发动机连杆螺栓断裂原因分析

某汽车发动机连杆螺栓在发动机台架耐久试验中发生断裂。通过宏观检验、化学成分分析、扫描电镜分析、金相检验、能谱分析等方法,对螺栓的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:该连杆螺栓断裂模式为多源疲劳断裂;裂纹内部存在大量的磷和锌元素,说明在搓丝工序时螺栓已经产生了微小裂纹;在后期的磷化处理中,磷化液渗入微小裂纹中;台架耐久试验过程中裂纹逐步疲劳扩展并导致螺栓断裂。     

发电机组轮毂变桨轴承螺栓断裂原因分析

某风力发电公司的变桨轴承螺栓在使用半年后发生断裂。采用金相检验、化学成分分析、硬度测试及断口分析等方法对该螺栓断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:裂纹起源于螺帽与螺杆连接的R角处,该处为应力集中部位,在螺栓松动后,垫片在交变载荷的作用下不断撞击螺栓R角处并在螺杆表面造成损伤,当损伤达到一定程度后,再加上螺杆表面存在脱碳现象,造成表面裂纹的萌生,裂纹在交变载荷的作用下扩展,导致螺栓发生疲劳断裂。     

曲臂应力腐蚀开裂分析

曲臂是车体中的重要零件。制造中采用模锻件调质热处理，然后对加工的销钉孔局部进行高频淬火加中低温回火，要求销钉与销钉孔静配合，整体进行磷化处理。该批零件组装前进行检验时发现28％的零件在位于销钉孔周边薄壁处发生开裂或断裂。经过三件裂纹曲臂进行材质、硬度、显微组织结构、裂纹特征分析以及断裂面扫描电子显微镜（SEM）二次电子像和X射线能谱仪（EDS）元素定性分析认为，由于销钉孔高频热处理后硬度偏高并产生变形，销钉装配过盈量较大，造成销钉孔周边存在较大的内应力；高频淬火工艺控制不当，使销钉孔表面发生脱碳现象，降低了材料低御裂纹形成和扩展的能力；在磷化处理过程中因氢腐蚀导致零件开裂。     

法兰密封螺栓断裂失效分析

通过宏观检验、化学成分分析、拉伸试验、硬度试验、金相检验、断口分析等方法对某批20Cr13钢法兰密封螺栓断裂失效原因进行了分析。结果表明:由于淬火加热温度偏低造成该法兰密封螺栓显微组织中存在大量颗粒状碳化物,部分区域还存在大量带状未溶铁素体,致使该处产生应力集中,并造成螺栓的强度偏低、硬度分散度大,组织存在严重的不均匀性,当螺栓承受正常的工作载荷时,就会在应力集中的法兰密封螺栓螺纹根部沿着铁素体带产生裂纹并疲劳扩展,最终导致螺栓断裂失效。     

风力发电机塔筒紧固用高强螺栓断裂失效分析

某电力公司风力发电机塔筒底座紧固用高强螺栓使用4a(年)后,在进行检修时发现个别断裂现象。通过对螺栓断口进行宏观检验以及扫描电镜分析,并对螺栓材料进行化学成分分析、金相检验以及硬度测试,查明了螺栓断裂原因。结果表明:该螺栓断裂属于低应力高周疲劳断裂,螺栓在调质处理过程中发生严重的表面脱碳,导致螺栓表面硬度和强度降低,于是在应力集中的螺纹根部萌生裂纹,并疲劳扩展直至断裂。     

水轮机制动器螺栓断裂原因分析

某水电站水轮机制动器闸板螺栓发生断裂,通过宏观观察、断口微观分析、化学成分分析、金相检验及硬度测试等方法对螺栓的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:螺栓的螺纹表面存在折叠和微裂纹等加工缺陷,应力在该处集中;且生产过程中热处理工艺控制不当,螺栓显微组织不是调质组织,且存在魏氏组织,使螺栓力学性能下降;当受到较大冲击力时,裂纹从加工缺陷处起裂并迅速扩展,导致螺栓断裂。     

42CrMo钢高强度螺栓轴向开裂失效分析

某8.8级42CrMo钢高强度螺栓,在热处理后滚丝过程中发生轴向开裂。利用化学成分分析、宏观检验以及金相检验等方法对螺栓开裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:螺栓开裂主要是因为其原材料表面存在呈线状分布的锻造折叠缺陷,折叠缺陷末端形成应力集中,在热处理淬火时成为了裂纹源,于强大的淬火应力和滚压应力作用下诱发了螺栓轴向开裂。     

