热喷涂轨迹对涂层结构及性能影响的研究进展

热喷涂技术是表面工程中一门重要的学科,是重要的表面防护和强化技术之一。针对热喷涂轨迹对涂层结构及性能的影响,综述了热喷涂过程中喷枪移动路径、移动速度、倾斜角度以及喷涂距离等工艺参数对平面和曲面涂层厚度均匀性、孔隙率、应力分布、沉积效率等指标的作用;将基体分为平面和曲面两种类型,归纳了喷涂轨迹参数对涂层结构和性能的影响规律。最后,对热喷涂轨迹规划的未来研究重点做出了展望。     

喷涂轨迹对齿柱表面耐磨涂层沉积均匀性的影响

设计和采用不同的喷涂轨迹,通过超音速火焰喷涂技术在铝齿柱表面制备了WC-10Co4Cr涂层,利用金相显微镜(OM)、SEM和显微硬度测试等进行了涂层的微观组织观测和厚度、硬度均匀性分析。结果表明:涂层致密,与基体结合非常好。涂层厚度和硬度分布不均匀,齿槽底沉积率高,厚度偏大,啮合面和齿顶位置厚度在160～210μm之间,数值分散性较小,齿槽底涂层硬度低,HV0.3≈700～800,啮合面和齿顶位置涂层硬度高,HV0.3在1150～1300范围内。齿形件的喷涂轨迹参数2 H影响齿顶面、啮合面和齿槽等不同位置的喷涂角度和沉积环境,导致涂层形貌、沉积率和硬度均有差别。2 H=55mm时,不同齿形位置的涂层厚度和硬度分布更均匀,但齿槽底涂层存在孔隙,硬度偏低。     

电弧喷涂工艺参数对Zn-Al伪合金制模涂层性能的影响

为了提高电弧喷涂模具的复制精度和使用寿命,研究了喷涂工艺参数变化对电弧喷涂制模中Zn-Al伪合金金属壳的硬度和致密性的影响.试验采用Zn丝作阴极,Al丝作阳极进行电弧喷涂.在固定喷枪移动速度和喷涂角度为90°的条件下,分析得出,送丝速度和喷涂距离对伪合金涂层硬度、孔隙率影响较小,而电弧电压和压缩空气压力对伪合金涂层硬度、孔隙率影响较大,并通过正交分析法得出了电弧喷涂制备Zn-Al伪合金涂层的最佳工艺参数:电弧电压30 V,送丝速度5m/min,喷涂距离200mm,压缩空气压力0.5 MPa.最后分析了不同工艺参数下涂层的金相组织.     

电场仪球形传感器涂覆方案研究

电场仪涂层的均匀性是影响其电场测量精度的重要因素,手工喷涂方案难以满足涂层的均匀性需求,且工艺不稳定.为解决电场仪球形传感器涂层喷涂的均匀性问题,提出了一种新的喷涂方案,采用机械臂带动喷枪运动,在喷枪与球形传感器之间增加带开口的挡板,通过改变开口的形状控制喷涂到球形传感器上的涂料量,从而实现涂层的均匀性.初步实验得到的结果看,涂层的均匀性较好,而且提高了涂层质量,因此该方案能够最终解决电场仪球形传感器的涂覆问题.     

非标准齿形超音速火焰喷涂WC-10Co4Cr层的均匀性分析

异形面或非常复杂的曲面上的涂层的均匀性对其性能和使用寿命影响很大,而目前此类研究非常少.采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)技术在6061铝非标准齿形件表面制备了WC-10Co4Cr涂层,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、光学显微镜和显微硬度计测试分析了涂层的微观组织、厚度分布和硬度分布,并探讨了齿形参数对涂层均匀性的影响.结果表明:所得涂层致密,与基体之间结合良好,但厚度和硬度分布不均匀;齿槽底涂层厚度偏大,硬度最低,齿顶位置涂层硬度最高,啮合面涂层硬度介于二者之间;全齿高h对齿槽底和齿顶处涂层的厚度和硬度均匀性影响不大,但h增大会导致啮合面涂层沉积厚度大幅降低,硬度略微降低;根据提出的简化齿形喷涂参数可以预测热喷涂齿形工件获得均匀涂层的可能性.     

