风险规避型双渠道供应链的融资和定价决策

在零售商资金约束下,基于CVaR准则构建了风险规避的供应商和零售商组成的双渠道供应链的定价模型。分析了零售商资金充足时,供应商和零售商的最优决策、资金约束情况下零售商的银行借贷融资、延期支付策略和组合融资时零售商和供应商的最优决策以及零售商和供应商的风险规避程度对最优决策变量和收益的影响。通过数值分析,进一步验证了零售商和供应商的风险规避度对三种融资模式下零售商和供应商的最优决策变量和利润的影响。研究表明：资金充足和延期支付策略下最优决策变量与风险规避度的关系一致;银行借贷和组合融资下最优决策变量与风险规避度的关系一致;单一延期支付策略和组合融资优于单一银行借贷融资;组合融资比例大于一定值时,优于单纯延期支付策略。     

碳限额与交易机制和消费者低碳偏好下的供应链减排及融资策略

在碳限额与交易机制和消费者对低碳产品存在偏好的背景下,考虑由一个资金约束的制造商与一个资金充裕的零售商构成的供应链,针对银行贷款(BF)、提前支付折扣(APD)和提前支付回购(APB)3种融资方式,构建制造商主导的以企业利润最大化为目标的博弈模型,研究不同融资方式下低碳供应链的减排与定价决策,以及制造商的融资方式选择问题.研究表明:1)在3种融资方式下,减排投资成本系数的增加会降低制造商的最优单位产品碳减排量.2)提前支付下制造商的最优单位产品碳减排量始终高于BF方式.当碳交易价格较高或减排投资成本系数较高时,APB方式下制造商的碳减排量最高;否则,APD方式下制造商的碳减排量最高.3)与BF方式相比,提前支付更能提升制造商的利润,且制造商在APB方式下获利最多.     

零售商资金约束供应链中的金融服务与营运管理协调策略

基于零售商存在资金约束和破产成本的条件假设,研究由一个供应商与一个零售商组成的二级供应链中的外部金融服务和营运管理协调策略.研究表明,不确定需求分布下零售商的融资能力和订购水平是有限的.资金不足零售商可通过外部金融服务实现最优订购,为供应链创造价值,并且金融市场的竞争程度、零售商的初始资金量和破产成本率会影响零售商的订购策略、供应商的批发价策略和供应链绩效.     

基于Stackelberg 博弈的供应链采购融资模式

根据供应链采购融资的运作流程,建立并分析基于Stackelberg博弈的供应链融资模型.通过数值分析博弈均衡解发现,在供应商初始资金较小的情况下,供应链采购融资能够较大幅度地提高供应链绩效;融资产品的市场情况越好,即价格或挽回价值越高,供应链采购融资对于供应链的价值越大;向市场风险较小的供应商提供采购融资能够使银行获得较大的绩效提高;供应链采购融资是一种能够实现供应链成员双赢的供应链管理方法.     

绿色供应链的投贷联动融资决策均衡

以一个零售商和一个资金约束的制造商组成的绿色供应链为研究对象,构建了制造商资金约束情况下银行借贷融资、股权融资和组合融资时的融资模型,探讨制造商的资金水平和消费者的绿色偏好对定价、绿色投入水平、产品的市场需求和融资方式选择策略的影响。最后,通过数值分析进行验证。研究发现：消费者绿色偏好与零售价格、批发价格和绿色投入努力水平、产品的市场需求和股权融资时双方可接受的股权转让比例正相关;在制造商资金约束而不融资时,制造商初始资金水平与制造商的批发价格、零售商的零售价格负相关,而与绿色投入努力水平正相关;银行借贷利率越大,制造商的可接受的股权转让比例增大。当制造商进行融资时, 若初始资金水平极低, 选择股权融资的方式进行融资, 随着初始资金水平的上升, 零售商应该选择银行贷款的方式进行融资;在股权融资比例达到一定值时,组合融资比银行借贷更加有利于制造商;而单纯股权融资比组合融资更有利。     

基于零售商资金约束供应链采用RFID技术的决策及融资分析

为研究零售商存在资金约束和库存错放时,供应链成员采用无线射频识别(radio frequency identification,RFID)技术及融资决策的均衡问题,以单制造商和单资金约束零售商组成的两级供应链为研究对象,基于报童模型构建供应链成员采用RFID技术前后零售商是否融资4种情景下的收益模型,求解出相应的最优解并探讨供应链成员RFID采用决策与零售商的融资策略.研究发现:当零售商的自有资金适中时,供应链成员采用RFID技术一定程度上能够缓解零售商的资金约束;零售商选择融资时,供应链及其成员能够承担更高的RFID成本;零售商分摊RFID固定成本的比例对制造商、零售商和供应链能够承担的RFID标签成本阈值有决定性的影响.     

