一种考虑Wardrop均衡的行人流疏散模型

针对室内空间行人流的疏散问题,基于元胞自动机和Wardrop均衡原理提出了一种新的疏散模型。该模型首先基于位置吸引力、出口拥挤度、行人之间作用力和团队效应定义了行人移动概率的计算公式,并根据Wardrop均衡原理建立了疏散优化模型,同时对该优化模型进行求解。最后,利用实验平台进行仿真分析,深入研究了系统疏散时间、系统平均速度和行人流密度之间的关系。结果发现适当提高系统平均速度可以提高系统疏散效率,同时在不同行人流密度下,需要采取不同的疏散策略。     

基于元胞自动机的应急疏散系统仿真研究

分析了紧急情况下人员疏散的难点,提出了应急系统人员疏散策略,设计了一种基于CA的人员疏散模型.通过模型仿真,分析模型中相关参数对疏散效果的影响,在此基础上对人员疏散模型中地场方法进行改进,模拟结果表明,基于CA的应急疏散仿真能够很好的模拟建筑内人员应急疏散行为及紧急事件的发展情况.同时该仿真方法具有直观性、灵活性和可扩展性,为应急管理研究提供了一个很好的研究思路.     

考虑上客点选择的公交紧急疏散时空路网模型

为了在灾难发生后及时将被疏散人员引导到合适上客点,并优化随后的公交疏散路线,建立了一个公交紧急疏散的线性混合整数规划模型。新模型不仅考虑了合理的上客点的选择和相应的建造费用,并且利用时空网络技术细致刻画了公交疏散中被疏散者从疏散集结点到上客点的运行轨迹。与已有的研究多采用非线性整数规划技术相比,新模型的线性化特征可以大大提高了模型的求解效率。在算例分析部分通过改变上客点造价和疏散集结点数量等条件,对不同条件下的疏散方案进行了比较分析,验证了模型的有效性。     

基于Multi-agent的地铁站内人群应急疏散交互研究

地铁是人们日常出行的重要交通工具之一,地铁站作为人员密集场所,潜藏着巨大的安全隐患,一旦发生火灾,需要快速组织疏散,避免造成大量人员伤亡。提出领导者、普通者和惊慌者三种Agent,构建了多Agent交互协作模型,以某地铁站为仿真空间对象,采用Building EXODUS平台对模型进行仿真。仿真结果表明:疏散中各角色群体的交互,尤其是领导者Agent的引导和协调作用能够提高疏散效率,缩短疏散时间。     

初始分布非均匀的行人流疏散仿真研究

为了有效模拟研究初始分布非均匀的行人流疏散问题,通过定义行人方向模糊可视域,改进了场域元胞自动机模型。模型中,行人的目标位置选择受到方向模糊可视域内行人之间的排斥力和吸引力、出口处行人分布、距可选位置相对距离三种因素共同作用。研究表明,改进模型能够有效地实现初始分布非均匀的行人流在疏散过程中的动态平衡;改进模型不依赖于各因素的影响系数,从而避免了影响系数量化过程的主观性和疏散系统的限制性;在疏散过程中,如果行人保持一个较大的视野半径,疏散系统能够实时提供出口处行人分布状态,就可以有效地提高行人流疏散效率。该研究有助于相关行人流疏散策略和方案的制定。     

一种结合导航点的社会力疏散仿真软件研究

社会力模型广泛应用于人群仿真。针对该模型在人群疏散仿真中存在抖动、穿透现象,分析产生该现象的原因,采用多线程优化的方法改进社会力模型。对于多障碍物场景中行人存在停滞和移动缓慢的现象采用增加导航点优化行人的疏散路径。采用优化的社会力模型研制一个人群疏散仿真软件,该软件可以定义多种人群仿真参数,实现人群仿真。通过该仿真软件对地震疏散情景进行仿真实验,对实验数据进行对比分析,验证了该仿真软件可以推演人群的疏散行为,可以为人群的疏散策略制定提供参考数据。     

基于多智能体的森林火灾人员疏散仿真

森林火灾发生时, 对在林火蔓延过程中灾区人员疏散进行建模与仿真能够检查疏散方案是否合理, 从而为合理救灾提供指导意义. 目前对人员疏散模拟与仿真虽然有很多研究, 但对于森林火灾下人员疏散尚缺乏合适的仿真模型, 给科学救助决策带来很大困难. 为此, 提出将多智能体引入森林火灾蔓延及灾区人员疏散模型研究中, 并借助于Repast平台进行仿真, 实验结果表明本文方法能够为森林火灾人员疏散模拟与仿真提供正确的解决途径.     

