基于改进的均值漂移算法的非刚性目标跟踪

针对现有的均值漂移算法不能适应非刚性目标的复杂运动情况，本文首先利用基于边缘的背景减方法去除背景干扰；然后利用GVFSnake技术提取出目标轮廓，结合目标轮廓改进了传统的颜色直方图；最后基于该颜色直方图结合卡尔曼滤波器或粒子滤波器改进了传统的均值漂移算法。实验表明，该算法可以实现快速的非刚性目标跟踪，对目标的不
不规则运动和严重遮挡有很好的鲁棒性。     

基于形变模型的图像分割和非刚性目标的跟踪

本文在活动轮廓的基础上,提出了基于形变模型的图像分割和非刚性目标的跟踪方法.为了克服活动轮廓的一些缺陷,引入了新的与图像特性有关的外部能量和松弛法;将形变模型和光流模型相结合用于非刚性目标跟踪.该方法对噪声不敏感,能准确、可靠地检测物体曲率高的边缘部分,跟踪非刚性运动目标.实验结果验证了该方法的有效性.     

复杂码头环境下的船舶检测与跟踪算法

运动模板算法在复杂环境下无法准确提取运动目标区域,并且依赖帧间间隔的选取,无法对减速运动目标取得良好检测效果。针对该缺点,提出了一种改进的运动模版算法。首先,对输入的视频序列采用Canny算子结合轮廓信息提取水岸边界线;然后,将运动历史图沿着水岸边界线进行水岸分离,消除岸上运动目标的干扰;接着,对水面区域进行形态学处理,消除背景中水面上非目标运动对象;最后,对形态学处理后的结果进行船舶轮廓检测,计算最大轮廓外接矩形的宽和高,结合船舶当前位置的尾部坐标重建船舶轮廓外接矩形,以此实现实时的、高准确度的船舶检测与跟踪。实验结果表明,在复杂水面环境下,该方法能够实现实时、准确的船舶目标检测与跟踪。     

基于均值漂移和边缘检测的轮廓跟踪算法

实时的轮廓跟踪算法可以为视频监控系统提供物体的轮廓信息以供对物体类别、物体行为等进行识别.提出一种基于均值漂移和边缘检测的轮廓跟踪算法.方法中,首先利用均值漂移算法跟踪得到目标物体的中心位置,同时用高斯统计模型进行背景更新,从前景图像和背景图像中分别得到具有相同位置和大小的前景矩形区域和背景矩形区域,然后用背景分割的方法得到目标物体区域,再对目标物体区域进行边缘检测就得到了目标物体的轮廓,进而实现了对目标物体的轮廓跟踪.实验表明,可以实时、准确、稳定地对目标物体进行轮廓跟踪.     

基于全局最小化活动轮廓的多目标检测跟踪

为了在噪声干扰以及目标和背景颜色相近情况下实现多目标跟踪,提出一种基于快速全局最小化的活动轮廓模型的目标检测跟踪算法。该算法结合了基于边缘的活动轮廓模型和基于区域的活动轮廓模型,对能量泛函进行全局最小化来检测目标活动轮廓,用卡尔曼滤波预测目标下一帧的特征信息,然后用改进的最近邻法进行多目标跟踪。对图像序列的实验结果表明该算法能有效地对运动背景下多目标进行跟踪。     

一种基于形状约束势能的主动轮廓跟踪算法

将基于轮廓曲率的帧间几何形状约束势能,与目标区域信息和边缘梯度信息相结合,定义新的主动轮廓跟踪模型.该模型可以克服弱边缘及强背景等噪声对轮廓的吸引和干扰,同时保持目标的基本形状,实现和改善对具有尖角、深凹等不规则形状目标的边缘跟踪.采用基于块匹配的边界仿射变换方法对主动轮廓的初始位置进行估计,使其更接近目标的真实边缘.实验结果表明,该算法具有较好的边缘跟踪和抗复杂背景的能力.     

基于统计模型和GVF-Snake的彩色目标检测与跟踪

为了能使传统监视系统具备目标自动检测与跟踪能力,提出了一种基于统计模型和GVF（gradient vectorflow）-Snake的彩色目标检测与跟踪算法.该算法可用于解决在静态背景下通过彩色视频信息来对运动目标进行自动检测与跟踪的问题,同时可直接给出目标轮廓的数学表示,并可简化后续目标识别算法的设计.该算法首先采用归一化RGB空间与灰度空间相结合的模型取代单一灰度模型来消除阴影对目标检测的影响;接着在此模型的基础上对差分图像进行GMM（Gaussian mixture model）建模,并构造运动边界图像,然后将静态图像轮廓提取算法GVF-Snake引入运动图像中,并通过修改能量项,使其能够跟踪运动目标的轮廓,最后针对Snake初始轮廓需要手工设定的问题,提出一种根据目标区域自动初始化轮廓的方法,为加快GVF-Snake的收敛速度,还采用一阶差分算法来预测下一时刻目标轮廓的位置.实验结果证明,该算法对刚性和非刚性两类目标都有较好的跟踪效果,可应用于智能监视和交通监控等领域.     

