingly assembled from other components. Each component may further depend on others, and each may have multiple active versions. The total number of configurations—combinations of components and their versions—in use can be very large. Moreover, components are constantly being enhanced and new versions are being released. Component developers, therefore, spend considerable time and effort doing compatibility testing—determining whether their components can be built correctly for all deployed configurations–both for existing active component versions and new releases. In previous work we developed Rachet, a distributed, cache-aware mechanism to support large-scale compatibility testing of component-based software with a fixed set of component versions.In this paper, we observe that it is too expensive to perform compatibility testing from scratch each time a new version of a component is released. We thus add a new dimension to Rachet: to perform incremental and prioritized compatibility testing. We describe algorithms to compute differences in component compatibilities between current and previous component builds, a formal test adequacy criterion based on covering the differences, and cache-aware configuration sampling and testing methods that attempt to reuse effort from previous testing sessions. Because testers are often interested in focusing test effort on newly released and modified components and their versions, we have developed a prioritization mechanism that enhances compatibility testing by examining the configurations that test new or modified component versions first, while also distributing the work over a cluster of machines. We evaluate our approach using the 5-year evolution history of a scientific middleware component. Our results show that our methods can increase performance significantly over Rachet’s previous retest-all approach and also tests important component compatibilities early in the overall testing process, making the process of compatibility testing practical for evolving components.     

方面化构件模型及其组装方法

结合基于构件开发的软件工程思想和面向方面开发的优点，提出了方面化构件模型，探讨了利用AspectJ中的方面以及动态代理实现核心模块构件和全局性约束构件的组装方法。使得构件在组装过程中获得了透明性、可重用性和灵活性。