基于Radarsat-2全极化数据的高原牧草覆盖地表土壤水分反演

大面积土壤水分反演对于青海湖流域草场的管理和保护具有重要的意义。利用C波段全极化的Radarsat-2 合成孔径雷达(SAR)影像数据,开展了青海湖流域刚察县附近草场的土壤水分反演研究,在“水-云”模型和Chen模型的基础上,发展了一种新的土壤水分反演算法。该算法消除了植被覆盖以及地表粗糙度对雷达后向散射系数的影响。实验结果表明:预测结果能够与实测数据很好地吻合,R²、RMSE和RPD分别达到0.71\,3.77%和1.64,反演精度较高,能够满足研究区土壤水分的反演精度要求。如果能够更细致地刻画植被层以及地表粗糙度对雷达后向散射系数的影响,土壤水分反演精度有望得到进一步提高。
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基于SEBS模型干旱区蒸散发量研究

以中亚五国和新疆为研究区域,选取近30 a的遥感数据,结合地面观测资料,基于SEBS模型,反演逐日实际蒸散发量。结果表明:2005年生长季,中亚地区蒸散发量为9 741.03×10⁸ m³,新疆地区蒸散发量为2 168.68×10⁸ m³;其蒸散发在1980、1990和2005年5~9月年际变化量分别为8 960.64×10⁸、9 134.37×10⁸、9 085×10⁸ m³。通过研究区降水量和新疆地区水平衡分析,模型反演的蒸散发量值较为合理,定量提出了区域水循环中参与蒸发过程的水量变化,揭示了干旱区区域蒸散发过程的变化规律。
     

改进YOLOv5的安全帽佩戴检测算法

针对目前目标检测模型结构复杂、计算量大、检测准确率低等问题,提出在工业场景下基于改进型YOLOv5的安全帽佩戴算法。在主干网络引入轻量型网络ShuffleNetv2,保留Focus结构和ShuffleNetv2共同组成主干网络,降低网络的计算量和参数量;在C3模块中引入Swin Transformer Block,得到C3STB模块,替换Neck部分原有的C3模块;设计了CBAM＿H注意力机制,并将其嵌入Neck网络中,获取全局上下文信息,提高模型检测准确率。自建数据集并进行实验,实验结果表明,改进后的YOLOv5模型的参数量由6.14×10⁶压缩到8.9×10⁵,计算量由1.64×10¹⁰压缩到6.2×10⁹,mAP由0.899上升到0.908,优于原模型性能。     

基于MODIS的黄土高原土地荒漠化动态监测

以2001年和2009年8月MODIS卫星影像为数据源,基于归一化植被指数和像元二分原理,通过建立科学的荒漠化土地分类系统,对黄土高原地区近8 a的荒漠化土地进行了动态变化监测,分析了2个时期荒漠化土地的空间分布特征和面积变化情况。结果表明:黄土高原荒漠化土地面积整体呈明显的减少态势,但类型转化结构表明荒漠化土地强度却处于不断发展阶段。8 a间,极重度荒漠化土地面积增加了16.53 km²,增长率为28.36%,重度和中度荒漠化土地面积均有不同程度减少,分别减少了1.2×10⁴ km²和7.0×10⁴ km²,变化率分别为32.97%和29.19%;分别有9.0×10^4 km²和1.2×10⁴ k²的轻度和潜在荒漠化土地转化为其他类型荒漠化土地,并分别增加了9.3×10³ km²和7.3×10⁴ km²,增长率分别为4.2%和57.3%。发展区面积为1.9×10⁵ km²,稳定区面积为4.0×10⁵ km²,逆转区面积为2.8×10⁴ km²,发展区面积比逆转区面积大1.6×10⁵ km²,表明黄土高原环境质量不断下降,荒漠化强度不断扩张的趋势。     

卫星微波遥感结合可见光遥感估算黄河源区土壤湿度研究

利用欧洲环境卫星(ENVISAT)搭载的高级合成孔径雷达ASAR(Advanced Synthesis Aperture Radar)交叉极化模式(APP)2009年8月9日和10月6日的数据对青藏高原东北部玛曲地区土壤湿度进行了估算。对于裸土区域采用表层微波后向散射几何光学模型GOM(Geometry Optics Model),对于植被覆盖度大的区域利用“水-云”模型处理植被层对后向散射系数的影响,取得了较好的结果:遥感估算的土壤湿度值和地面实测值之间的均方根误差RMSE<0.05,决定系数R²>0.82,表明该方法适合反演玛曲地区的土壤水分。从遥感估算的总体结果可以看出:山谷和陡峭山坡的反演结果相对较差,而在相对平坦的地区反演结果较好,估算的土壤湿度值在0.20~0.50 m³/m³之间。     

