Application of heuristic and hybrid-GASA algorithms to tool-path optimization problem for minimizing airtime during machining

In this paper, heuristic algorithms such as simulated annealing (SA), genetic algorithm (GA) and hybrid algorithm (hybrid-GASA) were applied to tool-path optimization problem for minimizing airtime during machining. Many forms of SA rely on random starting points that often give poor solutions. The problem of how to efficiently provide good initial estimates of solution sets automatically is still an ongoing research topic. This paper proposes a hybrid approach in which GA provides a good initial solution for SA runs. These three algorithms were tested on three-axis-cartesian robot during milling of wood materials. Their performances were compared based on minimum path and consequently minimum airtime. In order to make a comparison between these algorithms, two cases among the several milling operations were given here. According to results obtained from these examples, hybrid algorithm gives better results than other heuristic algorithms alone. Due to combined global search feature of GA and local search feature of SA, hybrid approach using GA and SA produces about 1.5% better minimum path solutions than standard GA and 47% better minimum path solutions than standard SA.     

求解0-1背包问题的混合贪婪遗传算法

求解0-1背包问题（KP）的最优解的时候,传统遗传算法（GA）的局部求精能力不足而简单局部搜索算法的全局探索能力有限,针对上述问题,将这两个算法整合并提出了混合贪婪遗传算法（HGGA）。在GA全局搜索框架下增加局部搜索模块,并改进传统仅基于物品价值密度的修复算子,增加基于物品价值的贪婪混合选项,从而加速寻优过程。HGGA一方面引导种群在进化的优质解空间中展开精细搜索,另一方面依靠GA的经典操作算子开拓全局搜索空间,从而达到算法求精能力和开拓能力的良好平衡。HGGA分别在三组数据上做了测试,结果表明在第一组15个测试用例中的12个上,HGGA能够百分百找到最优解,成功率达到80%;在第二组小规模数据集上,HGGA的性能明显好于其他同类GA和其他元启发算法;在第三组大规模数据集上,HGGA较其他元启发式算法具有更好的稳定性和高效性。     

改进粒子群优化算法的移动机器人路径规划

针对单一智能优化算法求解机器人路径规划时易陷入局部误区的问题,提出改进粒子群优化算法(GB_PSO)用于机器人路径规划.该算法以粒子群优化算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)为主体,由于遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)和细菌觅食算法(bacterial foraging optimization algorithm,BFO)更新策略所受环境影响的不同,拟合两种环境参数;然后计算粒子与不同环境参数之间的相关性将粒子群划分为两类,分别通过GA的选择、交叉、变异算子和BFO的趋化操作并行加强局部优化;最后通过改进的粒子群更新公式对粒子进行更新,实现机器人全局和局部路径的优化.实验结果表明,改进粒子群优化算法进行路径规划提高了局部和整体的搜索能力,路径规划速度快且路径距离短,同时具备更强的鲁棒性.     

Solving the traveling salesman problem using cooperative genetic ant systems

The travelling salesman problem (TSP) is a classic problem of combinatorial optimization and has applications in planning, scheduling, and searching in many scientific and engineering fields. Ant colony optimization (ACO) has been successfully used to solve TSPs and many associated applications in the last two decades. However, ACO has problem in regularly reaching the global optimal solutions for TSPs due to enormity of the search space and numerous local optima within the space. In this paper, we propose a new hybrid algorithm, cooperative genetic ant system (CGAS) to deal with this problem. Unlike other previous studies that regarded GA as a sequential part of the whole searching process and only used the result from GA as the input to subsequent ACO iterations, this new approach combines both GA and ACO together in a cooperative manner to improve the performance of ACO for solving TSPs. The mutual information exchange between ACO and GA in the end of the current iteration ensures the selection of the best solutions for next iteration. This cooperative approach creates a better chance in reaching the global optimal solution because independent running of GA maintains a high level of diversity in next generation of solutions. Compared with results from other GA/ACO algorithms, our simulation shows that CGAS has superior performance over other GA and ACO algorithms for solving TSPs in terms of capability and consistency of achieving the global optimal solution, and quality of average optimal solutions, particularly for small TSPs.     