低能见度环境下多出口场馆人群疏散研究

为了提高多出口场馆人群疏散效率,针对低能见度环境下多出口场馆人群疏散问题,在基本的社会力模型上加入了领导者吸引力和能见度范围的限制,建立了低能见度环境下多出口场馆人群疏散仿真模型,研究低能见度条件下人群疏散行为及疏散领导者对疏散结果的影响。在改进的社会力模型中,每个待疏散人员只对能见度范围内的其他个体或墙壁存在心理作用力,并且只有疏散领导者和出口附近的个体能够准确地判断出口位置,而其他个体只能根据能见度范围内的环境信息或疏散领导者的领导进行疏散。仿真结果显示,该模型可以较好地模拟出低能见度环境下多出口场馆人群疏散情形,疏散领导者选择距离最近的出口为疏散方向,普通个体会跟随能见度范围内的大多数个体或疏散领导者进行疏散,且疏散领导者的存在和其初始位置的合理设定能够提高疏散效率。     

宏观场景指导下的微观agent人员疏散仿真模型*

现有的微观agent模型难以描述人群分布和人群运动对疏散过程的影响,为此建立宏观场景指导下的微观agent人员疏散仿真模型,并考虑疏散过程中“推挤—穿行”行为的影响。该模型重点模拟了宏观场景中人群分布及“推挤—穿行”对人员疏散的影响。仿真实验表明该模型可以帮助agent选择更合适的疏散路线,并验证了疏散过程中发生“推挤—穿行”将会延长疏散时间,结果比较符合实际,证明了该模型的合理性和适用性。     

基于正六边形元胞自动机的行人疏散研究

在分析、比较现有疏散仿真模型的基础上,提出一种基于正六边形元胞自动机的行人疏散模型。该模型中疏散空间被分成相等的正六边形,每个行人有包括静止在内的7个运动方向。给出速度等级的概念用来描述行人的疏散速度。在疏散过程中行人选择出口的决策由到出口的距离、视野内行人数量和密度决定。为展示恐慌心理对疏散过程的影响,定义了恐慌系数。通过实验仿真了有恐慌和无恐慌2种情景下的疏散过程,结果表明,该模型可真实地反映实际的疏散过程,可为真实的行人疏散和评估公共建筑设计起到一定的参考作用。     

隧道火灾疏散模型实时仿真算法的实现

由于隧道火灾的人员疏散难题,提出一种基于网格选择的隧道火灾人员疏散模型算法,设计了人员类型、奔跑速度、奔跑方向、人员所在环境等疏散属性参数,建立基于网格化离散场变量和坐标值的仿真模型。该算法克服了常用的元胞自动机算法计算量大,实时仿真比较困难的缺点。最后,利用Open Inventor进行了计算机仿真,并应用该仿真模型进行了分析,从逃生通道对疏散时间的影响及诱导标志设计对疏散时间的影响两方面验证了模型的有效性,并可直观地为安全疏散设计提供理论依据。     

Modeling human behavior during emergency evacuation using intelligent agents: A multi-agent simulation approach

