自相似流量下包丢失的尺度特性

IP网络上的设备故障与流量拥塞经常导致网络数据丢包现象,研究网络上丢包行为的特性对于拥塞控制机制的设计、网络性能分析和服务质量保证都具有重要意义。文章基于ON/OF模型构造了具有长相关性包到达过程的链路流量,研究了在单路复用网络模型上的丢包特性,分析了丢包过程中体现的长相关特性,以及流量长相关性、缓冲区大小、输出链路速率因素与其长相关特性的关系。     

LIAD: Adaptive bandwidth prediction based Logarithmic Increase Adaptive Decrease for TCP congestion control in heterogeneous wireless networks

For accessing plentiful resources in the Internet through wireless mobile hosts, diverse wireless network standards and technologies have been developed and progressed significantly. The most successful examples include IEEE 802.11 WiFi for wireless networks and 3G/HSDPA/HSUPA for cellular communications. All IP-based applications are the primary motivations to make these networks successful. In TCP/IP transmissions, the TCP congestion control operates well in the wired network, but it is difficult to determine an accurate congestion window in a heterogeneous wireless network that consists of the wired Internet and various types of wireless networks. The primary reason is that TCP connections are impacted by not only networks congestion but also error wireless links. This paper thus proposes a novel adaptive window congestion control (namely Logarithmic Increase Adaptive Decrease, LIAD) for TCP connections in heterogeneous wireless networks. The proposed RTT-based LIAD has the capability to increase throughput while achieving competitive fairness among connections with the same TCP congestion mechanism and supporting friendliness among connections with different TCP congestion control mechanisms. In the Congestion Avoidance (CA) phase, an optimal shrink factor is first proposed for Adaptive Decreasing cwnd rather than a static decreasing mechanism used by most approaches. Second, we adopt a Logarithmic Increase algorithm to increase cwnd while receiving each ACK after causing three duplicate ACKs. The analyses of congestion window and throughput under different packet loss rate are analyzed. Furthermore, the state transition diagram of LIAD is detailed. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed LIAD outperforms other approaches in goodput, fairness, and friendliness under diverse heterogeneous wireless topologies. Especially, in the case of 10% packet loss rate in wireless links, the proposed approach increases goodput up to 156% and 1136% as compared with LogWestwood+ and NewReno, respectively.     

一种适用于无线网络的流媒体传输机制

为保证无线网络中多媒体数据的传输质量,提出了一种适用于无线网络的流媒体传输机制（WMTCC）。该机制通过发送探测报文区分网络拥塞丢包和链路误码随机丢包,准确判断网络的拥塞状况,实施发送速率调节,保证了流媒体服务质量(QoS)。由于准确区分出无线链路误码丢包,该机制在链路误码率较高时能维持较高的网络吞吐量。仿真实验结果显示在高误码率无线网络中,该机制可以获得更高的吞吐量和更大的拥塞窗口,并且发送速率的变化更加平滑。     

Service level agreements (SLAs) parameter negotiation between heterogeneous 4G wireless network operators

We are currently witnessing a growing interest of network operators to migrate their existing 2G/3G networks to 4G technologies such as long-term evolution (LTE) to enhance the user experience and service opportunities in terms of providing multi-megabit bandwidth, more efficient use of radio networks, latency reduction, and improved mobility. Along with this, there is a strong deployment of packet data networks such as those based on IEEE 802.11 and 802.16 standards. Mobile devices are having increased capabilities to access many of these wireless networks types at the same time. Reinforcing quality of service (QoS) in 4G wireless networks will be a major challenge because of varying bit rates, channel characteristics, bandwidth allocation and global roaming support among heterogeneous wireless networks. As a mobile user moves across access networks, to the issue of mapping resource reservations between different networks to maintain QoS behavior becomes crucial. To support global roaming and interoperability across heterogeneous wireless networks, it is important for wireless network operators to negotiate service level agreement (SLA) contracts relevant to the QoS requirements. Wireless IP traffic modeling (in terms of providing assured QoS) is still immature because the majority of the existing work is merely based on the characterization of wireless IP traffic without investigating the behavior of queueing systems for such traffic. To overcome such limitations, we investigate SLA parameter negotiation among heterogeneous wireless network operators by focusing on traffic engineering and QoS together for 4G wireless networks. We present a novel mechanism that achieves service continuity through SLA parameter negotiation by using a translation matrix, which maps QoS parameters between different access networks. The SLA matrix composition is modeled analytically based on the G/M/1 queueing system. We evaluate the model using two different scheduling schemes and we derive closed form expressions for different QoS parameters for performance metrics such as packet delay and packet loss rate. We also develop a discrete event simulator and conduct a series of simulation experiments in order to understand the QoS behavior of corresponding traffic classes.     