帝国竞争算法在无人机三维航线规划中的应用研究

针对实际飞行环境中无人机的三维航线规划问题,提出了一种创新启发式优化算法——牛顿帝国主义竞争算法(NICA,Newtonian imperialist competitive algorithm).该算法能够根据无人机的飞行轨迹,从起始位置到任务目标位置生成平滑的航线路径,约束航线规划,使得目标完成任务的时间最小化.该算法也能为无人机在真实地形上的航线提供最佳轨迹路径.最后通过与ICA、GA和PSO算法进行比较,验证了改进算法的有效性.结果表明:改进帝国算法提高了全局最优解的搜索能力,在收敛速度和精度上优于其他3种算法,适合用来解决无人机的三维航线规划问题.     

基于滑动窗口和蚁群优化算法的二次路径规划算法

针对蚁群优化(ACO)算法在复杂环境下规划能力较弱的问题,提出了一种基于滑动窗口和蚁群优化算法的二次路径规划(QACO)算法.对回退蚁群优化(ACOFS)算法的回退策略进行改进,通过降低回退路径上的信息素量,减少回退次数.第一次规划中,使用改进后的ACO算法对栅格环境进行全局路径规划;第二次规划中,滑动窗口沿着全局路径滑动,通过ACO算法规划出滑动窗口中的局部路径,并使用局部路径对全局路径进行优化,直至滑动窗口中包含目标位置.仿真实验表明:相比ACO、ACOFS算法,QACO算法的平均规划时间分别下降了26.21%、52.03%,平均路径长度下降了47.82%、42.28%,因此在复杂环境下QACO算法具有将强的路径规划能力.     

基于自适应飞蛾扑火优化算法的三维路径规划

三维路径规划问题是在干扰环境下寻找出发点到目的地之间最优路径的组合优化问题。针对传统群智能算法在求解该问题时存在收敛精度低、易陷入局部最优等缺陷,提出了一种自适应飞蛾扑火优化算法对该问题进行优化求解。改进算法通过引入飞行方向动态调整策略和位置交叉策略,在动态调整飞蛾飞行方向的同时不断产生新个体,有效避免了算法陷入局部最优;通过自适应调整火焰的数量,在算法全局探索阶段增强了种群多样性,避免了早熟收敛。将自适应飞蛾扑火优化算法与其他群智能算法用于三维路径规划问题求解,实验结果表明,改进的自适应飞蛾扑火优化算法在所有算法中代价值最小,收敛速度最快,说明该算法在三维路径规划问题中具有更好的求解能力。     

An oriented spanning tree based genetic algorithm for multi-criteria shortest path problems

This paper investigates an oriented spanning tree (OST) based genetic algorithm (GA) for the multi-criteria shortest path problem (MSPP) as well as the multi-criteria constrained shortest path problem (MCSPP). By encoding a path as an OST, in contrast with the existing evolutionary algorithms (EA) for shortest path problem (SPP), the designed GA provides a “search from a paths set to another paths set” mutation mechanism such that both of its local search and global search capabilities are greatly improved. Because the possibility to find a feasible path in a paths set is usually larger than that of only one path is feasible, the designed GA has more predominance for solving MCSPPs. Some computational tests are presented and the test results are compared with those obtained by a recent EA of which the encoding approach and the ideas of evolution operators such as mutation and crossover are adopted in most of the existing EAs for shortest path problems. The test results indicate that the new algorithm is available for both of MSPP and MCSPP.     

改进的蚁群遗传优化算法及其应用

针对当前移动机器人的一些路径规划算法存在的局限性,提出了一种基于改进蚁群优化和遗传优化的融合算法。利用改进的信息素更新技术和路径节点选择技术使算法尽快找到优化路径,来形成融合算法的初始种群,机器人每前进一步,蚂蚁就对局部路径重新搜索,并处理随机出现的障碍物;然后利用遗传算法(GA)对种群个体进行全局优化,从而能使机器人沿一条全局优化的路径到达终点。仿真结果表明了该融合算法的可行性和有效性。     

Path planning with obstacle avoidance based on visibility binary tree algorithm

In this paper, a novel method for robot navigation in dynamic environments, referred to as visibility binary tree algorithm, is introduced. To plan the path of the robot, the algorithm relies on the construction of the set of all complete paths between robot and target taking into account inner and outer visible tangents between robot and circular obstacles. The paths are then used to create a visibility binary tree on top of which an algorithm for shortest path is run. The proposed algorithm is implemented on two simulation scenarios, one of them involving global knowledge of the environment, and the other based on local knowledge of the environment. The performance are compared with three different algorithms for path planning.     

