敞开体系快速水溶液聚合法合成高吸水性树脂的研究

对丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)的水溶液聚合反应进行了研究,合成了高吸水性树脂,探讨了中和度、单体配比、交联剂用量、引发剂用量、水浴温度等对高吸水性树脂吸液倍率的影响,并用红外光谱对产物的结构进行了表征.5min合成的高吸水性树脂吸水倍率高达1600g·g-1,在质量分数为0.9%的食盐水中的吸液倍率达155g·g-...     

羽毛蛋白接枝丙烯酸高吸水性树脂的合成工艺研究

以改性羽毛蛋白和丙烯酸为主要原料,N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,硫酸钾-亚硫酸氢钠为引发剂,采用溶液聚合法制备了羽毛蛋白接枝聚丙烯酸高吸水性树脂[-P(MFP-g-AA)],并对影响树脂吸水倍率及单体转化率的各种因素进行了考察.结果表明,制备P(MFP-g-AA)的适宜条件是:WMFP:WAA=10%、W交联剂:WAA=0.12%、W引发剂:WAA=0.6%、丙烯酸中和度90%、反应温度60℃、反应时间2h.     

水解条件对聚天冬氨酸高吸水性树脂的性能影响

以中间体聚琥珀酰亚胺(PSI)为原料,己二胺为交联剂,通过在乙醇和水的混合介质中水解,合成了环境友好型的聚天冬氨酸高吸水性树脂。研究了乙醇和水的体积比对水解过程和产物性能的影响。结果表明,当乙醇和水的体积比为7∶3时,树脂分散均匀,体系无粘结,且水解产物吸水性能最好。通过正交实验考察了在最佳乙醇用量的水解介质中进行水解时,PSI相对分子质量、水解温度、体系pH值和水解时间对吸水性树脂吸水性能的影响,得到了合成高吸水性树脂的最佳工艺条件为:PSI分子量为88500、水解温度35℃、pH值9.5～10.0、水解时间4h。在此最优条件下所制备的吸水性树脂的吸水率达1021倍。对产物进行TG测试结果表明,所制备的吸水树脂具有良好的热稳定性。     

梧桐树叶制备吸水性树脂的研究

以梧桐树叶为原料,接枝丙烯酸和丙烯酰胺,N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)为交联剂,采用反相乳液聚合方法制备具有立体网状结构的高吸水性树脂.通过单因素实验研究制备条件对树脂吸水倍率的影响,并利用扫描电镜产物进行了表征.研究了单体用量、分散剂用量、油水比等对树脂性能的影响.从而制定出最佳合成方案.     

生物质纤维丝制取高吸水性树脂的研究

以丝瓜络为原料制备羧甲基纤维素钠,进而与丙烯酸接枝共聚制备出高吸水性树脂。分析了丙烯酸用量、交联剂用量、引发剂用量、单体中和度和反应温度等因素对高吸水性树脂性能的影响,并用红外光谱对产物的结构进行了表征。结果表明:合成的高吸水性树脂的吸水倍率达1500g·g-1,在质量分数为0.9%的食盐水中的吸液倍率达115g·g-1。     

分子筛改性羧甲基纤维素类高吸水性树脂研究

以羧甲基纤维素(CMC),丙烯酸(AA),2-丙烯酰胺2甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为原料,过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,经接枝共聚制备高吸水性树脂;为提高高吸水性树脂的耐热性能,使用分子筛对高吸水性树脂进行改性,探讨了分子筛种类和用量对高吸水性树脂性能的影响,测定了改性后高吸水性树脂的吸水倍率、吸水速率、再生性能和耐热性能,通过对其性能进行比较得出:添加0.5g的13X分子筛改性高吸水性树脂效果最佳,所得产物吸水倍率为675g·g-1,吸水速率、再生性能和耐热性能也比改性前有显著提高.     

FP-g-P(AA-co-AM)高吸水树脂的制备

研究了鱼蛋白(FP)接枝聚合丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)制备蛋白改性高吸水性树脂的方法.通过对产品吸(盐)水性能的测试,得到合成产品的合适条件为:鱼蛋白、引发剂和交联剂相对单体的量分别约为7.5%、1.0%和0.025%,丙烯酸与丙烯酰胺的质量比为9:1,丙烯酸中和度为90%,单体质量分数为18%.在此条件下制备的高吸水性树脂,其吸水倍率达1061g/g,吸盐水倍率达136g/g.并用红外光谱对产物进行了表征.     

耐盐性高吸水性树脂的制备及性能研究

采用水溶液聚合法合成了耐盐性丙烯酰胺型高吸水性树脂,在系统地考察单体配比、中和度、交联剂和引发剂用量对高吸水性树脂加压(约2kPa)吸液性能影响的基础上,运用正交实验对工艺条件进行优化,制备出加压下在去离子水和质量分数为0.9%的盐水中的吸水倍率分别为75和23.1的高吸水性树脂。     

AM类互穿网络结构高吸水性树脂的室温制备与表征

通过水溶液自由基聚合的方法,以丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)和2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为原料制备了AM类高吸水性树脂。室温条件下,考察了各反应因素对树脂吸水性能的影响,通过正交优化试验确定最佳的合成条件为:单体总浓度35%,单体质量配比5.0∶5.0∶2.0,引发剂浓度0.4%,交联剂浓度0.55%,吸水膨胀倍率高达250g/g之多。采用红外光谱(IR)和扫锚电镜(SEM)分别对合成的高吸水性树脂表征并进行结构分析。     

聚丙烯酸钠/纳米纤维素晶体-g-聚丙烯酰胺复合高吸水性树脂的制备与表征EI北大核心CSCD

先用铈(Ⅳ)盐引发丙烯酰胺(AM)在纳米纤维素晶体(NCC)表面接枝聚合,接枝产物NCC-g-PAM可稳定地分散在丙烯酸钠/丙烯酸混合单体水溶液中,然后以N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺作交联剂通过原位光聚合制得聚丙烯酸钠(PAANa)/NCC-g-PAM复合高吸水性树脂。用红外光谱、X射线衍射、元素分析等方法对NCC-g-PAM进行了表征,通过红外光谱、扫描电镜、溶胀实验考察了NCC-g-PAM的添加对高吸水性树脂结构、形貌和吸水性能的影响。结果表明,NCC-g-PAM中NCC的晶态结构未改变,聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的含量为59.54%。PAANa/NCC-g-PAM复合高吸水性树脂具有丰富的网孔结构,NCC-g-PAM中的PAM链与PAANa基体间形成了氢键。与PAANa高吸水性树脂相比,PAANa/NCC-g-PAM复合高吸水性树脂的吸水倍率和吸水速率均有所增加,吸水倍率最高可达3000 g/g,是PAANa的3.2倍,吸生理盐水倍率最高可达139 g/g,是PAANa的2.5倍。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。