Improving explicit congestion notification with the mark-front strategy

Delivering congestion signals is essential to the performance of networks. Current TCP/IP networks use packet losses to signal congestion. Packet loss not only reduces TCP performance, but also adds large delay. Explicit congestion notification (ECN) delivers a faster indication of congestion and has better performance. However, current ECN implementations mark the packet from the tail of the queue. In this paper, we propose the mark-front strategy to send an even faster congestion signal. We show that mark-front strategy reduces buffer size requirement, improves link efficiency and provides better fairness among users. Simulation results that verify our analysis are also presented.     

无线网络TCP研究综述

如果把标准TCP直接应用于3种无线网络模型(蜂窝网络、Ad hoc网络和卫星网络)，由于其不能够区分丢包的原因，可能会错误地启动拥塞控制，导致性能下降,分析了3种无线网络模型中影响TCP性能的因素，指出为减轻这些因素造成的负面影响所必须增加的一些额外技术，总结了提高无线网络TCP性能的一些方法并对这些方法进行了比较和分类，指明了无线网络TCP的研究方向。     

Improving TCP fairness and performance with bulk transmission control over lossy wireless channel

The traditional windows-based TCP congestion control mechanism produces throughput bias against flows with longer packet roundtrip times; the flow with a short packet roundtrip time preoccupies the shared network bandwidth to a greater extent than others. Moreover, the blind window reduction that occurs whenever packets are lost decreases the network utilization severely, especially in networks with high packet losses. This paper proposes a sender-based TCP congestion control, called TCP-BT. The scheme estimates the network bandwidth depending on the transmission behavior of applications, and adjusts the congestion window by considering both the estimated network bandwidth and the packet roundtrip time to improve fairness as well as transmission performance. The scheme has been implemented in the Linux platform and compared with various TCP variants in real environments. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme improves transmission performance, especially in networks with congestion and/or high packet loss rates. Experiments in real commercial wireless networks have also been conducted to support the practical use of the proposed mechanism.     

Loss-resilient window-based congestion control

This paper addresses the problem of fair allocation of bandwidth resources on lossy channels in hybrid heterogeneous networks. It discusses more particularly the ability of window-based congestion control to support non-congestion related losses. We investigate methods for efficient packet loss recovery by retransmission, and build on explicit congestion control mechanisms to decouple the packet loss detection from the congestion feedback signals. For different retransmission strategies that respectively rely on conventional cumulative acknowledgments or accurate loss monitoring, we show how the principles underlying the TCP retransmission mechanisms have to be adapted in order to take advantage of an explicit congestion feedback. A novel retransmission timer is proposed in order to deal with multiple losses of data segments and, in consequence, to allow for aggressive reset of the connection recovery timer. It ensures significant benefit from temporary inflation of the send-out window, and hence the fair share of bottleneck bandwidth between loss-prone and lossy connections. Extensive simulations analyze the performance of the new loss monitoring and recovery strategies, when used with two distinct explicit congestion control mechanisms. The first one relies on a coarse binary congestion notification from the routers. The second one, introduced in [D. Katabi, M. Handley, C. Rohrs, Internet congestion control for high bandwidth-delay product environments, ACM SIGCOMM (2002) 89–102], exploits accurate and finely-tuned router feedbacks to compute a precise congestion window adjustment. For both congestion control mechanisms, we observe that retransmissions triggered based on a precise monitoring of losses lead to efficient utilization of lossy links, and provide a fair share of the bottleneck bandwidth between heterogeneous connections, even for high loss ratios and bursty loss processes. Explicit window-based congestion control, combined with appropriate error control strategies, can therefore provide a valid solution to reliable and controlled connections over lossy network infrastructures.     

End-to-End Security Across Wired-Wireless Networks for Mobile Users

ABSTRACT

Recent advances in mobile computing and wireless communication technologies are enabling high mobility and flexibility of anytime, anywhere service access for mobile users. As a result, network connections of such users often span over heterogeneous networking environments consisting of wired and wireless networking technologies. Both network heterogeneity and user mobility make the securing of data transmission over heterogeneous networks challenging and complex. In this paper, we focus on the challenge of providing secure end-to-end network transmissions to wireless mobile users. To minimize service interruption during ongoing secure sessions of mobile users, we present the design and implementation of an approach based on the well-known Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) standard. We conducted a performance evaluation of our implementation using a Voice over IP (VoIP) application over an actual network testbed. Our empirical performance results demonstrate a packet loss improvement of 17% to 34% (for various VoIP packet sizes) and a handoff delay improvement of almost 24% validating the high efficiency of our proposed approach.     

