小型两栖仿龟机器人多模式运动研究

针对浅滩环境和水下狭窄空间的科研考察、资源勘探等任务,提出一种“腿－多矢量喷水”复合驱动的小型两栖仿龟机器人。通过研究“腿－多矢量喷水”复合式驱动系统的运动机理,设计仿生爬行步态和旋转步态。根据“腿－多矢量喷水”复合驱动机构的变结构特性,提出“H”、“工”和“X”等多模式运动。通过机器人水中运动学建模,建立基于实时动态推力矢量分配优化机制的水中3维自主运动控制方法。最后搭建机器人原型机,陆地上的多地形运动实验验证了机器人在非结构化浅滩环境中的适应能力强,水中运动控制实验验证了两栖机器人多模式运动控制的灵活性和可行性。     

四轮驱动滑动吸盘爬壁机器人的动力学研究

研究了四轮驱动滑动吸盘式爬壁机器人在滑动导向运动方式下的动力学问题．首先分析了机器人在壁面上安全移动的运动状态和约束条件, 然后对驱动轮支撑力分布、驱动轮与壁面间的横向摩擦力以及密封圈摩擦力进行分析,进而基于牛顿---欧拉法建立了机器人的动力学方程, 并用驱动力矩安全系数来表征驱动力矩的安全程度．通过动力学仿真,分析了吸附压力、驱动轮分布、密封圈刚度等对驱动力矩的影响, 为四轮驱动滑动吸盘式爬壁机器 人结构优化和安全运动控制提供理论依据．     

Dynamics Modeling and Analysis of a Swimming Microrobot for Controlled Drug Delivery

Dynamics modeling and analysis of a tiny swimming robot, which is composed of a helix type head and an elastic tail, is presented in this paper. The microrobot is designed for controlled drug delivery. It is at the micrometer scale and suitable for a swimming environment under low Reynolds number (Re). The head of the swimming robot is driven by an external rotating magnetic field, which enables it to be operated wirelessly. The spiral-type head accommodates communication and control units and serves as the base for the elastic tail. When a rotating magnetic field is applied, the head rotates synchronously with the field, generating and propagating driving torque to the straight elastic tail. When the driving torque reaches a threshold, dramatic deformation takes place on the elastic tail. The tail then transforms into a helix and generates propulsive thrust. The entire tail also serves as a drug reservoir. This paper focuses on analyzing the dynamics of the microrobot using resistive force theory (RFT), and comparing the propulsion performance with other rigid-body microrobots.     

仿生机器鱼研究的进展与分析

介绍了仿生机器鱼具有效率高、机动性好、噪音低、对环境扰动小的特点和几种分类方法, 以及国内外在鱼类推进机理和仿生机器鱼研制方面的成果和现状, 在此基础上分析了机器鱼研究的主要内容: 鱼类推进理论模型、仿生机器鱼机械结构、仿生机器鱼游动的推进速度、运动方程、Q效率、Q功率等方面的客观规律, 特别是其控制性能和相关技术问题.     

两栖机器人轮桨腿驱动机构多目标优化设计

提出了一种既能够在陆地上爬行,又能够在一定深度的水下浮游和在海底爬行的新概念轮桨腿一体化两栖机器人;多运动模式和复合移动机构是该机器人的突出特点．分析了轮桨腿复合式驱动机构的运动机理,并采用多目标优化设计理论和算法,对驱动机构的爬行性能和浮游特性进行了综合优化,得到了两栖机器人驱动机构的结构优化参数．虚拟样机的仿真结果证明了该轮桨腿一体化两栖机器人驱动机构的综合运动性能良好,对非结构环境具有一定的适应能力．     

旋翼飞行机器人研究进展

旋翼飞行机器人是面向空中自主作业需求,将旋翼飞行器与多自由度机械臂相结合所提出的新型机器人.该机器人作业过程中旋翼飞行器、机械臂与作业目标之间的动态相对运动以及与作业目标接触过程中未建模外力、力矩扰动使自主控制受到极大挑战.本文将针对旋翼飞行机器人的结构演变及关键技术、作业机构集成技术进行综述.从动力学建模及动力学特性分析、动态运动约束/力约束下的协调规划、非结构环境下的运动和作业控制、面向任务动态操作的环境感知、面向任务的实验系统构建与实验验证五个方面初步构建了旋翼飞行机器人自主作业理论体系.     