基于自适应水平集方法的运动目标跟踪

在对复杂背景条件下的非刚体目标进行跟踪时,水平集方法是一种非常有效的方法。针对水平集的初始化问题,提出了一种自适应初始化的水平集方法。首先采用粒子滤波对目标进行跟踪,得到运动目标的粗外接矩形轮廓;然后以外接矩形轮廓的质心为基础进行水平集曲线演化,求取目标的精确轮廓信息,并将轮廓的提取结果反馈到跟踪框架中;最后,动态更新参考模板,以改进似然函数。实验结果表明,本方法能够适应非刚体目标在运动中的自由变化,使得跟踪更加精确。     

基于区域活动轮廓运动目标跟踪方法研究

根据贝叶斯估计理论，首先建立了图像序列中运动目标的跟踪模型，然后用高斯分布来描述图像的区域信息，并通过对模型的分析，与区域活动轮廓模型建立对应关系，将问题的求解转化为能量最小化问题。同时为了克服目标在运动中发生的拓扑形变，采用水平集方法进行数值实现。实验结果表明，这种方法不仅可以对多个运动目标进行跟踪，并能非常好地逼近运动目标的轮廓，而且能够自然地处理运动目标的拓扑形变。     

动态背景下运动目标检测与跟踪研究

主要研究动态背景下的运动目标检测和跟踪问题。背景补偿差分法是一种常用的动态背景下运动目标检测算法,但检测到的目标轮廓要比其真实轮廓大,检测结果不准确且算法复杂度较高。主动轮廓模型在图像分割和目标提取过程中具有拓扑结构变化灵活性,对数值计算方案的设计更加方便、有效,据此提出一种基于改进C-V模型和卡尔曼滤波的算法,用来检测和跟踪动态背景下的运动目标。提出的算法利用C-V模型曲线演化检测和跟踪目标,使C-V模型在目标的边缘处收敛。结合卡尔曼滤波预测运动目标下一帧位置,从而实现对运动目标轮廓的跟踪。实验结果表明,该方法可以对动态背景下运动目标进行精确的检测与跟踪。     

Robust tracking of position and velocity with Kalman snakes

A new Kalman-filter based active contour model is proposed for tracking of nonrigid objects in combined spatio-velocity space. The model employs measurements of gradient-based image potential and of optical-flow along the contour as system measurements. In order to improve robustness to image clutter and to occlusions an optical-flow based detection mechanism is proposed. The method detects and rejects spurious measurements which are not consistent with previous estimation of image motion     

The background primal sketch: An approach for tracking moving objects

In this paper we present an algorithm that integrates spatial and temporal information for the tracking of moving nonrigid objects. In addition, we obtain outlines of the moving objects.Three basic ingredients are employed in the proposed algorithm, namely, the background primal sketch, the threshold, and outlier maps. The background primal sketch is an edge map of the background without moving objects. If the background primal sketch is known, then edges of moving objects can be determined by comparing the edge map of the input image with the background primal sketch. A moving edge point is modeled as an outlier, that is, a pixel with an edge value differing from the background edge value in the background primal sketch by an amount larger than the threshold in the threshold map at the same physical location. The map that contains all the outliers is called the outlier map. In this paper we present techniques based on robust statistics for determining the background primal sketch, the threshold, and outlier maps.In an ideal situation the outlier map would contain the complete outlines of the moving objects. In practice, the outliers do not form closed contours. The final step of the algorithm employs an edge-guided morphological approach to generate closed outlines of the moving objects. The proposed approach has been tested on sequences of moving human blood cells (neutrophil) as well as of human body motion with encouraging results.     

