Concurrent multipath transmission combining forward error correction and path interleaving for video streaming

Video streaming is a popular application on next generation networks (NGNs). However, video streaming over NGNs has many challenges due to the high bit error rates of these networks. Forward error correction (FEC) is often applied to improve the quality of video streaming. However, continuous lost packets decrease the recovery performance of FEC protection in NGNs. To disperse continuous lost packets to different FEC blocks, we propose a concurrent multipath transmission that combines FEC with path interleaving. Our proposed control scheme adaptively adjusts the FEC block length and concurrently sends data interleaved over multiple paths. Experimental results with our approach show improved packet loss and signal to noise ratio performance.     

Sub-packet forward error correction mechanism for video streaming over wireless networks

Traditional Forward Error Correction (FEC) mechanisms can be divided into Packet level FEC (PFEC) mechanisms and Byte level FEC (BFEC) mechanisms. The PFEC mechanism of recovering from errors in a source packet requires an entire FEC redundant packet even though the error involves a few bit errors. The recovery capability of the BFEC mechanism is only half of the FEC redundancy. Accordingly, an adaptive Sub-Packet FEC (SPFEC) mechanism is proposed in this paper to improve the quality of video streaming data over wireless networks, simultaneously enhancing the recovery performance and reducing the end-to-end delay jitter. The SPFEC mechanism divides a packet into n sub-packets by means of the concept of a virtual packet. The SPFEC mechanism uses a checksum in each sub-packet to identify the position of the error sub-packet. Simulation experiments show the adaptive SPFEC mechanism achieves high recovery performance and low end-to-end delay jitter. The SPFEC mechanism outperforms traditional FEC mechanism in terms of packet loss rate and video Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR). SPFEC offers an alternative for improved efficiency video streaming that will be of interest to the designers of the next generation environments.     

实时视频通信中的自适应前向纠错方案设计

本文针对实时视频通信中的网络丢包问题，提出了一种基于Reed Solomon算法的自适应FEC方案。与以往的静态FEC编解码方案不同，该方案引入一种新的基于SIP／RTP的QoS反馈机制，根据丢包率大小在发送端调整FEC冗余度、整体发送速率以及封包大小来保证服务质量；并针对网络突发丢包情况，在对数据包进行FEC编码时采用了交织技术     

Error-resilient surveillance video transmission based on a practical joint source-channel distortion computing model

In recent years, IP (Internet Protocol)-based video surveillance has widely been useful for post-event analysis and assisting the work of privacy protection and public safety. To support high-quality IP video surveillance, error-resilience techniques are important for surveillance system design, because video has more stringent requirements than general video transmission for packet loss, latency, and jitter. The optimal FEC (forward error correction) code rate decision is a crucial procedure to determine the optimal source and channel coding rates to minimize the overall picture distortion when transporting video packets over packet loss channels. The conventional FEC code rate decision schemes using an analytical source-coding distortion model and a channel-induced distortion model are usually complex and typically employ the process of model parameter training, which involves potentially high computational complexity and implementation cost. To avoid the complex modeling procedure, we propose a simple but accurate joint source-channel distortion model to estimate the channel-loss threshold set for optimal FEC code rate decision. Since the proposed model is expressed as a simple closed form and has a small number of scene-dependent model parameters, a video sender of the surveillance system using the model can be easily implemented. For training the scene-dependent model parameters in real time, we propose a practical test-run procedure. This method accelerates the test-run while maintaining its accuracy for training the scene-dependent model parameters. Using the proposed simple model and practical test-run method, the video sender can find the optimal code rate for on-the-fly joint source-channel coding whenever there is a change in the packet-loss condition in the channel. Simulations show that the proposed method can accurately estimate the channel loss threshold set, resulting in an optimal FEC code rate with low computational complexity.     

基于MPEG 4的无线视频传输方案的研究*

提出一种基于MPEG4的无线视频传输非等重误码保护方案。根据信道反馈的丢包率信息,自适应选择输出视频流的保护模式。在丢包信道中,对MPEG4码流中运动信息和纹理信息采取不同的保护力度,使用FEC重点保护运动信息数据提高其对误码的鲁棒性。在无丢包信道中,不对数据进行保护,降低打包开销,减少冗余数据。     