It is costly and takes a lot of time for disaster employees to execute several evacuation drills for a building. One cannot glean information to advance the plan and blueprint of forthcoming buildings without executing many drills. We have developed a multi-agent system simulation application to aid in running several evacuation drills and theoretical situations. This paper combines the genetic algorithm (GA) with neural networks (NNs) and fuzzy logic (FL) to explore how intelligent agents can learn and adapt their behavior during an evacuation. The adaptive behavior focuses on the specific agents changing their behavior in the environment. The shared behavior of the agent places an emphasis on the crowd-modeling and emergency behavior in the multi-agent system. This paper provides a fuzzy individual model being developed for realistic modeling of human emotional behavior under normal and emergency conditions. It explores the impact of perception and emotions on the human behavior. We have established a novel intelligent agent with characteristics such as independence, collective ability, cooperativeness, and learning, which describes its final behavior. The contributions of this paper lie in our approach of utilizing a GA, NNs, and FL to model learning and adaptive behavior of agents in a multi-agent system. The planned application will help in executing numerous evacuation drills for what-if scenarios for social and cultural issues such as evacuation by integrating agent characteristics. This paper also compares our proposed multi-agent system with existing commercial evacuation tools as well as real-time evacuation drills for accuracy, building traffic characteristics, and the cumulative number of people exiting during evacuation. Our results show that the inclusion of GA, NNs, and fuzzy attributes made the evacuation time of the agents closer to the real-time evacuation drills.     

贪心选择在地铁站内行人疏散中的应用

大型室内场所空间布局较为复杂(如地铁站), 人群的高密度聚集往往存在一些潜在的风险. 本文在分析国内外人群快速疏散研究现状的基础上, 提出了一种基于贪心选择的行人疏散方法. 该方法以地铁站内复杂场景作为研究背景: 首先, 针对地铁站内的行人的行动轨迹难以获取问题, 本文利用地铁站内行人真实出站数据, 基于元胞自动机, 构建了行人疏散轨迹半仿真模型, 并利用实际流量数据优化该半仿真模型; 其次, 基于该轨迹模型, 为了满足高动态场景中的实时性, 采用复杂度较低的贪心选择策略分配最优疏散出口; 最后, 以杭州武林广场地铁站为例, 使用真实出站数据设计对比实验, 验证行人轨迹模型的有效性以及出口分配方法的性能. 结果表明, 本文所提出的行人轨迹模型能够较好的模拟行人的轨迹, 仿真中各出口疏散人数同真实出站数据拟合程度的可决系数R2达到了0.67. 相较于最短路径和最短时间出口分配方法, 本文所提出的方法在整体疏散效率上分别提高了27.2%和16.5%.     

Simulation-based evaluation of evacuation effectiveness using driving behavior sensitivity analysis

Worldwide, man-made or natural phenomena occasionally occur that create emergency conditions and require the evacuation of areas of different sizes and characteristics. Drivers’ behavior becomes a very important factor for the evacuation operations. This paper provides an analytical study of the effectiveness of evacuation according to drivers’ behavior, using the sensitivity analysis method. Collecting real-time data about this factor is a difficult to impossible task for large scale cases; therefore, traffic simulation is the most appropriate method for analysis. Our goal is to investigate how drivers’ aggressiveness affects the evacuation effectiveness. In this case, we used the AIMSUN traffic simulation model; the parameters of the driver behavior models are chosen through all-at-once sensitivity analysis of the parameters. This model is applied to different demand scenarios for well-defined parameters’ value ranges. This investigation produces estimated ranges of the evacuation duration and the number of evacuated people, both for a baseline “do-nothing” scenario, as well as the outcome of improvement actions. The sensitivity analysis results suggest that evacuation time can be significantly reduced by reversing the most congested links; furthermore, the use of a bus fleet would allow many more people to evacuate the danger zone timely, albeit with a small increase in minimum evacuation time. This methodology could be applicable to other emergency response scenarios, as it obviates the need for real-time data.     