Geodesic active contours and level sets for the detection andtracking of moving objects

This paper presents a new variational framework for detecting and tracking multiple moving objects in image sequences. Motion detection is performed using a statistical framework for which the observed interframe difference density function is approximated using a mixture model. This model is composed of two components, namely, the static (background) and the mobile (moving objects) one. Both components are zero-mean and obey Laplacian or Gaussian law. This statistical framework is used to provide the motion detection boundaries. Additionally, the original frame is used to provide the moving object boundaries. Then, the detection and the tracking problem are addressed in a common framework that employs a geodesic active contour objective function. This function is minimized using a gradient descent method. A new approach named Hermes is proposed, which exploits aspects from the well-known front propagation algorithms and compares favorably to them. Very promising experimental results are provided using real video sequences     

The Velocity Snake: Deformable Contour for Tracking in Spatio-Velocity Space

We present a new active contour model for boundary tracking and position prediction of nonrigid objects, which results from applying a velocity control to the class of elastodynamical contour models, known as snakes. The proposed control term minimizes an energy dissipation function which measures the difference between the contour velocity and the apparent velocity of the image. Treating the image video-sequence as continuous measurements along time, it is shown that the proposed control results in robust tracking. This is in contrast to the original snake model which is proven to have tracking errors relative to image (object) velocity, thus resulting in high sensitivity to image clutter. The motion estimation further allows for position prediction of nonrigid boundaries. Based on the proposed control approach, we propose a new class of real time tracking contours, varying from models with batch-mode control estimation to models with real time adaptive controllers.     

基于块仿射分类和HD跟踪的视频分割方法*

提出一种自动视频分割方法,分为运动对象检测、对象跟踪、模型更新、分水岭轮廓提取四个阶段。与变化检测方法不同,该基于块的运动分类器能够检测背景具有一致运动情况下的运动对象。自动得到运动对象的二值模型并在随后帧中使用Hausdorff距离进行跟踪。将视频对象运动分为慢变和快变两部分,分别结合背景边缘模型进行匹配更新。最后提出彩色多尺度梯度修正的分水岭算法提取对象的轮廓。实验证明了算法的有效性。     

基于改进活动轮廓的视频对象自动分割及跟踪算法

为了能够从视频序列图像中准确地提取出运动视频对象,提出了一种基于改进活动轮廓的视频对象自动分割及跟踪方法。该方法首先采用连续帧间差的4次统计量假设检验来确定视频对象的运动区域,并使用形态滤波消除残余噪声和空洞;然后根据3帧序列图像得到的前后运动区域的相与运算来有效地解决运动视频对象前后帧的遮挡问题,以获得视频对象模板,当提取出视频对象模板的边缘轮廓后,再用梯度向量流场作为外力的改进活动轮廓算法来获得视频对象的精确轮廓;最后以此视频对象的轮廓为基础进行运动补偿,以得到下一帧图像的初始曲线,再使用改进的活动轮廓算法对下一帧图像进行分割,即可实现视频对象的跟踪。该方法不仅能够消除差分图像中的显露背景,得到运动视频对象精确的轮廓,并且可进行多目标的分割与跟踪。     

Kernel-based object tracking

A new approach toward target representation and localization, the central component in visual tracking of nonrigid objects, is proposed. The feature histogram-based target representations are regularized by spatial masking with an isotropic kernel. The masking induces spatially-smooth similarity functions suitable for gradient-based optimization, hence, the target localization problem can be formulated using the basin of attraction of the local maxima. We employ a metric derived from the Bhattacharyya coefficient as similarity measure, and use the mean shift procedure to perform the optimization. In the presented tracking examples, the new method successfully coped with camera motion, partial occlusions, clutter, and target scale variations. Integration with motion filters and data association techniques is also discussed. We describe only a few of the potential applications: exploitation of background information, Kalman tracking using motion models, and face tracking.     

采用测地线活动轮廓模型检测与跟踪运动目标

水平集几何活动轮廓模型能较好地适应曲线的拓扑变化.为了跟踪和获取刚体和非刚体运动目标的轮廓信息,提出了一种基于改进测地线活动轮廓(GAC)模型和Kalman滤波相结合的算法以检测和跟踪运动目标.该算法首先采用高斯混合模型和背景差分获取目标的运动区域,在运动区域内采用引入距离规则化项的GAC模型进行曲线演化,使改进GAC模型在运动目标的真实轮廓处收敛;然后通过结合Kalman滤波预测目标下一帧的位置,实现对目标轮廓跟踪.实验结果表明,该方法适用于刚体和非刚体目标,在部分遮挡的情况下也能保持良好的检测和跟踪效果.     

基于背景减除法的视频序列运动目标检测

视频序列中运动目标的检测是目标识别、标记和追踪的重要组成部分,背景减除法是运动目标检测中被广泛应用的算法。针对光线变化、噪声和局部运动等影响运动目标检测效果的问题,提出一种基于背景减除法的视频序列运动目标检测算法。该算法结合背景减除法和帧间差分法,对当前帧像素点的运动状态进行判断,分别对静止和运动的像素点进行替换和更新,采用最大类间方差（Otsu）法对差分图像进行目标提取,并使用数学形态学运算去除目标中的噪声和冗余信息。实验结果表明,所提算法对于视频序列中运动目标的检测具有较好的视觉效果和较高的准确度,能够克服局部运动以及噪声等缺陷。