供应商竞争关系下的第三方物流融资及物流服务决策

研究第三方物流企业（3PL）在处于竞争关系中的供应商面临资金约束时的融资策略选择问题。考虑由两个竞争关系的供应商和一个零售商构成的两级供应链,3PL企业为供应链提供代采购、物流及融资服务,分别考虑在代采购中向供应商提供融资能够获得价格折扣和代采购中考虑额外资金成本情况下,3PL融资意愿选择,向供应商提供（不提供）融资。建立3PL、供应商和零售商在不同情况下的收益模型,并给出供应商和零售商的最优定价,以及3PL的最优物流服务收费决策,通过比较融资前后各个企业的收益分析3PL参与供应链融资的积极作用。研究发现3PL向处于竞争环境下的资金短缺供应商提供融资能够增加3PL、零售商和供应链整体的收益,且3PL更愿意在考虑自身资金成本的情况下向供应商提供融资,并且供应商之间竞争越激烈,3PL和零售商的获益越大。     

考虑信用融资的期权和实物产品最优组合采购策略

分析由零售商和银行组成的供应链系统, 在零售商面临资金约束的条件下, 通过引入期权采购和信用融资的组合方式, 实现企业的资金风险降低和运作效率提升. 通过建立博弈模型分析得出零售商的最优实物产品采购量和最优期权采购量的显性表达式, 证明银行的最优信用借款利率的存在性和唯一性条件. 通过比较存在资金约束情形下的其他运作方式, 发现信用融资是最有效的决策方式, 可以提升零售商的绩效, 最大可能实现全局最优.

     

相对公平关切下考虑产品设计的再制造合作模式与供应链协调

将相对公平关切和产品可再制造性设计同时纳入由一个制造商和一个再制造商构成的供应链中,构建外包和授权两种再制造合作模式下供应链的决策模型,研究制造商的再制造合作模式选择问题,分析最优再制造合作模式下再制造商相对公平关切和产品可再制造性设计对供应链生产定价决策及利润的影响,并设计相应的协调策略.研究结果表明:外包再制造是制造商的最优再制造合作模式;在外包再制造供应链中,再制造商的相对公平关切虽会降低制造商利润,但能提高供应链系统利润;产品可再制造性设计对再制造商总是有利的;外包价格契约能够实现外包再制造供应链的协调.     

信用担保与下侧风险控制下零售商资金约束供应链订货与定价策略

针对供应商、零售商和商业银行组成的供应链系统,考虑当零售商面临资金约束时,通过供应商信用担保贷款模式缓解零售商资金约束对供应链总体利润的影响.构建零售商和供应商期望利润模型,分别讨论银行风险中性及下侧风险控制下的零售商订货与供应商定价决策,并利用斯坦克尔伯格博弈求解.最后,对供应商担保系数、银行风险容忍系数进行灵敏度分析.研究表明:1)给定担保系数,只有当风险容忍系数小于一定的阈值时,银行下侧风险控制才会影响零售商以及供应商的最优决策;2)给定风险容忍系数,只有当担保系数小于一定的阈值时,供应商担保系数才会影响零售商以及供应商的最优决策;3)银行贷款限额是担保系数、风险容忍系数的严格递增函数.     

Financing strategies for a capital‐constrained manufacturer in a dual‐channel supply chain

This study investigates a co‐opetition‐type dual‐channel supply chain that consists of a competitive supplier (CS) and a capital‐constrained manufacturer (CCM). The CCM procures key components from and simultaneously competes with the CS in the consumer market. To address the CCM's capital constraint, we consider three financing strategies, namely, trade credit, bank loan, and hybrid financing (i.e., combined use of bank loan and equity financing). Game models are established to characterize the interactions between the CS and CCM. The corresponding equilibria are derived under each strategy. Then, comparative analyses are conducted, and the CS's and CCM's preference structures regarding the three strategies are revealed. On this basis, the equilibrium strategy can be concluded as either trade credit or hybrid financing, but never bank loan. Specifically, when the equity financing ratio is small or large, trade credit is an equilibrium strategy. When the equity financing ratio is medium, the equilibrium strategy between trade credit and hybrid financing is determined by consumers’ product preference and loan interest rate.     

