NHLERE:应用蚁群算法的WSN路由算法

针对WSN中节点能量有限及节点间链路随机损耗特点,提出一种基于蚁群算法的用于无限传感器网络的路由算法-NHLERE,利用蚁群算法正反馈、分布式协作的特点,将距汇聚节点的跳数和链路质量信息融合到信息素的形成中,并将信息素和节点剩余能量作为启发信息,通过模拟蚂蚁的寻径行为形成并优化到达汇聚节点路由.实验结果表明,与LEPS相比NHLERE算法具有更高的数据传输效率,并能使网络内各节点能量消耗趋于均衡,从而延长WSN网络生命期.     

SWER: small world-based efficient routing for wireless sensor networks with mobile sinks

The interest in small-world network has highlighted the applicability of both the graph theory and the scaling theory to the analysis of network systems. In this paper, we introduce a new routing protocol, small world-based efficient routing (SWER), dedicated to supporting sink mobility and small transfers. The method is based on the concept of the small worlds where the addition of a small number of long-range links in highly clustered networks results in significant reduction in the average path length. Based on the characteristic of sensor networks, a cluster-based small world network is presented, and an analytical model is developed to analyze the expected path length. SWER adopts a simple and effective routing strategy to forward data to the mobile sink in a small transfer scene and avoid expensive mechanisms to construct a high quality route. We also study the routing scheme and analyze the expected path length in the case where every node is aware of the existence of p long-range links. In addition, we develop a hierarchical mechanism in which the mobile sink only transmits its location information to the cluster heads when it enters a new cluster. Thus we also avoid expensive cost to flood the location of the mobile sink to the whole network.     

移动自组网路由局部修复算法的研究

移动自组织网(mobile ad hoc networks,MANET)的多跳的无线连接、动态拓扑和有限的带宽等特征,给其路由协议带来了很多挑战.当多跳路径失效时,路由协议需要对其进行修复.已有的修复机制需要很多的开销和很长的端到端时延.在此修复机制的基础上,提出了一种新的路由局部修复算法,将修复尽量限制在断链的局部范围内,以减少对链路断裂的反应时间和降低路由维护的开销,而且不用考虑失效链路在整个路由上的相对位置,都可以对其进行修复,提高了处理失效链路的能力,有利于提高MANET的可扩展性.仿真表明,这种新的路由局部修复算法明显地提高了网络多方面的性能.     

Fault-resilient sensing in wireless sensor networks

Research on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has received tremendous attention in the past few years due to their potential applications and advances in the VLSI design. In WSNs with tiny sensors, mobility of a sink may provide an energy efficient way for data dissemination. Having a mobile sink in WSN, however, creates new challenges to routing and sensor distribution modeling in the network. In this paper, based on clustering and routing optimization algorithms, we propose a new scheme called K-means and TSP-based mobility (KAT mobility). After clustering the sensor nodes, the proposed method navigates the mobile sink to traverse through the cluster centers according to the trajectory of an optimized route. The mobile sink then collects the data from sensors at the visited clusters. Simulation results have demonstrated that the proposed scheme can provide not only better energy efficiency as compared to those obtained by conventional methods which assume random waypoint for the mobile sink, but also fault-resilience in case of malfunctions of some sensors due to attacks.     

基于GPS的启发式Ad hoc路由算法研究*

为了使移动Ad hoc网络中的节点在寻找路径时能获得较高的可用性和更低的开销,提出了一个新的路由算法,应用全球定位系统（GPS）提供的信息作为启发式信息,节点使用不同的概率转发路由信息,从而大大减少网络维护路由信息的总量,算法选择一个或两个路径记录在本地路由表中以提高其鲁棒性,当遇到连接断开,采取修复机制创建新的路径以提高数据包传输的成功率。仿真结果表明,该算法取得了较好的数据包传输成功率与较低的通信延迟。     