地面移动机器人越障动力学建模与分析

对采用轮—腿—履带复合型移动机构的地面移动机器人进行了研究,首先分别描述了机器人采用腿—履带、轮—腿—履带两种方式的越障过程,进而对腿—履带复合越障过程进行了动力学建模,分析了电机驱动力矩与机器人速度及障碍物高度等之间的关系,为确定机器人的复杂环境适应能力提供理论依据.     

Design and performance evaluation of a biomimetic microrobot for the father–son underwater intervention robotic system

Underwater intervention is a favorite and difficult task for AUVs. To realize the underwater manipulation for the small size spherical underwater robot SUR-II, a father–son underwater intervention robotic system (FUIRS) is proposed in our group. The FUIRS employs a novel biomimetic microrobot to realize an underwater manipulation task. This paper describes the biomimetic microrobot which is inspired by an octopus. The son robot can realize basic underwater motion, i.e. grasping motion, object detection and swimming motion. To enhance the payload, a novel buoyancy force adjustment method was proposed which can provides 11.8 mN additional buoyancy force to overcome the weight of the object in water. Finally, three underwater manipulation experiments are carried out to verify the performance of the son robot. One is carried by swimming motion and buoyancy adjustment; the other two are only carried by buoyancy adjustment. And the experimental results show that the son robot can realize the underwater manipulation of different shape and size objects successfully. The swimming motion can reduce the time cost of underwater manipulation remarkably.     

通信距离约束下异构水下爬游机器人任务分配

为了保证执行任务的水下爬游机器人之间时刻保持信息交互,提出了一种带通信距离约束的异构水下爬游机器人集群任务分配方法;首先,建立了异构水下爬游机器人集群的任务分配数学模型;其次,分析了多水下爬游机器人通信距离、航程等约束条件;最后,采用蚁群优化算法对异构水下爬游机器人集群的任务分配问题进行求解,在满足约束条件情况下实现了多爬游机器人总航行距离最短;仿真验证了该方法在通信距离约束下实现多水下爬游机器人任务分配的有效性.     

A biomimetic underwater microrobot with multifunctional locomotion

Underwater microrobots are in urgent demand for applications such as pollution detection and video mapping in limited space. Compact structure, multi-functionality, and flexibility are normally considered incompatible characteristics for underwater microrobots. Nevertheless, to accomplish our objectives, we designed a novel inchworm-inspired biomimetic locomotion prototype with ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuators, and conducted experiments to evaluate its crawling speed on a flat underwater surface. Based on this type of biomimetic locomotion, we introduced a new type of underwater microrobot, using ten IPMC actuators as legs or fingers to implement walking, rotating, floating, and grasping motions. We analysed the walking mechanism of the microrobot and calculated its theoretical walking speed. We then constructed a prototype of the microrobot, and carried out a series of experiments to evaluate its walking and floating speeds. Diving/surfacing experiments were also performed by electrolysing the water around the surfaces of the actuators. The microrobot used six of its actuators to grasp small objects while walking or floating. To implement closed-loop control, we employed three proximity sensors on the microrobot to detect an object or avoid an obstacle while walking.     

Magnetic mechanical capsule robot for multiple locomotion mechanisms

This paper proposes a magnetic mechanical capsule robot which crawls in a fluid-filled tube. The developed capsule robot employs two locomotion mechanisms simultaneously. It has spiral ribs at both ends, which are rotated by a small on-board motor. Such rotating spiral structures generate a driving force of the capsule robot. We invented a magnetic mechanical mechanism to transfer the rotational motion of the frontal part into the linear motion of the middle part. Using this original mechanism, the linearly moving part at the middle of the capsule robot generates a supportive driving force. The improved mobility is evaluated in experiments. The developed capsule robot employing multiple locomotion mechanisms moves 44% faster than the spiral motion-based capsule robot. The developed magnetic mechanical mechanism and the mobile robotic platform could be used for pipe inspection robots or medical robots.     