电弧喷涂NiCrAlY在航空发动机零件上的应用研究

采用正交试验法,探讨了电弧喷涂参数对NiCrAlY涂层组织性能的影响规律,借助粘接强度、粗糙度等性能参数,比较了每个因素对应的不同水平的k值,获得了最佳工艺参数为:喷涂电压32 V,喷涂电流200 A,喷涂空气压力0.48 MPa,喷涂距离120 mm,送丝速度60～80 mm/min,喷枪移动速度20～25 mm/s,零件转速300 r/min.并使用统计分析法(SPC)进行了验证.     

冷喷涂技术的研究现状及进展

综述了冷喷涂技术的原理和特点,重点讨论了冷喷涂过程中粒子的临界速度和涂层质量的影响因素及涂层的沉积机制,并阐述了涂层的应用进展和发展趋势,指出合理地控制喷涂参数是获得性能优异涂层的重要条件,同时改进喷枪结构,制备功能涂层和复合涂层将是冷喷涂发展的主要方向。     

喷涂距离对Fe基非晶涂层孔隙影响的研究

热喷涂涂层中孔隙的存在会降低涂层的耐蚀性,减少涂层寿命,而热喷涂工艺参数很大程度上影响涂层的孔隙率。本文采用计算机数值模拟和设计验证实验的分析方法,重点研究了JP-8000超音速火焰喷涂系统(HVOF)制备Fe基非晶涂层工艺参数中喷涂距离与涂层孔隙的关联性。利用商用计算软件Fluent计算平台,研究加入粉末粒子前,喷枪内火焰温度和速度的变化规律,以及加入非晶粉末后,不同喷涂距离条件下颗粒飞行过程的温度和速度的变化规律。仿真结果表明,喷涂距离为360~380 mm时,非晶粉末颗粒在撞击基板时处于半融化状态,颗粒在基板上具有良好的流动性,可获得孔隙率较低的涂层。验证实验结果与仿真结果一致。X射线衍射结果表明,粉末、不同喷涂距离所制备的涂层以及同成分的非晶条带均为完全非晶态结构。SEM和孔隙率统计结果表明,喷涂距离为370 mm时,涂层截面的孔隙较少,且孔隙率最低,为0.57%,验证了计算模拟优化的最佳喷涂距离范围。     

Cr_2O_3-8%TiO_2等离子喷涂层结合强度、表面状态与喷涂层厚度的关系

以往,有关等离子喷涂CrO3-8%TiO2涂层厚度与涂层性能关系的报道较少,为此,通过优化工艺参数,在45钢表面等离子喷涂不同厚度(350,450,550μm)的Cr2O3-8%TiO2涂层,研究了涂层厚度与其结合强度、硬度和孔隙率之间的关系。涂层厚度为350,450,550μm时,结合强度分别为29.2,11.5,7.2MPa,显微硬度分别为2528,2190,1930HV;孔隙率分别为3.80%,3.95%,4.45%。结果表明,随Cr2O3-8%TiO2喷涂层厚度的增加,涂层的结合强度减小,孔隙率增加,造成显微硬度降低。     

等离子喷涂WC-12Co涂层的组织与性能

为了提高WC-12Co涂层的喷涂质量,采用大气等离子喷涂(APS)方法在Q235钢基体上制备WC-12Co复合涂层,探讨了不同工艺参数下涂层的组织与性能,用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和能谱仪(EDS)研究涂层形貌和微观组织及涂层成分演变规律,采用显微硬度计测试涂层显微硬度。结果表明:涂层主要由WC和W2C以及少量的Co3W3C和Co6W6C相组成;涂层主要以机械结合方式为主,厚度大约在300μm,粘结层厚度约为60μm。该试验最优工艺参数为电流300 A,送粉率50 g/min,喷涂距离110 mm;优化后涂层硬度为1 169HV0.5 N,孔隙率为3.6%。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。