PRINCE密码算法的差分-线性分析

PRINCE是一个低时延轻量级分组密码算法,广泛应用于各种资源受限设备。PRINCE使用FX结构,其核心部件是 PRINCE_core。差分-线性分析是一种经典分析方法,它将差分分析和线性分析结合起来,使用短的高概率差分特征和线性特征来攻击密码算法。研究了 PRINCE_core的差分-线性分析,使用2轮差分-线性区分器攻击4轮PRINCE_core,需要2⁶个选择明文,时间复杂度为2^14.58次4轮加密。对于 6轮和 7轮 PRINCE_core的差分-线性分析,数据复杂度分别为 2^12.84和 2^29.02个选择明文,时间复杂度分别为2^25.58和2^41.53。     

一种分数阶内模TIλDemμ控制器设计方法

针对整数阶、 分数阶被控对象,提出了一种分数阶内模TI^λD^μ控制器的设计方法．首先对原被控模型进行降阶处理,得到二阶分数阶延时系统模型．然后将内模控制思想引入到降阶模型,设计内模控制器G_IMC（s）．最后将G_IMC（s）与所提的新型TI^λD^μ控制器进行参数对照,能够清晰地得出参数间的对应关系,从而得出分数阶TI^λD^μ的各参数．仿真结果表明,TI^λD^μ控制器能够获得良好的控制品质和鲁棒性．     

面向智慧小镇建设的机房电气管线多目标优化布置方法

常规的管线布置优化方法难以在优化过程中得到全局搜索的最优解,导致安全性能无法得到保障,因此面向智慧小镇建设设计一个新的机房电气管线多目标优化布置方法。设置电气管线约束条件,将电压均值、单位时间内电流量、电气管线损耗恢复能力作为目标函数。优化管线布置全局搜索,使用交叉操作的方式不断得到更优解。建立多目标优化电气管线模型,得到电气管线多目标优化的数学模型。通过实验数据可知,该管线布置方法在算法测试中优于常规的3种算法,且在安全性能的检测中只与标准最优值相差6.22×10⁴,3个常规方法与标准最优值的差距为6.813×10⁴、7.6×10⁴、8.32×10⁴,因此可知该多目标优化的管线布置方法可以得到更优解。     

基于半监督学习的增量图像分类方法

为有效使用大量未标注的图像进行分类,提出一种基于半监督学习的图像分类方法。通过共同的隐含话题桥接少量已标注的图像和大量未标注的图像,利用已标注图像的Must-link约束和Cannot-link约束提高未标注图像分类的精度。实验结果表明,该方法有效提高Caltech-101数据集和7类图像集约10%的分类精度。此外,针对目前绝大部分半监督图像分类方法不具备增量学习能力这一缺点,提出该方法的增量学习模型。实验结果表明,增量学习模型相比无增量学习模型提高近90%的计算效率。关键词半监督学习,图像分类,增量学习中图法分类号TP391。41IncrementalImageClassificationMethodBasedonSemi-SupervisedLearningLIANGPeng^1,2,LIShao-Fa²,QINJiang-Wei²,LUOJian-Gao³¹(SchoolofComputerScienceandEngineering,GuangdongPolytechnicNormalUniversity,Guangzhou510665)²(SchoolofComputerScienceandEngineering,SouthChinaUniversityofTechnology,Guangzhou510006)³(DepartmentofComputer,GuangdongAIBPolytechnicCollege,Guangzhou510507)ABSTRACTInordertouselargenumbersofunlabeledimageseffectively,animageclassificationmethodisproposedbasedonsemi-supervisedlearning。Theproposedmethodbridgesalargeamountofunlabeledimagesandlimitednumbersoflabeledimagesbyexploitingthecommontopics。Theclassificationaccuracyisimprovedbyusingthemust-linkconstraintandcannot-linkconstraintoflabeledimages。TheexperimentalresultsonCaltech-101and7-classesimagedatasetdemonstratethattheclassificationaccuracyimprovesabout10%bytheproposedmethod。Furthermore,duetothepresentsemi-supervisedimageclassificationmethodslackingofincrementallearningability,anincrementalimplementationofourmethodisproposed。Comparingwithnon-incrementallearningmodelinliterature,theincrementallearningmethodimprovesthecomputationefficiencyofnearly90%。     

