Three-axis NC milling simulation based on adaptive triangular mesh

NC milling simulation has become an important step in computer aided manufacturing (CAM). To achieve real-time simulation, the total number of polygons has to be reduced, which results in poor image quality. This paper presents an adaptive triangular mesh algorithm to reduce the number of polygons while image quality remains high. Binary tree is used to represent the milling surface, and the optimization of the mesh is performed dynamically in the process of simulation. In this algorithm, the resolution of triangles is automatically updated according to local surface flatness, thus greatly reducing the number of triangles at planar regions. By doing this, real-time and high quality of visual presentation is insured and the translation, rotation and zooming operations are still applicable. When machining precision is evaluated, or overcut, undercut and interference are inspected, full resolution model stored in memory is automatically loaded to ensure the accuracy and correctness of these inspections. Finally, an example is presented to illustrate the validity of proposed algorithm.     

基于网格优化的隐式曲面自适应多边形化

隐式曲面多边形化是隐式曲面绘制的一种常用算法.基于网格优化的隐式曲面快速自适应多边形化算法,首先用多边形化算法生成一个粗糙的初始网格,再利用网格优化方法从网格顶点位置、规则性和网格法向三个方面对粗糙网格进行调整,最后根据网格的局部曲率用多边形细分策略细分优化后的网格.实验结果表明,该算法在网格生成速度和网格规则性上都胜于Marching Cubes的多边形化算法,恢复的隐式曲面能较好地反映形状特征.     

CAD模型表面区域分割方法

三维模型表面区域分割技术在形状分析,尤其是局部形状分析中具有重要作用,传统的表面分割方法主要针对网格模型,而机械工程中的CAD模型通常用B-rep表达.提出一种B-rep形式的CAD模型表面区域分割方法,将模型表面划分为局部凸区域、凹区域和平区域的组合,并使得分割后的区域数量最少.为提高计算效率,提出一种二步法:首先在模型面的局部凸凹性分析的基础上,快速地将模型表面分割成初始的凸区域、凹区域和平区域;然后通过区域合并的方法对分割后的区域进行组合优化,得到一个最优的分割结果.实验结果证明,该方法能有效地分割模型的表面区域.     

平面区域三角化的快速算法

对于含内环的平面区域三角化问题，一般应先消除内环，将平面区域转化为平面多边形，再进行多边形的三角化。提出一种平面区域三角化算法，通过对平面区域结点和边进行分类，不需插入新的结点，即可将平面区域转化为单调多边形，并给出单调多边形在O（N）时间开销下的三角化算法，从而大大提高了平面区域三角化的总体速度。     

隐式曲面快速多边形化

隐式曲面多边形化是隐式曲面绘制的常用算法。该文提出了一个隐式曲面快速多边形化算法。首先用Bloo-menthal的多边形化算法生成一个粗糙的初始网格,再进行网格优化提高网格规则性,最后用多边形细分策略细分优化后的网格。实验结果表明,该算法在网格生成速度和网格规则性上都胜于Bloomenthal的多边形化算法。     

Drawing complete binary trees inside rectilinear polygons

Most of graph drawing algorithms draw graphs on unbounded planes. However, there are applications that require graphs to be drawn on the plane inside a given polygon. In this paper, a new algorithm for planar orthogonal drawing of complete binary trees inside rectilinear polygons is presented. Uniform distribution of nodes of graphs on drawing regions is one of the aesthetics criteria in graph drawing. The goal of this paper is to produce planar orthogonal drawings with a relatively uniform node distribution and few edge bends. The proposed algorithm can be considered as a generalization of the H-tree layout method for rectilinear polygons. A new linear time algorithm is also given for bisecting rectilinear polygons into two equi-area rectilinear sub-polygons.     

凸组合球面参数化

针对具有单边界的三角网格或与球面同胚的零亏格封闭网格，提出一种基于球面向量线性凸组合的三维网格球面参数化方法．把参数域从平面凸区域扩展到球面凸区域，并把具有凸性的重心坐标纳入到参数化框架中，使得参数化具有保形性质且变形小，同时证明了该参数化方法的存在性和惟一性．整个算法简单可靠．     

闭合三角网格的优化切割与保角映射

提出一种自动地将任意闭合三角网格切开并保角映射到二维平面域的算法.通过对自动提取的模型初始切割线逐步优化得到模型切割线,优化过程由一个与保角映射扭曲度和合法性相关的成本函数控制.为了减小映射扭曲,算法中不预先固定参数域边界,而在参数化过程中自动地确定网格的自然边界.实验结果表明,该算法通过优化切割线和参数域边界有效地降低了三角形形状扭曲,并保证了参数化结果的合法性.     