An unequal packet loss resilience scheme for video over the Internet

We present an unequal packet loss resilience scheme for robust transmission of video over the Internet. By jointly exploiting the unequal importance existing in different levels of syntax hierarchy in video coding schemes, GOP-level and Resynchronization-packet-level Integrated Protection (GRIP) is designed for joint unequal loss protection (ULP) in these two levels using forward error correction (FEC) across packets. Two algorithms are developed to achieve efficient FEC assignment for the proposed GRIP framework: a model-based FEC assignment algorithm and a heuristic FEC assignment algorithm. The model-based FEC assignment algorithm is to achieve optimal allocation of FEC codes based on a simple but effective performance metric, namely distortion-weighted expected length of error propagation, which is adopted to quantify the temporal propagation effect of packet loss on video quality degradation. The heuristic FEC assignment algorithm aims at providing a much simpler yet effective FEC assignment with little computational complexity. The proposed GRIP together with any of the two developed FEC assignment algorithms demonstrates strong robustness against burst packet losses with adaptation to different channel status.     

一种自适应的视频流化前向纠错算法

网络视频应用经常会受到数据包丢失或错误以及网络带宽资源不足的干扰.相关研究表明:在多数情况下,动态变化的网络带宽和丢包率是影响视频流化质量的关键因素.因此,为了保证视频质量,可以采用前向纠错(forward error correction,简称FEC)编码来提高视频数据传输的可靠性;同时,为了适应网络状态的变化,发送端可以调节视频数据的发送速率,并在视频源数据与FEC数据之间合理分配网络传输带宽.首先通过对视频流结构的分析,在充分考虑帧之间的依赖关系和帧类型的基础上提出了一种帧的解码模型.在此基础上,建立了用于在视频源数据和FEC数据之间分配网络带宽资源的优化算法.实验表明,该模型可以有效地适应网络状态的变化,并通过优化分配网络带宽资源来使接收端获得最大的可播放帧率.     

三维离散余弦变换的分形视频编码方法

由于视频数据是时间轴上的二维图像序列,提出了利用分形和三维离散余弦变换相结合的视频编码方法。利用三维离散变换把三维视频数据从时空域变换到频域中,再利用分形技术在频域中来寻找对应每个可变三维频域值域块的最佳定义域块匹配。由于频域中DCT系数的强相关性和分形的高压缩性能,能够实现视频数据的高压缩。试验证明对于非实时处理低比特流视频,有一些应用前景。     

一种基于流媒体的实时调度控制算法QFEC

Internet视频业务的普及和用户越来越高的服务需求推动了实时流媒体业务的迅速发展,流媒体业务的服务质量(QoS)成为业界研究的热点.由于网络的复杂性,流媒体的实时调度控制算法是解决流媒体QoS的关键.结合FEC编码技术和Kalman数字滤波技术,提出一种基于QoS的改进FEC调度传输控制算法——QFEC.该算法根据接收方的状态合理调度流媒体业务,并结合Kalman滤波器原理完成传输速率控制.通过算法状态分析,以及实验数据和性能分析表明,该调度算法能够维持视频数据良好的连续传输,降低视频流的丢包率,显著改善流媒体业务的QoS.     

基于TCP友好速率控制和前向纠错的MPEG-2视频传输

针对Internet视频传输面临拥塞控制和数据包丢失的问题，结合TCP友好的速率控制算法和前向纠错机制建立视频传输的分层体系构架和控制策略。传输体系同时采用以GOP为基本分析单元的视频帧速率预测模型，实现根据网络丢包率的变化动态地优化配置前向纠错的冗余信息。实验证明，传输体系采用动态优化的前向纠错能实时地适应带宽的变化，有效地降低数据包丢失带来的影响，从而改善视频回放质量。     

WSN中基于FEC的自适应多径路由

在无线传感器网络中,节点失效和环境影响等因素会降低数据传输的可靠性。为此,提出一种基于前向纠错的自适应多径路由协议。根据当前的网络状况,利用RS纠删码自适应调整编码冗余,在选出的可用多路径上根据每条路径的剩余能量权重分配流量,Sink节点根据收到的数据片段进行数据包重构。仿真结果表明,该协议能达到较好的负载均衡,具有较高的成功传输率和吞吐率。     

基于二项式概率的冗余传输策略

分析现有音视频传输的丢包恢复技术,结合前向纠错Reed-Solomon冗余编码及交织恢复丢包技术提出二项式概率模型。该模型根据接收端反馈的结果计算需要编码的冗余包个数,使用交织技术将音频冗余包与原始数据混合传输,有效节省了带宽资源。实验结果表明,该模型在网络拥塞的情况下,能根据实际情况产生足够的冗余数据包,使接收端收到数据后还原出原始数据并播放,提高了音视频的传输质量和播放质量。     

