液体炸药起爆弹的研究

本文介绍了一种新研制的NGY液体炸药起爆弹(俗称起爆包),以及用其代替TNT/RDX药柱引爆铵油炸药(ANFO)的应用研究。     

雷管底部形状对起爆能力的影响

本文是研究工程爆破雷管不同底部形状时的起爆能力。为了尽量同使用情况一致,采用2号矿药作为被发炸药,以直接和雷管接触起爆为主。为对比起见也测定了雷管起爆梯恩梯药柱的空气隙长度。实验证明:在直接接触的情况下,平底的,甚至凸底的雷管起爆能力比凹底的稍好一点。保守些说,也无相差。只有在通过空气隙起爆时,无底的纸雷管,凹底的比平底的起爆能力强些。     

废弹药再利用制造起爆具

利用起爆具的基本配方与制造工艺,在熔化TNT后的混制工序中将废弹药拆分所得猛炸药和熔化TNT混合,经搅拌制备成混合炸药,浇注入放置传爆药柱的壳体中,制成起爆具。试验结果表明,利用废弹药所配制的混合炸药性能优越,进而制成的起爆具完全能满足用户需求。这种拆分废弹药再利用,既节约了资源,降低了处理成本,又改善了环境,实现了资源循环利用。     

SY药柱轴向等离子体起爆下的爆轰特性

为了得到乙二胺·三乙烯二胺·高氯酸盐(SY)在电爆作用下的爆轰特性,以镍-铬(Ni-Cr)丝、铝(Al)丝和钨(W)丝作为等离子体源,进行了SY的等离子体起爆特性研究。在改变炸药密度、炸药粒度和添加组分进行包覆等条件下,得到相对应的起爆阈值;通过比较阈值大小以判断起爆难易程度。结果表明:炸药粒度较小或装药密度较大时,更容易起爆。等离子体起爆SY药柱时,SY粒度与装药密度相比,粒度大小对起爆难易的影响作用更大。当装药密度大、炸药粒度小时,由氟橡胶包覆的SY相对容易起爆。SY药柱对这几种金属桥丝等离子体感度由大到小的顺序为:Ni-Cr丝、W丝、Al丝。另外,药柱的中心孔径较小时更容易被起爆。     

新型传爆药柱起爆能力研究

为了适应钝感弹药对传爆序列提出的新要求,综合运用炸药冲击起爆理论、有效装药理论、聚能效应,设计了环形传爆药柱,并设计了适用于环形传爆药柱起爆的4点和8点同步起爆网路.利用主装药轴向钢凹法研究了环形传爆药柱的起爆能力,并与圆柱形传爆柱进行对比.实验结果表明:多点起爆条件下环形传爆药柱的起爆能力高于圆柱形传爆药柱,8点起爆效果优于4点起爆效果.     

挡墙对爆炸冲击波传播影响的数值模拟

基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)算法,采用有限元软件AutoDyn,对TNT 炸药地面起爆后,爆炸冲击波遇到挡墙时的传播规律进行了三维数值模拟。分析了炸药在自由空气中,刚性地面上,沙土地面上起爆情况下,对不同方向超压分布的影响,研究了当冲击波遇到挡墙时其迎爆面的超压和比冲量分布及冲击波绕射之后挡墙后方的超压和比冲量分布规律。分析结果表明:炸药起爆环境对冲击波超压有明显的影响,其影响程度随方向而定。爆炸冲击波遇到混凝土挡墙后将产生约2 倍于入射压力的反射超压;在比距离较小时,挡墙迎爆面的最大压力和比冲量均出现在挡墙底部。爆炸冲击波绕过挡墙之后将会发生环流汇聚现象,并且在冲击波相互碰撞下汇合处的超压较大。     

一种新的爆轰传递方式及起爆装置

一种新的爆轰传递方式及起爆装置一种先进的器件──用于深井勘探的高温高压起爆装置现已问世。该装置包含一个细长的轴向开孔和一端嵌入导体中的软管。初级炸药是用电起爆的，一个或多个次级炸药传爆药柱在具有横向隔板的套管内排列成行。传爆药柱和导爆索起爆装置联接。...     

浆状炸药起爆药的改革

目前,浆状炸药的用量不断增加。由于它的起爆感度低,不能用雷管直接起爆,需要用强力的起爆剂才能达到稳定爆轰。因此,中继起爆药柱的用量也不断增加。目前国内外沿用熔铸黑梯药柱起爆浆状炸药。但这种起爆药柱具有如下的缺点: (1)梯恩梯有毒,吸入梯恩梯蒸气或粉尘有损于人体健康。生产上曾因此发生过中毒     

QJGB型起爆具的研制

研究了一种特殊装药结构的起爆具,该起爆具以TNT45／RDX55熔铸梯黑炸药为起爆药芯,以纯TNT熔铸炸药为主装药,同传统起爆具相比,高能、敏感组分RDX含量大幅度降低,不仅大幅降低了产品材料成本,也由于RDX的减少而提高了起爆具生产、使用的安全性,产品爆速在7000m／s以上,符合WJ9045--2004I型工业起爆具要求,具有良好的经济、社会效益。     

无起爆药雷管的装药与爆轰

(一) 雷管的爆轰 1.有起爆药雷管的爆轰普通有起爆药雷管的装药,由起爆药(如DDNP)和炸药柱(如黑索今药柱)组成。外界因素(如导火索的火焰)首先引爆起爆药,起爆药再引爆炸药柱,从而完成整个雷管的爆轰。其爆轰成长过程如图1所示。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度

本文根据多年的实践检定经验 ,参照JJF1 0 59- 1 999《测量不确定度评定与表示》以及《测量不确定度表达 1 0讲》 ,对卧式金属罐容量的测量结果不确定度进行了评定。     

盐酸浓度不确定度的评估

通过对盐酸浓度标定的过程分析，找出影响结果的各个分量，进行不确定度的评定，按照计量技术规范给出标准的表示法。     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。