一种基于蚁群优化的WSN拥塞控制算法*

针对无线传感器网络中由于拥塞引起的丢包和能量过度消耗等问题,提出了一种基于蚁群优化的拥塞控制算法以减轻WSN中的拥塞和改进网络性能。该算法充分考虑了给定时刻WSN的拥塞状况,分成三个阶段在源节点和sink节点间寻找一条最佳的路径,并及时地消除拥塞。仿真实验结果表明,该算法在网络吞吐量、丢包率、时延和能耗方面具有较好的综合网络性能。     

一种无线Mesh网络跨层丢包通告机制

现有TCP机制无法有效区分网络丢包是拥塞丢包还是“失聪”丢包。针对该问题,提出一种在无线Mesh网络环境下跨层显示“失聪”丢包通告机制。该机制在系统使用定向天线条件下采用基于忙音的媒体接入控制机制区分数据丢包原因,通过IP和TCP跨层设计显示通告帧和定义的多跳转发规则向源端进行正确的通告。利用该机制对线性无线Mesh网络进行理论推导和分析,并通过数值实验证明其可行性和有效性。     

Multiple TFRC Connections Based Rate Control for Wireless Networks

Rate control is an important issue in video streaming applications for both wired and wireless networks. A widely accepted rate control method in wired networks is equation based rate control , in which the TCP friendly rate is determined as a function of packet loss rate, round trip time and packet size. This approach, also known as TCP friendly rate control (TFRC), assumes that packet loss in wired networks is primarily due to congestion, and as such is not applicable to wireless networks in which the bulk of packet loss is due to error at the physical layer. In this paper, we propose multiple TFRC connections as an end-to-end rate control solution for wireless video streaming. We show that this approach not only avoids modifications to the network infrastructure or network protocol, but also results in full utilization of the wireless channel. NS-2 simulations, actual experiments over 1$times$RTT CDMA wireless data network, and and video streaming simulations using traces from the actual experiments, are carried out to validate, and characterize the performance of our proposed approach.     

无线移动网络中增强TCP性能的技术综述

TCP是因特网上的主要传输协议，在数据包丢失主要是由拥塞引起的传统网络上，TCP可以充分发挥其性能，但是在无线移动网络中，TCP将无线信道比特差错和移动切换引起的数据包丢失误归于网络发生拥塞而采取拥塞控制措施，不必要地降低了端到的吞吐率，导致自身性能的下降，首先阐述了当前无线移动网络的发展状况和TCP面临的问题，在此基础上，综述和评价了各种增强TCP性能的技术方案，最后，结合无线移动通信系统的最新进展，分析和探讨了当前存在的问题和进一步的研究方向。     

LTE系统中提高TCP性能的资源调度算法研究

LTE可以提供真正无处不在基于IP的移动宽带业务,但随着承载网的IP化,网络拥塞、丢包、抖动、延时等质量问题将影响到LTE业务层的QoS质量.作为LTE无线资源管理的核心,研究并设计一个良好的资源调度算法是提高数据业务的性能和终端用户的体验是一个亟待解决的重要任务.本文通过借鉴LTE对VoIP数据分组的半持续调度算法的思想,提出了一种LTE的无线资源调度的改进方案.方案将TCP确认包映射到具有更高优先级的空闲逻辑信道,从而降低了ACK包在无线信道中发生丢弃和拥塞的概率,避免了TCP拥塞控制机制的频繁开启.仿真结果表明,本文提出的TCP确认包映射转换方案在RTT时延、吞吐量等方面均有一定的提升,具有一定的稳定性和性能优势.     

Improving Throughput of Transmission Control Protocol Using Cross Layer Approach

Most of the internet users connect through wireless networks. Major part of internet traffic is carried by Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It has some design constraints while operated across wireless networks. TCP is the traditional predominant protocol designed for wired networks. To control congestion in the network, TCP used acknowledgment to delivery of packets by the end host. In wired network, packet loss signals congestion in the network. But rather in wireless networks, loss is mainly because of the wireless characteristics such as fading, signal strength etc. When a packet travels across wired and wireless networks, TCP congestion control theory faces problem during handshake between them. This paper focuses on finding this misinterpretation of the losses using cross layer approach. This paper focuses on increasing bandwidth usage by improving TCP throughput in wireless environments using cross layer approach and hence named the proposed system as CRLTCP. TCP misinterprets wireless loss as congestion loss and unnecessarily reduces congestion window size. Using the signal strength and frame error rate, the type of loss is identified and accordingly the response of TCP is modified. The results show that there is a significant improvement in the throughput of proposed TCP upon which bandwidth usage is increased.     