视频传输中的FEC技术综述

对几种视频差错控制技术进行了概括与比较,总结了前向纠错算法的基本原理及其优缺点。重点讨论了几种改进的前向纠错算法,包括动态前向纠错机制、自适应模型、主观质量控制策略和组播环境中的前向纠错方法。     

视频传输中的FEC技术综述

对几种视频差错控制技术进行了概括与比较,总结了前向纠错算法的基本原理及其优缺点.重点讨论了几种改进的前向纠错算法,包括动态前向纠错机制、自适应模型、主观质量控制策略和组播环境中的前向纠错方法.     

Joint loss pattern characterization and unequal interleaved FEC protection for robust H.264 video distribution over wireless LAN

The recently adopted H.264 standard achieves efficient video encoding and bandwidth savings. Thus, designing communication protocols and QoS control mechanisms for H.264 video distribution over wireless IP networks is a topic of intense research interest. Delivering video streams to terminals via a wireless last hop is indeed a challenging task due to the varying nature of the wireless link. While a common approach suggests exploiting the variations of the wireless channel, an alternative is to exploit characteristics of the video stream to improve the transmission. In this paper, we combine both approaches through an efficient wireless loss characterization and a low-delay unequal interleaved FEC protection. Besides deriving new QoS metrics for FEC block allocation, the wireless loss characterization is as well used to adjust the interleaving level depending on the loss correlation exhibited by the wireless channel. This novel unequal interleaved FEC (UI-FEC) protocol allows graceful video quality degradation over error-prone wireless links while minimizing the overall bandwidth consumption and the end-to-end latency.     

一种改进的高速链路前向纠错编码

在高速链路的可靠传输中,物理层前向纠错的研究主要集中在提高编码的纠错性能,且编码冗余位全部用于纠错校验,难以满足用户在传输中加载定制信息的应用需求。针对这一问题,设计了一种编码利用率更高、灵活性更强的前向纠错编码方案,并通过Matlab和综合工具对性能和开销进行了评估,在不损失编码性能的前提下得到了一系列可以无损加载用户定制信息的前向纠错编码。     

Failure-Aware, Open-Loop, Adaptive Video Streaming With Packet-Level Optimized Redundancy

A plethora of coding and streaming mechanisms have been proposed for real-time multimedia transmission over the Internet. However, most proposed mechanisms rely only on global (e.g. based on end-to-end measurements), delayed (at least by the round-trip-time), or statistical (often based on simplistic network models) information available about the network state. Based on recently-proposed state-of-the-art open-loop video coding schemes, we propose a new integrated streaming and routing framework for robust and efficient video transmission over networks exhibiting path failures. Our approach explicitly takes into account the network dynamics, path diversity, and the modeled video distortion at the receiver side to optimize the packet redundancy and scheduling. In the derived framework, multimedia streams can be adapted dynamically at the video server based on instantaneous routing-layer information or failure-modeling statistics. The performance of our integrated application and network-layer method is simulated against equivalent approaches that are not optimized based on routing-layer feedback and distortion modeling, and the obtained gains in video quality are quantified     

基于前向纠错技术的视频差错恢复方法

目前在IP分组网中进行视频图像的传输正被日益广泛的应用(如:视频电话、视频会议)。但是,由于IP分组网固有的特点,IP分组包丢失的现象不可避免并极大地影响了视频传输的服务质量。该文采用前向纠错技术(FEC,For-wardErrorCorrection),并对视频传输序列的编解码方式进行改进,实现了一种基于前向纠错技术的视频差错控制和恢复方法。使用这种方法,改善了因分组包丢失对视频传输质量带来的影响。     

三网融合下基于资源池化的视频业务管理策略

对现有KAD协议在高并发、高实时性需求环境中的优缺点进行分析。为减少系统信息的冗余和延迟时间,提出一种在三网融合背景下,基于服务节点资源池划分的改进KAD网络视频业务系统的调度管理策略。采用基于网络连通性的准则将视频业务网的服务节点划分为若干资源池,各池内部网络采用KAD方式进行组织。根据用户请求量的预测,采用池间资源租借的方式解决单个资源池由于业务量增大而导致的服务过载问题。实验结果表明,对于典型的视频业务请求,马尔科夫链预测法能够实现过载漏报率为0的精确预警,从而根据预测结果,并利用KAD网络灵活的扩展性及时地补充服务资源。