一种基于点集自适应分组构建Voronoi 图的并行算法

论文提出一种基于点集自适应分组构建Voronoi 图的并行算法,其基本思 路是采用二叉树分裂的方法将平面点集进行自适应分组,将各分组内的点集独立生成 Voronoi 图,称为Voronoi 子图;提取所有分组内位于四边的边界点,对边界点集构建Voronoi 图,称为边界点Voronoi 图;最后,针对每个边界点,提取其位于Voronoi 子图和边界点Voronoi 图内所对应的两个多边形,进行Voronoi 多边形的合并,最终实现子网的合并。考虑到算法 耗时主要在分组点集的Voronoi 图生成,而各分组的算法实现不受其他分组影响,采用并行 计算技术加速分组点集的Voronoi 图生成。理论分析和测试表明,该算法是一个效率较高的 Voronoi 图生成并行算法。     

同构平面三角网格的保凸变形方法

对于具有不同凸边界的同构平面三角网格的变形,提出了一种简单、有效的方法．该方法结合了两种已有的算法．能够保证网格边界在变形过程中始终保持凸性,且任意时刻的中间网格与初末网格同构,即不产生自交现象;同时文中方法实现了两个凸多边形的保凸变形。     

Geometry curves: A compact representation for 3D shapes

We propose a novel compact surface representation, namely geometry curves, which record the essence of shape geometry and topology. The geometry curves mainly contain two parts: the interior and boundary lines. The interior lines, which correspond to the feature lines, record the geometry information of the 3D shapes; the boundary lines, which correspond to the boundary or fundamental polygons, record the topology information of the 3D shapes. As a vector representation, geometry curves can depict highly complex geometry details. The concept of geometry curves can be utilized in many potential applications, e.g., mesh compression, shape modeling and editing, animation, and level of details. Furthermore, we develop a procedure for automatically constructing geometry curves which obtain an excellent approximation to the original mesh.     

保相似的网格参数化

网格参数化是数字几何处理中的重要问题,而三角网格又是典型的一种网格表示形式。为能够快速求解三角网格的平面参数化,同时减少参数化带来的三角形的扭曲,提出了一种保持形状相似的三角网格平面参数化方法—保相似参数化,该方法使得参数化后的网格的相邻两边夹角和长度比例在最小二乘意义下整体上保持不变,从而建立对应三角形的相似性。通过三角形的相邻两条边的夹角和两边的比例值建立线性方程组,在给定初始条件后可以快速地求解该线性方程组,从而得到参数化后的平面网格。该方法也适用于添加任何线性约束条件,而且整个算法是线性的。与现有的一些方法相比,该算法几何意义直观,操作简便。实例表明,该方法可以得到较好的参数化结果,非常适合于纹理映射等计算机图形学的应用。     

有向回路法和网格法:多边形内外点判别的新算法

该文把简单多边形视作一个有向回路,利用多边形的环绕方向和区域划分提出了两种判别内外点的新算法:有向回路法和网格法。有向回路法利用了多边形的方向性,在某些情况下可以不必遍历多边形的所有边。该算法程序简单,时间复杂度为O(n),平均性能优于复杂度为Θ(n)的射线法和标号法,但只能处理凸多边形。网格法是有向回路法的改进算法,利用了多边形的方向性和区域划分。网格法将n边形的包围盒划分为(n-1)×(n-1)个网格:如果待处理的点在某个网格内,则仅根据经过该网格的所有边就可以判断该点的内外性。网格法可以处理任意简单多边形,包括带孔的多边形;最坏情况下的时间复杂度为O(lgn),空间复杂度为Θ(n2)。     

Boundary element solution for the Cauchy problem in linear elasticity using singular value decomposition

In this paper the singular value decomposition (SVD), truncated at an optimal number, is analysed for obtaining approximate solutions to ill-conditioned linear algebraic systems of equations which arise from the boundary element method (BEM) discretisation of an ill-posed boundary value problem in linear elasticity. The regularisation parameter, namely the optimal truncation number, is chosen according to the discrepancy principle. The numerical results obtained confirm that the SVD+BEM produces a convergent and stable numerical solution with respect to decreasing the mesh size discretisation and the amount of noise added into the input data.     

Displacement-Correlated XFEM for Simulating Brittle Fracture

We present a remeshing-free brittle fracture simulation method under the assumption of quasi-static linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). To achieve this, we devise two algorithms. First, we develop an approximate volumetric simulation, based on the extended Finite Element Method (XFEM), to initialize and propagate Lagrangian crack-fronts. We model the geometry of fracture explicitly as a surface mesh, which allows us to generate high-resolution crack surfaces that are decoupled from the resolution of the deformation mesh. Our second contribution is a mesh cutting algorithm, which produces fragments of the input mesh using the fracture surface. We do this by directly operating on the half-edge data structures of two surface meshes, which enables us to cut general surface meshes including those of concave polyhedra and meshes with abutting concave polygons. Since we avoid triangulation for cutting, the connectivity of the resulting fragments is identical to the (uncut) input mesh except at edges introduced by the cut. We evaluate our simulation and cutting algorithms and show that they outperform state-of-the-art approaches both qualitatively and quantitatively.     