加密环境中的无线TCP性能优化

TCP是一种广泛使用的可靠传输协议,它的设计基于拥塞是引起丢包主要原因的假设。但在无线网络中,丢包通常是传输差错的缘故,这导致了TCP传输性能的急剧下降。现有不少无线TCP传输性能优化方法要求中间节点能够获得TCP连接信息,因此不适用于数据流被加密的情况。文中提出的丢包识别机制可应用于加密环境,它通过TCP发送端判断丢包原因并采取相应措施来提高传输速率,仿真结果证明该方法是有效的、鲁棒的,在局域网和广域网环境中都能明显提高TCP端到端传输性能。     

移动支持协议切换性能研究

切换是移动支持协议研究的重要内容,其性能好坏对移动网络的性能和服务质量提供具有至关重要的影响.在合适的网络模型和切换模型的基础上,通过理论分析和数值仿真的方法对各类移动支持协议(包括移动IP与微观移动协议以及不同的微观移动协议)的切换性能进行了深入的研究和比较.结果表明,切换性能受无线网络参数和移动支持协议的路径更新算法两个因素影响;采用微观移动协议时的切换性能好于只使用移动IP时的情形;在所有微观移动协议中,MIP-RR和MMP协议中的路径更新算法切换性能最佳.     

OmniCon: a Mobile IP‐based vertical handoff system for wireless LAN and GPRS links

Wi‐Fi based hotspots offer mobile users broadband wireless Internet connectivity in public work spaces and corporate/university campuses. Despite the aggressive deployment of these hotspots in recent years, high‐speed wireless Internet access remains restricted to small geographical areas due to the limited physical coverage of wireless LANs. On the other hand, despite their lower throughput, cellular networks have a significantly wider coverage and are thus much more available. Recognizing that 2.5G or 3G cellular networks can effectively complement wireless LANs, we set out to develop a vertical handoff system that allows mobile users to seamlessly fall back to such cellular networks as the general packet radio service (GPRS) or 3G whenever wireless LAN connectivity is not available. The resulting handoff mechanism allows a network connection of a mobile node to operate over multiple wireless access networks in a way that is transparent to end user applications. In this paper, we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of a fully operational vertical handoff system, called OmniCon, which enables mobile nodes to automatically switch between wireless LAN and GPRS, based on wireless LAN availability, by introducing a simple extension to the existing Mobile IP implementation. We discuss the design issues in the proposed vertical handoff system for heterogeneous networks, including connection setup problems due to network address translation, and the disparity in link characteristics between wireless LANs and GPRS. A detailed performance evaluation study of the OmniCon prototype demonstrates its ability to migrate active network connections between these two wireless technologies with low handoff latency and close to zero packet loss. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance improvement in wireless networks using cross-layer ARQ

This paper presents a novel cross-layer approach (LLE-TCP) designed for performance enhancement of TCP over a large variety of wireless networks. LLE-TCP avoids TCP ACK packet transmission over the wireless channel. As a result, the saved time can be utilized by the nodes for data packet delivery. The proposed scheme enhances the protocol stacks of the wireless sender (or a base station) and the receiver with cross-layer ARQ agents which support ACK suppression. ARQ agent suppresses the outgoing ACKs at the receiver side and generates them locally at the sender or base station.The performance evaluation of the proposed approach is performed via simulations as well as IEEE 802.11 testbed experiments for single-hop and infrastructure network scenarios. LLE-TCP demonstrates the performance improvement in the range of 20–100% depending on the transmitted TCP/IP datagram size.Among the factors contributing to performance enhancement are: medium busy time reduction, reduced sensibility to link errors, reduced round trip time (RTT), and improved congestion control.A good level of throughput fairness as well as a fair coexistence with state-of-the-art TCP modifications ensures proper functionality of the proposed approach, while performance advantages extended even on non-LLE-TCP users favor an incremental deployment of the technique in existing networks.     

适用于异构网络的改进TCP协议研究

在有线网络中,网络丢包主要是网络拥塞造成的,而传统的TCP协议主要是针对有线网络设计的。对于无线网络,链路错误的随机丢包成为其主要的丢包,传统的TCP已不再适用。为了使TCP适用于有线-无线的异构网络中,提出一种改进的TCP协议(命名为TCP-Ackflag)。此协议通过接收端判断分组数据的相对延迟趋势来判断网络拥塞情况,并在接收端反馈给发送端的ACK包中定义一个拥塞标志位。接收端在接收ACK包中,记录这个拥塞标志位。为了使网络能达到最大吞吐量,发送端只有在发现产生网络丢包现象后再立即对记录的拥塞标志位的值进行检测,通过检测到的拥塞标志位的值来判断网络拥塞情况,最终决定是进入网络拥塞处理过程还是简单地快速重传过程,从而保证了有线-无线异构网络的传输性能。仿真结果表明,此方案对网络拥塞判断准确性和灵敏性都有极大提高,并在此基础上保证了网络传输性能。