面向机器人全局路径规划的改进蚁群算法研究

针对基本蚁群算法在机器人路径规划过程中路径转弯角度过大、易陷入局部极小值、收敛速度慢等问题,对其进行改进。在分析机器人路径规划环境建模方法基础上,将转角启发函数引入至节点选择概率公式,以增强路径选择指向性,提高算法搜索速度;通过引入当前节点与下一节点之间的距离和下一节点与目标节点距离之和的二次方对启发函数进行改进,使得算法搜索过程更有针对性,并降低陷入局部极小值概率;提出信息素挥发因子自适应更新策略,扩大算法搜索范围,提高收敛速度;利用遗传算法的交叉操作对移动路径进行二次优化,以增强算法的寻优能力,进而以Floyd算法为基础引入路径平滑操作,减少移动路径节点。在MATLAB中与其他算法通过求解多个单模测试函数与多模测试函数进行对比,并在栅格法环境建模中进行机器人全局路径规划仿真对比实验,以验证改进算法在路径寻优速度和质量上更具优越性。仿真结果表明,改进后的蚁群算法具有一定的可行性和有效性。     

遗传-蚁群算法在智能交通中的应用

随着私家车的增多,城市交通问题越来越严重。为了解决这个问题,人们将计算机技术运用于城市智能交通系统(intelligent transportation systems,ITS)中。行车路径规划是城市智能交通体系中重要的一个环节。目前,有不少路径优化算法被提出用于解决行车路径规划问题,但各有不足。因此,提出了一种混合遗传蚁群算法(GACHA)。从基本蚁群算法入手,结合遗传和蚁群算法的各自优点,将两种算法的寻优过程循环多次结合。在蚁群算法的一次迭代循环后,将蚁群算法产生的较优解代替遗传算法中的部分个体,用以加快遗传算法的迭代速度。同时,将遗传算法算出的解设为较优路径来更新蚁群算法中的信息素分配,实现参数调整。多次相互指导能有效解决蚁群算法前期效率低和遗传算法后期冗余迭代的问题。实验结果表明,遗传-蚁群混合算法可以有效地避免陷入局部最优解,提高计算效率。它具有良好的优化和收敛性,能够准确地找到满足路网综合要求的最优路径。     

Self-adaptive Bat Algorithm With Genetic Operations

Swarm intelligence in a bat algorithm (BA) provides social learning. Genetic operations for reproducing individuals in a genetic algorithm (GA) offer global search ability in solving complex optimization problems. Their integration provides an opportunity for improved search performance. However, existing studies adopt only one genetic operation of GA, or design hybrid algorithms that divide the overall population into multiple subpopulations that evolve in parallel with limited interactions only. Differing from them, this work proposes an improved self-adaptive bat algorithm with genetic operations (SBAGO) where GA and BA are combined in a highly integrated way. Specifically, SBAGO performs their genetic operations of GA on previous search information of BA solutions to produce new exemplars that are of high-diversity and high-quality. Guided by these exemplars, SBAGO improves both BA’s efficiency and global search capability. We evaluate this approach by using 29 widely-adopted problems from four test suites. SBAGO is also evaluated by a real-life optimization problem in mobile edge computing systems. Experimental results show that SBAGO outperforms its widely-used and recently proposed peers in terms of effectiveness, search accuracy, local optima avoidance, and robustness.      

融合动态障碍物运动信息的路径规划算法

传统的路径规划算法只能在障碍物不发生位置变化的环境中计算最优路径。但是随着机器人在商场、医院、银行等动态环境下的普及,传统的路径规划算法容易与动态障碍物发生碰撞等危险。因此,关于随机动态障碍物条件下的机器人路径规划算法需要得到进一步改善。为了解决在动态环境下的机器人路径规划问题,提出了一种融合机器人与障碍物运动信息的改进动态窗口法来解决机器人在动态环境下的局部路径规划问题,并且与优化A*算法相结合来实现全局最优路径规划。主要内容体现为：在全局路径规划上,采用优化A*算法求解最优路径。在局部路径规划上,以动态障碍物的速度作为先验信息,通过对传统动态窗口法的评价函数进行扩展,实现机器人在动态环境下的自主智能避障。实验证明,该算法可以实现基于全局最优路径的实时动态避障,具体表现为可以在不干涉动态障碍物的条件下减少碰撞风险、做出智能避障且路径更加平滑、长度更短、行驶速度更快。     