Motion planning for mobile robots using a laser range finder

We have designed a mobile robot with a distribution structure for intelligent life space. The mobile robot was constructed using an aluminum frame. The mobile robot has the shape of a cylinder, and its diameter, height, and weight are 40 cm, 80 cm, and 40 kg, respectively. There are six systems in the mobile robot, including structure, an obstacle avoidance and driving system, a software development system, a detection module system, a remote supervision system, and others. In the obstacle avoidance and driving system, we use an NI motion control card to drive two DC servomotors in the mobile robot, and detect obstacles using a laser range finder and a laser positioning system. Finally, we control the mobile robot using an NI motion control card and a MAXON driver according to the programmed trajectory. The mobile robot can avoid obstacles using the laser range finder, and follow the programmed trajectory. We developed the user interface with four functions for the mobile robot. In the security system, we designed module-based security devices to detect dangerous events and transmit the detection results to the mobile robot using a wireless RF interface. The mobile robot can move to the event position using the laser positioning system.     

超磁致伸缩薄膜驱动仿生游动微型机器人

研制了以超磁致伸缩薄膜为驱动器的仿生游动微型机器人，其作业原理是以超磁致伸缩薄膜驱动器为尾鳍，通过改变时变振荡磁场的驱动频率，在超磁致伸缩薄膜的磁机耦合作用下,将时变振荡磁场能转换成驱动器的振动机械能，振动的超磁致伸缩薄膜驱动器再与液体耦合，便产生了机器人的推力．由于超磁致伸缩薄膜为非接触式驱动，因此机器人不需要电缆驱动．基于仿生游动原理，提出一种计算推力的数学模型，以建立的超磁致伸缩薄膜受迫振动模型的前三阶谐振频率模态为尾鳍的摆动，对振动薄膜产生的推力进行了计算．实验验证了理论分析的正确性，表明仿生游动微型机器人的方案切实可行．     

A pectoral fin analysis for diving rajiform-type fish robots by fluid dynamics

In this paper, we analyze a propulsive force generated from pectoral fins for a rajiform-type fish robot from fluid dynamic aspects. A pectoral fin of the rajiform-type fish robot is constructed by multiple fin rays, which move independently, and a film of pushing water. Then, the propulsive force of the fish robot is analyzed from the momentum of the fluid surrounding for every fin between fin rays. The total propulsive force for one pectoral fin is the sum of these momenta. The propulsive speed of a fish robot is determined from the difference of the propulsive force generated from pectoral fins, and the resistance force that the fish robot receives from the water when moving forward. The effectiveness of the proposed method is examined through numerical simulation and actual experimental results.     

多节链式移动机器人单元模块研究与设计

为满足多节链式输电线巡检机器人质量轻、驱动元件少的应用需求,利用柔索驱动质量轻的特点,提出一种新型单电机柔索驱动的单元模块,并给出其支撑端切换方法．然后,设计机器人单元模块具体结构及原理样机,并建立单元机构运动模型．通过单元俯仰运动实验及支撑端切换实验,得出单元俯仰角度与仿真结果一致,且支撑端切换过程平稳．实验结果表明单电机柔索驱动方案能减少驱动电机数量、实现支撑端切换、满足机器人的越障需求．     

星面探测仿生弹跳机器人设计、仿真及实验

基于袋鼠的跳跃运动机理和齿轮—五杆组合机构,设计了一种用于星面探测的小型间歇式弹跳机器 人．提出了仿袋鼠结构、运动形态及产生非线性弹跳动力的闭链机构的弹跳模型．采用D-H 法建立了机器人运动方 程,并对其跳跃运动步态、仿生运动特性和弹跳效率进行了分析,给出了该机器人设计的整体结构．运用ADAMS 软件对机器人进行动力学建模与全过程运动仿真,验证了该闭链仿生弹跳机构及其运动的有效性,较大幅度提高了 弹跳机构对能量的利用率,其效率可达70%,避免了弹跳机器人提前起跳．最后设计制作了弹跳机器人原理样机, 并进行跳跃试验．试验结果表明：样机试验与仿真结果基本是一致的;1.4 kg 的弹跳机器人跳远度为813 mm,跳高 度为471 mm,从而解决了利用微小电机驱动机器人实现弹跳运动的问题．     