作为阻止战略的再制造决策研究

在闭环供应链再制造系统中引入外部竞争因素,研究制造商(OEM)的再制造决策以及对内部竞争和外部竞争的影响.在内外部竞争的条件下,通过OEM和竞争者的决策分析,给出了竞争者进入的条件边界.研究结果表明,制造商的再制造策略不仅是一种盈利行为,而且还是一种阻止战略,在一定条件下能够阻止竞争者的进入.竞争者的进入决策依赖于竞争者产品的竞争力和制造商的回收率.     

Acquisition and pricing strategies in hybrid manufacturing-remanufacturing systems

There are two typical cases of acquisition and remanufacturing in a closed-loop supply chain: The third party remanufacturer (3PR) and the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) separately acquire and remanufacture used products. The used products have different qualities, and they can be classified for acquisition in reality. In this paper, under the grading acquisition mode, we compare the acquisition strategies of used products and the pricing strategies of new products and remanufactured products in different manufacturing-remanufacturing systems. Then we further study the impact of the timing of remanufacturing on the profit and the environment. From an environmental perspective, the 3PR is willing to acquire and remanufacture used products at the best grade, whereas the OEM may choose more grades. The latter can reduce environmental impact. From an economic perspective, as long as the total cost of acquiring and remanufacturing used products does not exceed the threshold, remanufacturing can bring more profit for the OEM than only selling new products. Moreover, when consumers’ preference for remanufactured products is relatively high, and the total cost of acquisition and remanufacturing does not exceed the threshold, the OEM can engage in remanufacturing business before the new products exit from the market.     

Financing decisions in supply chains with a capital‐constrained manufacturer: competition and risk

Supply chain finance is a crucial topic. In this paper, we consider that a capital‐constrained manufacturer can borrow money from either a bank (bank credit financing) or a retailer (trade credit financing). Our analysis compares supply chain performance under these two financing schemes. Furthermore, we extend our model to evaluate the impacts of retail competition and supply chain member's risk aversion on supply chains, which consist of one capital‐constrained manufacturer and two competing retailers. We consider three financing schemes: only bank credit financing, dual trade credit financing, and bank and trade credit mix financing. We find that without retail competition, the retailer is always willing to use the trade credit financing; whereas with retail competition, if one retailer provides the trade credit but the other does not, the credit provider could receive the superior profit. Thus, providing an appropriate trade credit financing scheme is critically important for retailers. Moreover, we find that without retail competition, when a trade interest rate is relatively low, both the retailer and manufacturer could reach a win‐win situation in the trade credit financing. However, with retail competition, supply chain members (i.e., two retailers and one manufacturer) will not have an all‐win situation no matter which specific financing scheme is adopted and only a win‐win‐lose situation exists when using the credit mix financing scheme or the dual trade credit financing in supply chains. Last but not least, regardless of risk neutrality or aversion of supply chain members, their pricing decisions among three financing schemes are similar. This implies that the impacts of supply chain members’ risk aversion are limited in supply chain financing scheme selection. More managerial insights are discussed.     

竞争视角下考虑技术创新的逆向供应链微分博弈

针对由再制造商、线上线下竞争回收商和消费者组成的逆向供应链,考虑技术创新研究竞争背景下逆向供应链的微分博弈问题.利用伊藤过程刻画再制造技术先进度的随机演化过程,基于成员的利润结构,构建逆向供应链的随机微分博弈模型.运用贝尔曼连续型动态规划理论,求解动态和稳定均衡状态下成员的反馈策略,揭示再制造技术先进度的动态随机演化特征.最后结合算例,分析两种均衡状态下,回收商的竞争程度和消费者对直接回收价格的敏感系数对各成员均衡策略以及利润的影响.研究表明:提高再制造技术先进度可降低直接回收价格和转移回收价格;由于随机干扰因素的影响,再制造技术先进度始终围绕其期望上下波动,最终稳定于一个稳态值;回收商的竞争有利于激励再制造商投入更多的技术创新努力以提高再制造技术先进度,进而提高电子废弃物的整体可再制造率,但会降低回收商的单位获利,并且过度的竞争不利于电子废弃物的回收.     

闭环供应链混合切换库存控制模型研究

针对一类具有回收、再制造、再分销的闭环供应链系统,以再制造产品的补货能力为切换信号设计了基于再制造优先的混合切换库存控制策略,使得市场需求优先由再制造产品满足,并应用切换控制理论研究混合切换库存控制策略的性能特征,分析系统参数对闭环供应链系统的关键性能指标的影响。仿真分析表明,合理的切换控制策略可以有效抑制闭环供应链运作过程的波动,保证系统具有良好的“牛鞭效应”特征、平稳的库存管理成本以及较高的顾客服务水平。