结合B样条优化的UAV多区域路径规划融合算法

为解决无人机(UAV,Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)在多个目标区域之间快速找到最佳遍历路径的类旅行商问题(TSP,Travelling Salesman Problem),设计一种基于蚁群算法、A*算法以及三次B样条优化的融合规划算法;尽管蚁群算法相对其他优化算法在解决TSP问题上有较为良好的表现,但其规划路径处理时间长、生成路径转折多、路径质量和安全性较差;算法首先改进传统A*算法的节点扩展方式,快速生成两两目标区之间的局部路径,然后将蚁群算法和改进A*算法融合使用进行全局路径规划,最后结合改进三次B样条对路径进行平滑处理;基于栅格地图的仿真结果证明了该算法相比传统算法具有更好的高效性和稳定性。     

基于混合粒子群优化算法的旅行商问题求解

针对旅行商问题提出一种混合粒子群优化算法。为了增强算法的局部搜索能力,在粒子群优化算法中加入倒置、对换等局部搜索算法。利用遗传算法全局搜索能力强的特点对用粒子群优化算法求到的解进行优化,对全局最优路径通过消除交叉路径进行优化,以进一步提高混合算法的性能。仿真结果表明,中小规模旅行商问题能够在较少的代数内收敛到较满意解。     

基于领域建模的数控系统代码自动生成方法

针对传统数控系统开发方法存在的问题,提出基于领域建模的数控系统开发方法,将领域元模型设计、模型转换、代码自动生成作为主要研究对象,介绍数控系统元模型的基于多视角的构建过程,分析数控系统代码自动生成的原理及步骤,阐述基于映射规则库及代码模板库的模型映射过程。通过三轴数控车床的设计实例,证实该方案的可行性及有效性。     

融合环境信息和运动约束的改进A*算法研究

标准A*算法存在着无法考虑移动机器人运动特性及处理后的路径不利于移动机器人运动等问题。针对这一问题提出了一种新改进A*算法,通过环境信息引入障碍物权重系数来改进算法的启发函数并进行全局路径规划;优化搜索节点的选取方式和设定障碍物与路径之间的安全距离;基于对移动机器人的运动特性的考虑优化其路径,并在不同环境地图中与其他算法进行仿真实验对比分析。相关实验表明：基于新改进A*算法规划的路径始终与障碍物保持一定的安全距离;改进A*算法在时间上相比标准A*算法平均减少了80%,路径长度平均减少了2%,路径转角平均降低了82%。改进后算法相比其他算法在时间、搜索节点以及平滑度上有很大的改进,融合机器人环境信息和运动特性的规划路径算法可为移动机器人的路径规划提供一种新的方法。     

基于改进蚁群算法的水下无人机路径规划研究

为实现水下无人机在水域中自主作业的功能,对其设计一套合理的路径规划方案是非常有必要的。蚁群算法针对水下无人机路径规划方面有着非常好的效果,拥有不错的鲁棒性,但是传统的蚁群算法在解决路径规划问题时很容易出现局部最优解的问题。以传统蚁群遗传算法理论为根据,对其进行添加目标引导素、构建精英蚂蚁体系、更新信息素浓度这三方面的改进,使用栅格法构建水下环境分析模型,并以最短的路径为目的,规划一条从初始状态到目标状态的无碰安全途径,运用仿真的办法展开验证。结果显示：相较于传统算法,改进后的算法在求解速度和全局求解能力上有较大的优势。     

动态环境下多重A*算法的机器人路径规划方法

传统的A*算法仅适用于全局的静态环境,在求解路径规划问题时存在搜索效率低,路径不平滑等不足。针对这些问题,进行了以下改进：优化全局路径节点,引入删除冗余点准则与新增节点准则,使得全局路径更加平滑,更符合机器人运动学规律;结合滚动窗口法的思想,在每个滚动窗口内进行局部路径规划,首先根据前一步的节点信息确定局部子目标区域,然后在局部子目标区域内引入避障控制策略进行实时避障。最后通过Matlab软件建立多种栅格地图仿真,从路径轨迹的平滑度、搜索效率与局部规划能力方面将改进后的算法与原算法进行对比,并在动态环境下进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明改进后算法拥有良好局部规划能力,且路径轨迹更加平滑,在复杂环境下搜索效率更高。