Backup path set selection in ad hoc wireless network using link expiration time

Topological changes in mobile ad hoc networks frequently render routing paths unusable. Such recurrent path failures have detrimental effects on quality of service. A suitable technique for eliminating this problem is to use multiple backup paths between the source and the destination in the network. Most of the proposed on-demand routing protocols however, build and rely on single route for each data session. Whenever there is a link disconnection on the active route, the routing protocol must perform a path recovery process. This paper proposes an effective and efficient protocol for backup and disjoint path set in an ad hoc wireless network. This protocol converges into a highly reliable path set very fast with no message exchange overhead. The paths selection according to this algorithm is beneficial for mobile ad hoc networks, since it produces a set of backup paths with much higher reliability. Simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of our algorithm in terms of route numbers in the path set and its reliability. In order to acquire link reliability estimates, we use link expiration time (LET) between each two nodes.In another experiment, we save the LET of entire links in the ad hoc network during a specific time period, then use them as a data base for predicting the probability of proper operation of links.Links reliability obtains from LET. Prediction is done by using a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) network which is trained with error back-propagation error algorithm. Experimental results show that the MLP net can be a good choice to predict the reliability of the links between the mobile nodes with more accuracy.     

Predictive routing for mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks: a milestone-based approach

Mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks have been the target of extensive research recently due to their efficient energy consumption and various possible applications. To support mobile sinks, an energy efficient routing protocol is essential. In this light, the present study proposes a milestone-based predictive routing protocol that improves energy efficiency. This study introduces the concept of a milestone node, which plays a role of spreading the estimated sink’s future location information to the nodes located in the vicinity of the recent trail of the sink, and by using this information, nodes can route data packets to the mobile sink efficiently. Along with the proposed predictive routing protocol, this study also suggests a periodic broadcast scheme to provide the sink’s location information to the entire network in order to increase the data packet delivery ratio. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol reduces energy consumption while maintaining high data packet delivery ratios compared to previous routing protocols such as ALURP and Elastic.     

一种快速而高效的MANET路由协议

MANET是一种由一系列可以自由移动的节点主机聚集而成的一个临时性动态网络。由于其拓扑的动态性,其路由协议与其它传统网络有着很大的区别。传统的MANET路由协议都在路由破裂后由源节点重新建路,存在较大建路延时,极大阻碍了信息的实时传送。为此,该文提出了一种支持实时传送的路由协议,该协议通过在路由破裂处用最快方法重新建路来实现数据的实时传输。模拟结果表明这种协议具有较好的网络性能。     

An improved ant colony optimization-based approach with mobile sink for wireless sensor networks

Traditional wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with one static sink node suffer from the well-known hot spot problem, that of sensor nodes near the static sink bear more traffic load than outlying nodes. Thus, the overall network lifetime is reduced due to the fact some nodes deplete their energy reserves much faster compared to the rest. Recently, adopting sink mobility has been considered as a good strategy to overcome the hot spot problem. Mobile sink(s) physically move within the network and communicate with selected nodes, such as cluster heads (CHs), to perform direct data collection through short-range communications that requires no routing. Finding an optimal mobility trajectory for the mobile sink is critical in order to achieve energy efficiency. Taking hints from nature, the ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm has been seen as a good solution to finding an optimal traversal path. Whereas the traditional ACO algorithm will guide ants to take a small step to the next node using current information, over time they will deviate from the target. Likewise, a mobile sink may communicate with selected node for a relatively long time making the traditional ACO algorithm delays not suitable for high real-time WSNs applications. In this paper, we propose an improved ACO algorithm approach for WSNs that use mobile sinks by considering CH distances. In this research, the network is divided into several clusters and each cluster has one CH. While the distance between CHs is considered under the traditional ACO algorithm, the mobile sink node finds an optimal mobility trajectory to communicate with CHs under our improved ACO algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can significantly improve wireless sensor network performance compared to other routing algorithms.     