平面多边形域的快速约束Delaunay三角化

针对任意平面多边形域,采用增量思想和均匀网格,在局部范围内快速生成约束Delaunay三角形．该方法不会生成区域外的三角形;对存在折线、离散点以及含“洞”的情况不需要特殊处理．实验结果表明,该方法对于随机生成的简单多边形域三角化速度快,平均计算时间呈近似线性．另外,针对文字、工业图案等带状图像的边界多边形,充分利用其近似等宽性优化算法,将其应用于带状图像骨架的快速提取．     

A framework for quad/triangle subdivision surface fitting: Application to mechanical objects

In this paper we present a new framework for subdivision surface approximation of three‐dimensional models represented by polygonal meshes. Our approach, particularly suited for mechanical or Computer Aided Design (CAD) parts, produces a mixed quadrangle‐triangle control mesh, optimized in terms of face and vertex numbers while remaining independent of the connectivity of the input mesh. Our algorithm begins with a decomposition of the object into surface patches. The main idea is to approximate the region boundaries first and then the interior data. Thus, for each patch, a first step approximates the boundaries with subdivision curves (associated with control polygons) and creates an initial subdivision surface by linking the boundary control points with respect to the lines of curvature of the target surface. Then, a second step optimizes the initial subdivision surface by iteratively moving control points and enriching regions according to the error distribution. The final control mesh defining the whole model is then created assembling every local subdivision control meshes. This control polyhedron is much more compact than the original mesh and visually represents the same shape after several subdivision steps, hence it is particularly suitable for compression and visualization tasks. Experiments conducted on several mechanical models have proven the coherency and the efficiency of our algorithm, compared with existing methods.     

边界简化与多目标优化相结合的高质量四边形网格生成

目的 高质量四边形网格生成是计算机辅助设计、等几何分析与图形学领域中一个富有挑战性的重要问题。针对这一问题,提出一种基于边界简化与多目标优化的高质量四边形网格生成新框架。方法 首先针对亏格非零的平面区域,提出一种将多连通区域转化为单连通区域的方法,可生成高质量的插入边界;其次,提出"可简化角度"和"可简化面积比率"两个阈值概念,从顶点夹角和顶点三角形面积入手,将给定的多边形边界简化为粗糙多边形;然后对边界简化得到的粗糙多边形进行子域分解,并确定每个子域内的网格顶点连接信息;最后提出四边形网格的均匀性和正交性度量目标函数,并通过多目标非线性优化技术确定网格内部顶点的几何位置。结果 在同样的离散边界下,本文方法与现有方法所生成的四边网格相比,所生成的四边网格顶点和单元总数目较少,网格单元质量基本类似,计算时间成本大致相同,但奇异点数目可减少70% 80%,衡量网格单元质量的比例雅克比值等相关指标均有所提高。结论 本文所提出的四边形网格生成方法能够有效减少网格中的奇异点数目,并可生成具有良好光滑性、均匀性和正交性的高质量四边形网格,非常适用于工程分析和动画仿真。     

On Triangulating Planar Graphs under the Four-Connectivity Constraint

Triangulation of planar graphs under constraints is a fundamental problem in the representation of objects. Related keywords are graph augmentation from the field of graph algorithms and mesh generation from the field of computational geometry. We consider the triangulation problem for planar graphs under the constraint to satisfy 4-connectivity. A 4-connected planar graph has no separating triangles, i.e., cycles of length 3 which are not a face. We show that triangulating embedded planar graphs without introducing new separating triangles can be solved in linear time and space. If the initial graph had no separating triangle, the resulting triangulation is 4-connected. If the planar graph is not embedded, then deciding whether there exists an embedding with at most k separating triangles is NP-complete. For biconnected graphs a linear-time approximation which produces an embedding with at most twice the optimal number is presented. With this algorithm we can check in linear time whether a biconnected planar graph can be made 4-connected while maintaining planarity. Several related remarks and results are included. Received August 1, 1995; revised July 8, 1996, and August 23, 1996.     

改进的基于mean value重心坐标的多边形变形

对平面多边形的变形,为了避免变形过程中边界的退化和自交现象,目前主要采用将初始多边形与目标多边形分别嵌入到具有凸边界的同构三角网格中去,转化成三角网格的变形问题。但该方法在进行同构三角剖分时,增加的额外点数目较多,复杂度高,且不能实现刚性变形。论文提出一种基于多边形星形分解的同构三角网格剖分算法,使用较少的额外点,降低了算法复杂度。此外,文中选择正多边形作为三角网格的边界,并采用刚体变形技术以保持初始多边形和目标多边形尽可能刚性地变形,取得了较好的变形效果。