基于混合高斯模型的Mean-Shift模板更新算法

针对基于Mean-Shift目标跟踪算法中遇到的不能对模板进行实时更新的问题,提出一个基于混合高斯背景建模的目标模板更新算法.该算法将目标视为背景,对目标中的每一个像素点利用三个高斯函数对它进行建模,利用每次Mean-Shift跟踪到的目标区域来对先前建立的混合高斯模型进行实时更新,将混合高斯模型得到的目标模板作为下一帧跟踪的目标模板.该算法较好地解决了基于Mean-Shift算法的模板更新问题,实验证明该算法是有效的.     

用于机动目标跟踪的多模型高斯混合概率假设密度滤波器

提出一种多模型高斯混合概率假设密度(PHD)滤波器的实现方法.该算法使用多模型方法对高斯混合PHD滤波器中存在目标对应的高斯分量进行预测及更新,使用融合估计后的估计值描述机动目标PHD分布的高斯分量.该算法具有PHD滤波器和多模型方法的优点,可以用来处理目标数未知时的机动目标跟踪问题.该算法与单模型高斯混合PHD滤波器相比,可提高滤波器对目标发生机动时的跟踪精度;与已有的多模型PHD滤波器相比,节省计算时间30％以上.     

基于改进的高斯混合模型的运动目标检测

运动目标检测是实现目标跟踪、视频监控的基础.针对基于高斯混合模型的运动目标检测算法的不足,提出了一种基于分块思想和高斯模型个数自适应的改进高斯混合算法.利用对视频图像分块的思想,在提高目标检测效率的同时,实现对视频的滤波处理;并利用高斯混合模型中高斯分布个数自适应操作来降低算法复杂度,提高运动目标检测的速度.实验结果表明:该算法比传统高斯混合模型运动目标检测算法具有更快的检测速度和更好的检测效果,并降低了检测噪声,能有效地检测运动目标,适用于运动目标的实时检测.     

混合高斯模型与CamShift算法结合的台球跟踪方法

传统的CamShift跟踪算法是基于颜色信息的算法,这种算法在背景与目标颜色相近时会出现跟踪不准确的情况,而且不能自动跟踪.针对这两个缺点,本文结合混合高斯模型来对这一跟踪算法进行改进,通过混合高斯模型来实现对运动目标的检测得到目标的轮廓,将图像处理中的形态学变换应用到目标轮廓检测过程中,可以得到更好的检测结果和目标轮廓.对检测的目标再利用CamShift算法进行跟踪,在程序中引入Kalman预测算法,对目标的位置进行估计,提高跟踪的准确性,实验结果表明了这种方法的有效性,实现了对多目标的自动跟踪.     

一种WSN下的Mean Shift跟踪算法*

为有效地利用无线传感器网络跟踪移动目标,提出了一种基于高斯混合模型的Mean Shift跟踪算法。该算法运用高斯混合模型描述网络区域内目标信号分布的统计特征,利用Mean Shift区分目标信号与环境噪声,并对目标进行定位与跟踪。仿真实验结果表明,该算法在网络存在较大噪声,特别是网络存在大量异常传感器节点读数的情况下,定位精度高、受异常传感器节点读数影响较小。较之以往无线传感器网络目标跟踪算法,该算法具有更好的鲁棒性。     

基于改进高斯混合模型的实时运动目标检测与跟踪*

为提高运动目标检测与跟踪的可靠性,提出了一种基于改进高斯混合模型的实时运动目标检测与跟踪算法。该算法建立可自动调节分布数目的高斯混合背景模型,通过背景减除获取前景图像;利用目标相邻帧的连续性分割运动目标;在此基础上将传统的颜色直方图模型进行改进,提高目标颜色分布的可信度,进而根据目标的位置、大小和颜色构造运动目标全局匹配相似度函数,实时完成运动目标检测与跟踪。利用大量的监控视频数据进行验证,结果表明,与传统的检测跟踪算法相比,该算法减少了计算量,提高了复杂背景情况下运动目标检测与跟踪的可靠性。     

多传感器高斯混合PHD融合多目标跟踪方法

针对复杂环境下单传感器多目标跟踪方法效果不佳的问题,基于FISST（Finite set statistics）跟踪理论提出一种多传感器高斯混合PHD（Probability hypothesis density）多目标跟踪方法.首先,分析了FISST下多传感器PHD的形式化滤波器,在此基础上构建一种反馈式多传感器PHD融合跟踪框架;进一步利用高斯混合技术提出多传感器PHD跟踪方法;最后,通过解决多传感器后验PHD粒子匹配与融合问题提出三种算法.仿真实验表明,与常规高斯混合PHD跟踪算法相比,本文所提算法能够有效提高目标跟踪精度和鲁棒性.     