SWER:small world-based efficient routing for wireless sensor networks with mobile sinks

The interest in small-world network has highlighted the applicability of both the graph theory and the scaling theory to the analysis of network systems. In this paper, we introduce a new routing protocol, small world-based efficient routing (SWER), dedicated to supporting sink mobility and small transfers. The method is based on the concept of the small worlds where the addition of a small number of long-range links in highly clustered networks results in significant reduction in the average path length. Based on the characteristic of sensor networks, a cluster-based small world network is presented, and an analytical model is developed to analyze the expected path length. SWER adopts a simple and effective routing strategy to forward data to the mobile sink in a small transfer scene and avoid expensive mechanisms to construct a high quality route. We also study the routing scheme and analyze the expected path length in the case where every node is aware of the existence of p longrange links. In addition, we develop a hierarchical mechanism in which the mobile sink only transmits its location information to the cluster heads when it enters a new cluster. Thus we also avoid expensive cost to flood the location of the mobile sink to the whole network.     

VD-PSO: An efficient mobile sink routing algorithm in wireless sensor networks

Efficient energy consumption is crucial for energy constrained networks such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Using a mobile sink to collect the data of the nodes is a good method to balance the energy level of the nodes and prolong the lifetime of the whole network. For the mobile sink, an efficient path planning can make the mobile sink visit significantly more nodes during a limited period and shorten the latency of information gathering. Considering the communication range of the nodes, we can deduce this routing problem as a special case of traveling salesman problem with neighborhoods (TSPN), which is a NP-hard problem [1]. In this paper, we propose a novel routing design algorithm based on Variable Dimension Particle Swarm Optimization (VD-PSO). In this algorithm, every feasible path solution of TSPN is expressed as a particle. Each dimension of the particle is the coordinates of a rendezvous point (RP, the point where the mobile sink stays to gather data). The dimensionality of the particle is equal to the number of the rendezvous points in the path. Using the evolutionary method of the particles, we can derive the optimal path of the mobile sink. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has fast convergence speed, and the result is quite approximate to the optimal solution.     

无线传感器网络分层带宽自适应路由协议

在无线传感器网络(WSNs)中,节点能量使用严格受限,限制了网络的使用寿命。固定环带宽度的分层路由协议是一种有效的解决方法。在此基础上,提出了一种引入环带宽度自适应调整的路由机制。该机制根据节点剩余能量和传输数据能耗自动调整环带宽度,并决定节点是否参与网内数据报文的传输。采用Matlab作为仿真工具对该路由机制进行了仿真分析,结果表明:该算法通过调整环带宽度的方式能够有效延长网络使用寿命和维持网内负载均衡。     

WSNs中规避攻击者的源位置隐私保护路由协议

为了保证无线传感器网络（Wireless Sensor Networks，WSNs）中的源节点位置隐私安全，同时实现安全性能和网络能耗的均衡，提出了WSNs中规避攻击者的源节点位置隐私路由协议，该协议假设节点具有检测攻击者的能力，通过发出危险警告消息使路由路径上的节点采取路由改变策略，使攻击者无法回溯到源节点，延长了源节点保持位置隐私的安全时间。理论分析和仿真实验表明，该协议在消耗较少的通信开销的情况下保证了源节点位置的高度隐私。     

面向MANET云平台应用的多目标蚁群优化AODV路由协议

为增强网络中路由的稳健性,提出了一种优化的AODV路由协议,结合多目标优化和蚁群优化选择最优路由。首先,计算各节点的传输距离、进展、传输延迟、方向和生存时间5个度量;然后,以传输距离、传输延迟和方向3个度量的最小化,以及进展和生存时间两个度量的最大化为优化目标,构造蚁群算法中的移动概率函数,并结合局部最优路径更新全局信息素;此后,在AODV路由协议的基础上,选择移动概率最大的节点作为最佳下一跳节点,生成最优路由。最后,在部署的大学区实验云模型平台上进行了验证。仿真结果表明,与AODV和EN-AODV路由协议相比,新路由协议的报文送达率更高,同时端到端的平均时延和路由开销更小。     