一种光电辅助校准炮瞄设备

为了更快更精确地得到火控系统^[1-2]的校准数据和校准图像^[3],该辅助校准设备融合并自动解算了舰船的姿态、导航等多种信息,通过相关滤波算法^[4-5]、模型训练、跟踪算法、信息融合以及坐标系转换等方法 ,可自动显示校正弧度值的功能。在试用过程中,能获得到迅速、精准校准的效果。     

Aspect and incidence angle sensitivity in ERS-1 SAR data

Large variations in backscattering coefficients were observed on ERS-1 SAR images acquired from ascending and descending orbits, within 36 hours, over an agricultural area and under stable winter conditions. Three possible causes were investigated: (1) environmental factors; (2) SAR processor instability; and (3) aspect and incidence angle sensitivity. The look direction (aspect angle) accounted for a 1.5dB difference in backscattering coefficients. The remaining variations were related to the incidence angle. A correction model is proposed.     

Estimating the characteristics of vegetation canopies with airborne radar measurements

Abstract

Possible use of synthetic aperture radars (SAR) for monitoring agricultural canopies is investigated in this paper. Data have been acquired on the Orgcval watershed during the AGRISCATT'88 campaign. Four radar experiments were carried out with the airborne scattcrometer ERASME (C and X bands, HH and VV polarizations, multi-incidence angles). Simultaneous ground measurements (soil moisture, leaf area index, water content of the canopy) were conducted on 11 wheat fields. Backscattering coefficients of the canopies arc interpreted in the framework of semi-empirical ‘water-cloud’ models. A simple paramctrization of the angular effect of soil roughness is introduced, allowing the simultaneous use of multi-incidence angle radar data. With a unique set of parameters for each radar configuration ‘ frequency and polarization’ the water-cloud model appears to describe adequately the backscattering of all the fields, over the range of incidence angles. It is shown that in this case, attenuation is the dominant effect of the vegetation and an inversion algorithm is proposed for estimating the water content of vegetation. This algorithm requires measurements at two different incidence angles and various combinations of radar configurations are then tested.     

Surface soil moisture estimation over dense crop using Envisat ASAR and Landsat TM imagery: an approach

This study focuses on developing a new method of surface soil moisture estimation over wheat fields using Environmental Satellite Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (Envisat ASAR) and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data. The Michigan Microwave Canopy Scattering (MIMICS) model was used to simulate wheat canopy backscattering coefficients from experiment plots at incidence angles of 23° (IS2) and 43.9° (IS7). Based on simulated data, the scattering characteristics of a wheat canopy were first investigated in order to derive an optimal configuration of polarization (HH) and incidence angle (IS2) for soil moisture estimation. Then a parametric model was developed to describe wheat canopy backscattering at the optimal configuration. In addition, direct backscattering and two-way transmissivity of wheat crowns were derived from the TM normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI); direct ground backscattering was derived from surface soil moisture and TM NDVI; and backscattering from double scattering was derived from total backscattering. A semi-empirical model for soil moisture estimation was derived from the parametric model. Coefficients in the semi-empirical model were obtained using a calibration approach based on measured soil moisture, ASAR, and TM data. A validation of the model was performed over the experimental area. In this study, the root mean square error (RMSE) for the estimated soil moisture was 0.041 m³ m^?3, and the correlation coefficient between the measured and estimated soil moisture was 0.84. The experimental results indicate that the semi-empirical model could improve soil moisture estimation compared to an empirical model.     

基于QAA算法的昆承湖固有光学量反演模型

基于2010年4月在昆承湖采集的野外实验数据,建立了适用于昆承湖的QAA固有光学量反演模型。结果表明:该模型可以得到较高精度的反演结果。所有验证点在411~700nm波段范围内,反演总吸收系数和实测总吸收系数的决定系数R2都高于0.984,平均相对误差ε都低于14.5%。在440、488和532nm 3个波段处,总吸收系数反演值和实测值决定系数R2分别为0.655、0.742和0.826,平均相对误差ε分别为6.5%、3.6%和3.4%,精度较高。反演后向散射系数与和参考后向散射系数在440、488和532nm处均具有较好的相关性,且532nm处反演后向散射系数与实测总悬浮物浓度决定系数为0.624,呈正相关,反演后向散射系数具有一定的可信度。该模型能够为昆承湖固有光学量的反演提供一条有效途径。     