高斯混合模型结合加权似然的目标跟踪算法

鉴于高斯混合模型对背景变化快时无法精确检测出目标和目标跟踪的适应性差等瑕疵，提出了基于加权似然跟踪器来改进高斯混合模型实现运动目标跟踪算法。主要引入了自适应高斯混合模型来实时检测运动目标，然后空间加权似然来进行视频中的目标定位，引入加权似然期望值来改进高斯混合模型处理视频中的多尺度、多角度变化的目标跟踪不精准问题。通过VOT 2014 dataset对比实验结果表明提出的基于加权似然跟踪（Weighted Likelihood Tracking，WLT）和改进高斯混合模型（Improved Gaussian Mixture Model，IGMM）的目标跟踪算法较传统高斯混合模型跟踪算法在跟踪的精度有较大提高。在应对多尺度、多角度变化的目标跟踪表现出了较大的优势。     

基于时空分布的混合高斯背景建模改进方法

针对传统的混合高斯模型对动态背景敏感、缓变目标检测不准确等问题,提出了一种基于时空分布的混合高斯建模改进方法。该方法的基本思想是混合高斯背景基于时间分布信息建模的同时,通过随机数生成方法对邻域进行采样,完成像素空间分布的背景建模;同时利用像素历史统计信息和决策融合机制的前景检测方法,实现对静止目标判定以及前景运动目标更精确的提取。最后,将此算法与其他前景检测方法进行对比实验,表明了该算法对动态背景鲁棒性强、缓变目标检测准确的结论。     

改进混合高斯模型的运动目标检测与跟踪算法

针对混合高斯模型的运动前景更新难题,为了提高运动目标跟踪精度,提出一种改进高斯混合模型的目标检测与跟踪算法;首先提取目标特征建立目标分类器,并将目标从前景标记出来;然后通过多目标跟踪将目标分为多种运动模式;最后采用高斯混合模型对目标进行跟踪与分类,并采用仿真实验测试算法的性能;结果表明,文章算法不仅提高了目标检测与跟踪精度,而且可以满足目标跟踪的实时性要求.     

基于高斯混合模型的自然环境声音的识别

提出了一种基于高斯混合模型（GMM）的自然环境声音的识别方法。提取Mel频率倒谱系数（MFCCs）来分析声音信号;对于每种声音使用期望最大化算法基于MFCC特征集建立高斯混合模型;使用最小错误率判决规则和投票裁决的方法进行识别。使用GMM对36种自然环境的声音进行识别的正确率可达95.83%,且识别效果优于K最近邻（KNN）。     

基于高斯混合模型的结核菌图像检测

结核病是严重危害人类健康的一类疾病。通过计算机图像处理手段进行自动检测结核菌计数可以大幅提高医生诊断效率。高斯混合模型是单一高斯分布的延伸,是使用多个高斯分布加权来拟合给定的数据样本,通过确定拟合参数确定每个样本的分类概率。该文首先通过向量量化算法对图像预处理,降低所需处理数据量,然后从HSV、CIEL＊a＊b＊、YCbCr颜色空间提取特征分量并送入高斯混合模型进行训练。根据实验结果,高斯混合模型比其他无监督分类算法（如K-means算法）准确度更高,与有监督的分类算法（如朴素贝叶斯分类算法）相比可以简化训练样本的制作,具有一定优势。     

Multimode process monitoring with PCA mixture model

For multimode processes, Gaussian mixture model (GMM) has been applied to estimate the probability density function of the process data under normal-operational condition in last few years. However, learning GMM with the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm from process data can be difficult or even infeasible for high-dimensional and collinear process variables. To address this issue, a novel multimode process monitoring approach based on PCA mixture model is proposed. First, the PCA technique is directly applied to the covariance matrix of each Gaussian component to reduce the dimension of process variables and to obtain nonsingular covariance matrices. Then the Bayesian Ying-Yang incremental EM algorithm is adopted to automatically optimize the number of mixture components. With the obtained PCA mixture model, a novel process monitoring scheme is derived for fault detection of multimode processes. Three case studies are provided to evaluate the monitoring performance of the proposed method.     

Target detection algorithm for dance moving images based on sensor and motion capture data

The effectiveness of classification based on motion capture data to identify the human skeleton dance types. The goal is based on the body joint's information is to perform the characteristic posture obtained by the ultra-high Kinect sensor, identifying for each dance. The proposed Target Detection (TD) algorithm is used to dance moving object identification based on the improved Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). The proposed Target Detection (TD) algorithm based on a Gaussian Mixture Model is a widely used method for modeling background from a Kinect sensor moving objects. The used data set contains six folk dance sequences and their variations. Gesture recognition scheme using a plurality of time constraints, spatial information, and spatial distribution characteristics to create a training data set appropriate application. The Gaussian Mixed Model distribution background model account, the algorithm, and their frame difference can be extracted in straight lines to obtain target dance areas with less background and background photo station under motor damage conditions. Through real-time Target Detection (TD) algorithm dance moving images based on the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), these two algorithms effectively detect dance moving image targets.     