快卸卡箍螺栓断裂原因分析

通过断口形貌观察、X射线能谱分析、金相检验和硬度检测等试验方法,对某燃油供油导管快卸卡箍螺栓的断裂原因进行了分析,并与螺栓冲击断口和氢致疲劳断口进行了比较分析。结果表明:该快卸卡箍螺栓断口特征与冲击断口和氢致疲劳断口明显不同,其断裂性质为应力腐蚀断裂,裂纹起源于螺栓光杆段的侧表面;螺栓表面加工粗糙且没有防护对裂纹的萌生有一定的影响。对螺栓表面进行防腐处理可有效避免该类故障的再次发生。     

钻杆吊卡轴销断裂原因分析

采用化学成分分析、断口分析、金相检验以及力学性能测试等方法,对某钻杆吊卡轴销断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:由于该轴销外表面存在原始淬火裂纹,加之其冲击韧度和塑性较差,从而导致其在较大的冲击载荷作用下裂纹失稳扩展而脆性断裂。     

汽车右后拖曳臂轴断裂原因分析

某汽车仅使用2d(天)、行驶56km,其右后拖曳臂轴即发生断裂。采用断口宏观和微观检验、硬度测试、金相检验、化学成分分析等方法,对该右后拖曳臂轴断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明:该轴断裂性质为沿晶脆性断裂,断裂的主要原因是其锻造组织存在缺陷及未经调质处理,使轴的强度大大降低;次要原因是轴表面因磨削加工过热形成了表面磨削淬火层,增加了轴表面的脆性及拉应力,使微裂纹在轴表面产生。     

螺栓断裂原因与抽检结果分析

采用断口宏观形貌观察、化学成分分析、显微组织检验、力学性能测试及腐蚀产物的X射线衍射分析等手段，对断裂与部分抽检的卡瓦螺栓进行了综合试验分析。结果表明，断裂螺栓为应力腐蚀断裂。而从抽检的螺栓中发现，有的化学成分不符合要求，有的热处理工艺不合理，有的存在表面淬火裂纹等，螺栓质量的不合格率约10％。在质量分析的基础上，提出相应的改进措施。     

Failure analysis of stress corrosion cracking in aircraft bolts

This research was conducted on the failure analysis of the failed clamp bolt from a helicopter engine in the RoKAF. Through the fractography, metallography, and stress analysis of the failed part, it was found that the clamp bolt was fractured by stress corrosion cracking due to the interaction of tensile residual stress and corrosive environment. The stress corrosion crack is a phenomenon that occurs in susceptible alloys and is caused by the conjoint action of a surface tensile stress and the presence of a specific corrosive environment. Therefore, it is recommended that the material of the clamp bolt should be changed to prevent similar failures.     

汽车用U型螺栓断裂分析

某汽车用U型螺栓制成后在搬动过程中发生断裂,断裂位于U型螺栓感应加热的锻打弯曲部位。通过宏观观察、扫描电镜微观观察以及金相检验等方法对螺栓的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:由于该U型螺栓锻打弯曲部位感应加热温度过高导致局部过烧,使其在锻打应力的作用下沿晶开裂形成热裂纹;冷却后该裂纹在搬动过程中的低应力作用下扩展导致螺栓最终脆断。     

20MnTiB钢螺栓断裂失效分析

应用扫描电子显微镜、光学显微镜、显微硬度仪和电子探针X射线显微分析仪，对发射架20MnTiB高强度螺栓断裂件的金相组织、显微硬度、断口微观形貌和合金元素分布状态进行了分析。结果表明，断裂螺栓金相组织正常，力学性能符合技术要求；螺栓断裂失效是由于在螺栓根部存在因加工不当产生的初始裂纹，在初始裂纹尖端的应力集中和露天使用环境中水介质的共同作用下，螺栓发生应力腐蚀开裂。应力腐蚀开裂的方式是阳极溶解型。     

Failure analysis of a pressure vessel bolt in a nuclear fuel fretting wear simulator

This paper presents a failure analysis on a pressure vessel bolt of a fretting wear simulator. After 500 h tests, in an upper pressure vessel of a fretting wear simulator, one bolt among eight was fractured near the bolt neck regions. The fracture surface was examined by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine the failure initiation and failure mode. The result indicates that the fracture surface shows intergranular fracture features. Based on the mechanical property data of a bolt material, it is concluded that the exerted stress on the bolt applied by an internal pressure of the pressure vessel has a negligible effect on the major failure causes. In order to verify the mechanical properties of the fractured bolt, tensile test has been performed and its result was compared with material specification. As a result, it is thought that both excess heat treatment during the surface hardening procedure and loose parts in the thread hole have significant effects on the pressure vessel bolt failure. In this paper, the reasons for this failure were discussed by using metallographic studies of the failure surface, mechanical tests with the failed bolt and the stress distribution of the contact regions with considering loose parts by using FE analysis.     