基于遗传算法和雷达后向散射模型的地表参数反演研究

在地表自然裸露条件下,利用雷达后向散射系数反演地表粗糙度及地表土壤含水量已经开展了很多的研究,许多学者提出了很多相关的模型及反演技术。在已有散射模型的基础上,利用遗传算法反演地表参数,并且对反演效果进行了验证;然后分别基于AIEM模型和Oh模型对SIR-C雷达图像进行了反演计算,并对反演结果作了统计分析,从而为利用雷达图像反演地表信息提供了新的研究思路。     

Monitoring soybean growth using L-, C-, and X-band scatterometer data

A ground-based fully polarimetric scatterometer operating at multiple frequencies was used to continuously monitor soybean growth over the course of a growing season. Polarimetric backscatter data at L-, C-, and X-bands were acquired every 10 min. We analysed the relationships between L-, C-, and X-band signatures, and biophysical measurements over the entire soybean growth period. Temporal changes in backscattering coefficients for all bands followed the patterns observed in the soybean growth measurements (leaf area index (LAI) and vegetation water content (VWC)). The difference between the backscattering coefficients for horizontally transmitted horizontally received (HH) and vertically transmitted vertically received (VV) polarizations at the L-band was apparent after the R2 stage (DOY 224) due to the double-bounce scattering effect. Results indicated that L-, C-, and X-band radar backscatter data can be used to detect different soybean growth stages. The results of correlation analyses between the backscattering coefficient for specific bands/polarizations and soybean growth data showed that L-band HH-polarization had the highest correlation with the vegetation parameters LAI (r = 0.98) and VWC (r = 0.97). Prediction equations for estimation of soybean growth parameters from the L-HH were developed. The results indicated that L-HH could be used for estimating the vegetation biophysical parameters considered here with high accuracy. These results provide a basis for developing a method to retrieve crop biophysical properties and guidance on the optimum microwave frequency and polarization necessary to monitor crop conditions. The results are directly applicable to systems such as the proposed NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite.     

Remote sensing of bare surface soil moisture using EMAC/ESAR data

In this paper we present first results of bare surface soil moisture retrieval using data from the European Multisensor Airborne Campaign/ Experimental Synthetic Aperture Radar (EMAC/ESAR) collected on 9 April 1994 in the Zwalm catchment, Belgium. Data from EMAC Reflective Optics System Imaging Spectrometer (ROSIS) collected on 12 July 1994 over the same catchment were used to develop land use maps. Concurrent to the EMAC/ESAR overflights field data were collected in two subcatchments of the Zwalm catchment. The paper first presents the data processing procedures used for the radar images. Then we apply a theoretical backscattering model to investigate the sensitivity of EMAC/ESAR backscattering coefficients to surface parameters (topography, surface roughness, vegetation and soil moisture). By comparing the predicted backscattering coefficients to the observed ones, we can conclude that classical measurement techniques for surface roughness parameters in remote sensing campaigns are not accurate enough for retrieving soil moisture using theoretical models. A method based on simultaneous retrieval of surface roughness parameters and soil moisture using multiple ESAR measurements is hence proposed. Promising results for retrieved soil moisture confirm the validity of the proposed method.     

The use of a microwave backscatter model for retrieving soil moisture over bare soil

Abstract

Most attempts at predicting soil moisture from C-band microwave backscattering coefficients for bare soil are made by fitting experimental calibration relations obtained for limited ranges of incidence angle and soil surface roughness. In this paper, a more general approach is discussed using an inversion procedure to extend the use of a single experimental calibration relation to a wider range of incidence angle and surface roughness. A correcting function is proposed to normalize the backscattering coefficients to the conditions (incidence angle and surface roughness) of the calibration relation. This correcting function was derived from simulated data using the physical optics or KirchhofTs scatter model using the scalar approximation. Before discussing the inversion procedure, the backscattering coefficients calculated by the model have been compared with experimental data measured in the C-band, HH polarization and three incidence angles (Θ= 15°, 23°, 50°) under a wide range of surface soil moisture conditions (0.02H_v  0.35cm³ cm^-3) and for a single quite smooth soil surface roughness (0–011 _s  OOI4/n)m. The model was found to be experimentally validated from 15° to 23° of incidence and for surface soil moistures higher than 0-I0cm³cm^-3. For the inversion procedure, it is assumed to have a wider range of validity (15°  Θ 35° ) for ihc incidence angle. A sensitivity analysis of the model to errors on roughness parameter and incidence angle was performed in order to assess the feasability and suitability of the described inversion procedure.