基于分裂EM算法的GMM参数估计

期望最大化(Expectation Maximization,EM)算法是一种求参数极大似然估计的迭代算法,常用来估计混合密度分布模型的参数。EM算法的主要问题是参数初始化依赖于先验知识且在迭代过程中容易收敛到局部极大值。提出一种新的基于分裂EM算法的GMM参数估计算法,该方法从一个确定的单高斯分布开始,在EM优化过程中逐渐分裂并估计混合分布的参数,解决了参数迭代收敛到局部极值问题。大量的实验表明,与现有的其他参数估计算法相比,算法具有较好的运算效率和估算准确性。     

Accurate image segmentation using Gaussian mixture model with saliency map

Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is a flexible tool for image segmentation and image classification. However, one main limitation of GMM is that it does not consider spatial information. Some authors introduced global spatial information from neighbor pixels into GMM without taking the image content into account. The technique of saliency map, which is based on the human visual system, enhances the image regions with high perceptive information. In this paper, we propose a new model, which incorporates the image content-based spatial information extracted from saliency map into the conventional GMM. The proposed method has several advantages: It is easy to implement into the expectation–maximization algorithm for parameters estimation, and therefore, there is only little impact in computational cost. Experimental results performed on the public Berkeley database show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy and computational time.     

Maximum likelihood estimation of Gaussian mixture models using stochastic search

Gaussian mixture models (GMM), commonly used in pattern recognition and machine learning, provide a flexible probabilistic model for the data. The conventional expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm for the maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of GMMs is very sensitive to initialization and easily gets trapped in local maxima. Stochastic search algorithms have been popular alternatives for global optimization but their uses for GMM estimation have been limited to constrained models using identity or diagonal covariance matrices. Our major contributions in this paper are twofold. First, we present a novel parametrization for arbitrary covariance matrices that allow independent updating of individual parameters while retaining validity of the resultant matrices. Second, we propose an effective parameter matching technique to mitigate the issues related with the existence of multiple candidate solutions that are equivalent under permutations of the GMM components. Experiments on synthetic and real data sets show that the proposed framework has a robust performance and achieves significantly higher likelihood values than the EM algorithm.     

多声源环境下的鲁棒说话人识别

针对多声源干扰环境下说话人识别系统性能急剧下降的问题,提出一种提取目标语音的前端处理方法,该方法依据独立语音时频域的近似稀疏性,基于目标语音方位信息采用非线性时频掩蔽方法提取目标语音。建立了基于梅尔倒谱系数(MFCC)的高斯混合模型(GMM)说话人识别系统。仿真实验证明,该方法能有效提取目标语音,提高说话人识别系统的鲁棒性。该文多声源干扰仿真实验条件下,说话人识别系统的识别率平均提高了25%左右。     

An efficient scheme of target classification and information fusion in wireless sensor networks

In this paper, an efficient target classification and fusion scheme for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is proposed and evaluated. When a classification algorithm for WSN nodes is designed, parametric approaches such as Gaussian mixture model (GMM) should be more preferred to non-parametric ones due to the hard limitation in resources. The GMM algorithm not only shows good performances for target classification in WSNs but it also requires very small resources. Based on the classifier, a decision tree generated by the classification and regression tree algorithm is used to fuse the information from heterogeneous sensors. This node-level classification scheme provides a satisfactory classification rate, 94.10%, with little resources. Finally, a confidence-based fusion algorithm improves the overall accuracy by fusing the information among sensor nodes. Our experimental results show that the proposed group-level fusion algorithm improves the accuracy by an average of 4.17% accuracy with randomly selected nodes.     

结合重检测机制的多卷积层特征响应跟踪算法

针对基于深度特征的目标跟踪算法在目标快速运动、长时间遮挡容易导致跟踪漂移的问题,提出了一种结合重检测机制的多卷积层特征响应跟踪算法。首先基于图像分块的混合高斯模型检测出目标区域,其次多卷积层根据加权梯度的类激活映射提取目标深度特征图,并训练出相互独立的相关滤波器,然后融合底层空间特征和高层语义特征的卷积层滤波器得到目标响应位置,再由重检测机制约束项平滑输出响应值,从而构建出强跟踪器,最后自适应地更新模型参数和权重系数,避免模型中参数过拟合,达到实时跟踪效果。实验结果表明,该算法在目标严重形变、快速运动、长时期遮挡等复杂情景下,跟踪结果具有很高的精确度和成功率。