一种基于链路质量的移动Ad-hoc网络地理路由算法

如何实现简单的路由机制,使节点能够快速、高效地完成分组传递,是移动aa-ho}网络研究的一个基本问题。针对无线链路在高误码率和杭干扰技术方面的不足,提出了将链路质量作为路由选择的度量,设计并实现了基于链路质量的地理路由算法LQPR,解决了在非理想无线链路上采用传统贪婪算法引起数据分组传送率下降的问题。该算法综合了链路质量选择模式和边界选择模式,并利用目标定位技术获取的地理位置信息指导分组的转发,以减少控制开销,优化路径选择,实现数据分组快速有效的传输。在NS-2中完整实现了LQPR协议的仿真,并通过对网络节点发送数据包的端到端时延、吞吐量以及包传送率进行比较、评估和检侧,验证了LQPR路由协议的有效性。     

基于量子遗传算法的无线传感器网络路由研究

对于无线传感器网络(WSNs)中的两大关键性问题路由搜寻和能量优化,引入量子遗传算法进行路径的搜寻,并改进算法编解码思路,降低由于网络规模扩大而导致编码长度急速增加,即减少算法的计算复杂度,从而解决传统编码方式下的量子遗传算法难以适用于大规模的WSNs的缺点。通过实验表明:该方法能够得到更加优越和稳定的路径搜索结果,与粒子群优化算法进行1000次重复路径搜寻试验比较,其平均最优解提高了18.9%,稳定性提升了38.9%。     

移动Sink的传感器网络路径优化策略

在无线传感器网络（WSNs）中引入移动 Sink 可以避免网络拥塞和能量空洞并降低网络能耗,但由于移动速度的限制导致时延较大。针对这一问题,提出了时延约束下的移动 Sink 路径优化策略,根据时延和网络能耗之间的关系设计了可调节的节点权重,通过模拟退火遗传算法得到最优节点权重,并依据此权重通过迭代得到汇聚节点和最佳移动路径。仿真结果表明：该策略能保证在满足时延约束的前提下降低网络能耗,且收敛速度快。     

带数据融合的无线传感器网络QoS路由算法

针对无线传感器网络以数据为中心的特点以及不同业务对QoS的不同要求,提出了一种结合数据融合的QoS路由算法(DAIQoS算法).该算法借鉴TopDisc协议的分簇路由过程对数据进行融合处理.在此基础上借鉴定向扩散(DD)协议中梯度路由的思想,通过维护簇内和簇间两个梯度场建立到sink节点的多条最短路径.选择既能满足数据的QoS要求,又能尽量时其进行融合处理的路径转发数据.仿真实验结果表明,DAIQoS算法能够在满足数据QoS要求的同时有效减少冗余数据,节约能源.     

一种基于跨层设计的Ad Hoc网络按需路由协议

传统的AODV协议用单一路径信息进行路由修复,降低了网络的性能.采用跨层设计的思想,运用MAC层缓存邻居节点信息建立备选路由,对路由修复机制进行改进,提出了一种基于跨层设计的Ad hoc网络按需路由协议(ODVCL).仿真结果表明:ODVCL协议在路由发现频率、平均端对端延迟、发包率和路由开销等性能上优于AODV协议.     

An efficient hop count routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks

An efcient hop count route fnding approach for mobile ad hoc network is presented in this paper.It is an adaptive routing protocol that has a tradeof between transmission power and hop count for wireless ad hoc networks.During the route fnding process,the node can dynamically assign transmission power to nodes along the route.The node who has received route request message compares its power with the threshold power value,and then selects a reasonable route according to discriminating algorithms.This algorithm is an efective solution scheme to wireless ad hoc networks through reasonably selected path to reduce network consumption.Simulation results indicate that the proposed protocol can deliver better performances with respect to energy consumption and end-to-end delay.