Enhancing a tsunami evacuation simulation for a multi-scenario analysis using parallel computing

The numerical investigation of tsunami evacuation is becoming a major way to assess the potential evacuation risks and consider countermeasures, but it has been mostly limited to GIS-based static analysis or macroscopic agent-based modelling due to the costs of large-scale simulations. In this paper, we propose a simplified force-based evacuation simulation model and an easy-to-implement parallelization strategy for a large-scale microscopic tsunami evacuation simulation and demonstrate its applications in an actual urban environment. First, the simulation performance was verified and validated against experimental and observational results regarding basic pedestrian movement. The test results qualitatively and quantitatively showed good agreement with real pedestrian movements. The model was then applied to a case of tsunami evacuations in Kesennuma City, where the 2011 Tohoku tsunami caused devastating damage. The model was successfully scaled up to provide urban-scale characterization. In this application, the developed simulator was implemented by a hybrid MPI/OpenMP parallelized computing technique. By utilizing the proposed model with parallel computing, we achieved an urban-scale microscopic evacuation simulation five times faster than real-time and a stochastic simulation to evaluate the uncertainty in the evacuation simulation.     

基于改进Dijkstra算法的人群反馈调节疏散

针对苏州市金鸡湖城市广场在突发情况下的人群疏散问题,建立了基于实时动态的疏散网络路径规划模型,分析了大型公众区域复杂环境对人群疏散效率的影响.同时提出以人群逃离危险区域的终止时间作为权值参数改进Dijkstra算法,并且利用反馈补偿机制合理分配各出口的疏散人数,实现人群疏散的动态调整和路径规划.通过Pathfinder软件仿真验证算法的有效性,得出改进以时间为权值的Dijkstra算法和提前规划人群疏散特定出口,可以获得更优的人群疏散结果,从而保障疏散人群的生命财产安全.     

Modeling cooperative and competitive behaviors in emergency evacuation: A game-theoretical approach

A game-theoretical model to study evacuees’ cooperative and competitive behaviors during an emergency evacuation is proposed. The model integrated with evacuation dynamics model determines the density of cooperative and competitive evacuees and their related evacuation times. Computer simulation results show that (1) as urgency of evacuation increases, cooperation among evacuees’ decreases; (2) in an emergency situation, individual hyper-rationality among evacuees diminishes evacuation efficiency; (3) the imitation effect enhances cooperation among evacuees, yet reduces evacuation efficiency. This study provides a methodological pattern to research crowd behaviors in emergency evacuation.     

基于FDS和元胞自动机动态耦合的火灾疏散模型

为研究火灾场景下温度、烟气和CO浓度等灾害因子对疏散的影响,建立基于FDS和元胞自动机动态耦合的火灾疏散模型。将FDS的网格和元胞自动机的元胞一一对应,将由FDS运行得到的灾害数据通过Python等技术手段实时加载到元胞中,使灾害数据持续影响行人转移概率,从而实现灾害和疏散的动态耦合;以单层教学楼作为仿真场景进行模拟分析,对火源位置和热释放速率等因素进行讨论,得出这些因素对行人疏散进程的影响规律;将模型与传统软件和同类方案进行对比。研究表明,火灾导致的高温和烟气会影响行人对疏散路径和安全出口的选择;热释放速率越大,行人越早处于危险状态,同时处于危险状态的行人也越多;该模型相比传统疏散软件不仅能考虑火灾产生的致灾因子对行人疏散的动态影响,还能确定行人最早处于危险状态的位置和时间,并用可视化的方式表现出来。     

VELOS: A VR platform for ship-evacuation analysis

“Virtual Environment for Life On Ships” (VELOS) is a multi-user Virtual Reality (VR) system that aims to support designers to assess (early in the design process) passenger and crew activities on a ship for both normal and hectic conditions of operations and to improve ship design accordingly. This article focuses on presenting the novel features of VELOS related to both its VR and evacuation-specific functionalities. These features include: (i) capability of multiple users’ immersion and active participation in the evacuation process, (ii) real-time interactivity and capability for making on-the-fly alterations of environment events and crowd-behavior parameters, (iii) capability of agents and avatars to move continuously on decks, (iv) integrated framework for both the simplified and advanced method of analysis according to the IMO/MSC 1033 Circular, (v) enrichment of the ship geometrical model with a topological model suitable for evacuation analysis, (vi) efficient interfaces for the dynamic specification and handling of the required heterogeneous input data, and (vii) post-processing of the calculated agent trajectories for extracting useful information for the evacuation process. VELOS evacuation functionality is illustrated using three evacuation test cases for a ro-ro passenger ship.