偏瘫患者辅助下肢外骨骼设计与仿真分析

针对偏瘫患者外骨骼康复机器人降低外骨骼质量的要求,设计了一种辅助下肢外骨骼机器人,采用柔索驱动的膝关节,具有结构简单,质量轻的特点。同时利用ADAMS建立了外骨骼关节柔索驱动的动力学模型,绳索模块建立了柔索驱动模型,通过Ariel生物运动分析软件,采集髋、膝、踝关节运动数据,运用Spline函数进行了仿真分析。经过仿真分析柔索驱动在上台阶运动过程中的不同拉簧预紧力和拉簧刚度下传动特性和驱动力矩,为进一步研究设计下肢外骨骼提供依据。     

Design and performance evaluation of an actively compliant underwater manipulator for full-ocean depth

An underwater manipulator is described that can exhibit a wide range of compliance through a combination of mechanical design and software control and its performance characterized. The manipulator has been used in conjunction with the JASON Remotely Operated Vehicle at full-ocean depth. The major goal of the design was to produce a manipulator that can actively control the interaction forces with the work task in the hostile deep-ocean environment. The manipulator's performance has been characterized in the lab and its overall operational utility has been confirmed during tests to depths of approximately 4000 meters, including an archaeological excavation at 700 meters depth in the Mediterranean. The manipulator uses high performance brushless DC servomotors driving the joints though low-friction, zero-backlash reductions of moderate ratio consisting of cables and pulleys. Each joint is highly backdriveable and has a large range of rotation. This approach permits a variety of force control schemes such as impedance control to be implemented with no sensors other than the displacement sensors integrated with the brushless motor. It also permits high-quality torque servomechanisms to be directly implemented. This article outlines the design and illustrates the performance of a single joint in terms of friction, stiffness, and in implementing variable compliance and as a closed-loop torque servo.     

一种水下足式机器人的设计方案研究

海洋蕴含着丰富的自然资源,对海洋资源的合理开发与运用可以极大的缓解能源短缺问题,但由于海洋的复杂环境所带来的资源开发难度也不容忽略;针对这系列问题,对一种新型水下航行器进行研究,开展了水下足式机器人的总体设计分析,并通过三维建模对机器人进行结构设计;利用ANSYS对机器人关键运动部件进行应力分析,对机器人的设计进行完善;利用FLUENT软件进行流体模拟仿真,计算得到机器人腿部在水下运动时的受力特性;使用Adams软件对机器人的运动进行动力学仿真,计算机器人腿部扭矩输出特性;结合仿真结果对机器人的硬件系统进行选型,完成水下足式机器人的总体设计。     

Underwater autonomous motion control of a small-scaled spherical robot with neural networks

Considering the complex and variability of the operating environment of underwater spherical robot, usually it is difficult to solve the control problem when the robot changes its motion state or it is subject to waves and ocean currents, in those cases wherein robots are subject to continuous parametric changes or external disturbances, online gains tuning is a desirable choice. In this paper, with the goal of supporting some autonomous tasks of our small-scaled spherical robot, such as ecological observations and intelligent surveillance, a neural network-based auto-tuning control system was designed and implemented, which has a great advantage of processing online for the robot due to their nonlinear dynamics. The neural network plays the role of automatically estimating the suitable set of control gains that achieves the stability of the system. Simulation results are presented for the underwater swimming, in terms of the motion performance, stability, and velocity of the robot. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated by showing that the underwater horizontal and desired triangular trajectory motion were stable, and the design presented in this paper is able to meet future demands of underwater robots in biological monitoring and multi-robot cooperation.