Failure analysis of vessel propeller bolts under fastening stress and cathode protection environment

This paper describes the failure analysis of propeller blade fastening bolts made from martensitic stainless steel 0Cr16Ni5Mo, which was ruptured under service of cathode protection for 5 years. The general crack pattern of the bolts, fractographic features, hydrogen content determination and slow tensile test results are all exhibiting the characteristics of hydrogen embrittlement. Accordingly, hydrogen diffusion driven by hydrogen concentration gradient and stress concentration was identified by experiment and finite element analysis (FEA). The morphology of the crack was intergranular of initiation from bolt cap root surface, and quasi-cleavage of propagation. The hydrogen distribution indicated that the hydrogen concentration in the bolt was in gradient distribution, and the region farther away from the sea water contains less hydrogen content. This revealed that hydrogen entered the bolt top surface through sea water under cathodic protection, and diffused from top to cap. The hydrogen content of the cap where crack initiated was 7.0 ppm, which was much higher than that in bolt shaft with normal content of 1.1 ppm. Results of low tensile test together with fractographic observation showed that the brittleness of the bolt was enhanced by the effect of hydrogen. Stress distribution calculated by FEA analysis indicated that the maximal stress of the bolt was about 1016 MPa, located at cap root surface which was consistent with crack initiation sites. The stress drove hydrogen to accumulate at root surface until cracking occurred. In a sum, the failure was attributed to the hydrogen diffusion, local high stress, and the martensitic microstructure susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. Remedial measures such as avoiding over protection potential, that increase tempering temperature were suggested. Methods to optimize stress distribution of the bolt were also suggested based on FEA calculation.     

Failure analysis of submersible pump system collapse caused by assembly bolt crack propagation by stress corrosion cracking

Mechanically fastened joints using bolts are critical components in submersible pump systems. These bolts are subjected to aggressive environments in oil wells. Tightening torque preload and motor's weight are the principal loads that bolts support mechanically plus an occasional pipe flexure. Additionally, a corrosive sulfide-rich water environment presents an extremely demanding chemical condition. A better understanding of those failure mechanisms affecting such components could provide more safety, as well as costs and time saving during the operation of pump systems in wells.An assembly bolt from a submersible pump was fractured during service. Failure was the result of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) originated by pit corrosion. Mechanical and optical tests were performed to identify property changes. SEM with EDS, XRF and OES analyses were used to characterize the material and crack propagation. The fractured bolt material specification was medium carbon steel, while the material specified by the manufacturer was Ni–Cu alloy. The origin of the crack was located on a stress concentration region, but its nucleation was a result of high corrosive conditions.     

Fatigue in engine connecting rod bolt due to forming laps

An analysis was performed to asses the failure root cause of an automotive diesel engine which experienced collapse only 6 month after revision. The connecting rod bolts torque disassembly was monitored and fractured parts were selected to laboratory fracture analysis. It was verified with fatigue rupture of one of the fourth connecting rod bolt. Tensile tests were performed in four of the remaining connecting rod bolts. During this procedure, it was verified another bolt with fatigue crack propagation an indication that the first fatigued bolt did not have suffer torque relaxation. A finite element analysis was performed in connection with an analytical fracture mechanics approach aiming to evaluate the relation between tightening force and fatigue crack propagation in connecting rod bolts. The engine collapse occurred due to forming laps in the grooves of the bolt shank. Finally, some design improvements were suggested for avoid future failures: a gap in the groove length at the connecting rod cap interface, enough to avoid combination of forming laps and higher stress amplitude; increase of the bolt torque assembly to reduce stress amplitude.     

Failure analysis of the main rotor grip of a civil helicopter

This paper analyses the causes of a rupture which occurred with the main rotor grip device of a civil helicopter, which failed when the aircraft was attempting to land. From the visual examination of the fractured surface, it was possible to observe typical beach marks, thus indicating the occurrence of fatigue failure. Further examination, by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and metallography of the crack site, confirmed that the failure was caused by the mechanism of fatigue-crack initiation and growth from a corrosion pit located at the region of the blade retaining bolt hole.