双传声器技术测量材料的吸声系数

双传声器技术常用来测量声场中某点的声强。由声学原理知,声强是声场中某点的瞬时声压和质点速度的乘积,而声阻抗率则是二者之比。所以可以利用双传声器技术来测量材料表面的声阻抗率,从而推知吸声系数。 在半消声室中用此法测定了 1m～2矿渣棉的吸声系数。声源为悬挂在四米多高的喇叭,双传声器尽量靠近材料表面,可假设在材料表面的小段距离内近似为平面波声场。测定了在不同△X(双传声器间距)与X(双传声器中点至材料表面距离)组合下的吸声系数,并与驻波管中测得的正入射吸声系数值作了比较。 误差分析及提高测试精度的方法 (1)双传声器间…     

基于阻抗反演技术的现场吸声测量研究

吸声系数是针对平面波入射条件下定义的声学参量.在实际(或现场)测量时,往往不满足平面波入射条件.已有的三维空间吸声测量大都基于球面波入射条件,然后加以几何修正.由于与阻抗管测量时的平面波条件不同,所以两者的结果有一定差距.利用逆滤波器原理,对扬声器频响在高低频进行了相应的补偿,消除了环境噪声的影响,在三维空间产生了光滑的butterworth宽频声脉冲.另外,由于声源辐射面积相比测试样品尺寸小很多,可将脉冲声源近似为点声源.将butterworth声脉冲入射毛毡样本,利用在时域上能够分离的入射脉冲和反射脉冲,首先计算了球面波反射系数,然后采用牛顿下山法反演得到样本的平面波阻抗比,并进一步计算了吸声系数.结果表明:较之直接利用球面波几何修正的吸声系数,反演后的吸声系数与声管测量结果更为接近.本方法采用单传声器法(两次测量),测量过程简单,为现场吸声测试提供了一种新的技术途径.     

基于材料表面特性阻抗的吸声系数测量研究

吸声材料的吸声系数是由吸声材料表面特性阻抗表征的,因此通过测量吸声材料的表面特性阻抗就可以得到吸声材料在某一频率的吸声系数。基于此,根据吸声材料表面的表面特性阻抗是吸声材料吸声系数的一个重要参数的原理,提出了一种新的测量吸声系数的方法。本系统的测量方法不仅简单,这对快速测量材料吸声系数具有重要的意义。     

采用特性阻抗匹配的半主动组合吸声材料与结构

由于主动吸声在低频声波入射时方有吸声效果,而在中高频声波入射时,吸声效果不明显。鉴此,采用一种新的半主动吸声方法;即由一层吸声材料和可移动的刚性壁组合结构,改变刚性壁移动的速度,使吸声材料的表面声阻抗与空气的阻抗相匹配,从而使吸声材料的吸声系数达到最大。最后,对平面入射声波进行了数值计算与实验,结果表明：在100～2 000 Hz时,吸声系数能达到0.8～1.0,而对于更高频率的入射声波,用此方法进行纯主动吸声的效果改善不明显。     

基于特性阻抗的半主动吸声研究

提出了一种新的半主动吸声方法,并设计了一种新的半主动吸声系统.该系统由一层吸声材料和可以移动的刚性板组成,调节刚性板与吸声材料之间的空腔深度,使得吸声材料的表面特性阻抗和空气的特性阻抗相匹配,从而使吸声系数达到最大.最后进行了实验,实验结果表明了在中低频平面声波入射时,采用本方法的吸声效果改进比较明显,但在高频平面声波入射时,采用本方法的吸声效果就不是很明显,此时吸声主要是依靠吸声材料被动吸声.     

吸声系数的传递函数法仿真计算

为得到吸声材料的吸声系数,提出了一种基于Virtual.Lab Acoustics平台的阻抗管模拟方法,建立阻抗管和试件的声学模型,提取声学计算得到的传声器测点处的复声压,然后基于传声器间距、传声器与试件距离,得到传声器测点位置的传递函数及吸声系数。将该方法的计算结果与文献值进行对比,验证了文中传递函数及吸声系数计算方法的正确性。通过仿真分析了阻抗管直径、传声器测点位置对计算吸声系数的影响,说明传声器测点位置可极大影响计算的吸声系数。对阻抗管内试件倾斜角度、试件厚度和试件后侧空气柱等对吸声系数的影响进行了定量计算。     

小型混响舱测量材料吸声系数

针对现有的基于混响室测量材料吸声系数方法所需场地空间较大和试件尺寸较大,而驻波管法只能测量对应于材料轴向入射的吸声系数,无法应用于不规则试件测量的问题,结合参考文献,设计制作小型混响舱用于应对该类问题。介绍通过小混响舱测量材料吸声系数的背景及应用场景,比较基于传统混响室和小混响舱测量材料吸声性能的方法,通过多次实验验证小混响舱整体结构实验环境的稳定性及分析测点位置不同对测量结果的影响,重点介绍小混响舱的结构及相关测量设备、测量方法及其在测量小试件无规入射吸声系数方面的优势。     

吸声系数管道脉冲法测量技术及其模型研究

在先前的研究基础上,利用管道脉冲法测量材料的吸声系数.从测量结果来看,在200Hz到6000Hz频率范围内,测量结果与B＆K4206阻抗管法测得的数据具有很好的一致性;而在200Hz以下,较之阻抗管来讲,数据更为可靠.利用测得的试验数据建立中低频范围内材料的低频反射系数模型,用来表示材料的吸声系数,从而可以更好地研究材料的低频吸声效果.而且本方法采用单传声器法,测量装置简单,可用于吸声系数的现场测量.     

小型混响舱测量材料吸声系数

针对现有的基于混响室测量材料吸声系数方法所需场地空间较大和试件尺寸较大，而驻波管法只能测量对应于材料轴向入射的吸声系数，无法应用于不规则试件测量的问题，结合参考文献，设计制作小型混响舱用于应对该类问题。介绍通过小混响舱测量材料吸声系数的背景及应用场景，比较基于传统混响室和小混响舱测量材料吸声性能的方法，通过多次实验验证小混响舱整体结构实验环境的稳定性及分析测点位置不同对测量结果的影响，重点介绍小混响舱的结构及相关测量设备、测量方法及其在测量小试件无规入射吸声系数方面的优势。     

混响室中吸声系数测量方法研究

１问题的提出实验室测量试件吸声系数的方法很多，如驻波管法、传递函数法、声强法等。但使用最早、最多的还是混响室法。它能测量声波无规入射时的平均吸声系数，这与实际工程中声波的入射方式较为接近。而且，试件在声波无规入射条件下的平均吸声系数尚无其它替代的测量方法。虽然早已制定了有关的测量规范，如ＩＳＯＲ３５４及ＧＢＪ４７－８３，在混响室中测量试件的吸声系数时，各个混响室对同一试件的吸声系数的测量值差别很大，各实验室之间的测量结果不具有可比性的问题一直未能得到很好的解决。２误差的来源各混响室测量结果不一致…     

Inherent and apparent scattering properties of coated or uncoated spheres embedded in an absorbing host medium

The conventional Lorenz-Mie formalism is extended to the case for a coated sphere embedded in an absorbing medium. The apparent and inherent scattering cross sections of a particle, derived from the far field and near field, respectively, are different if the host medium is absorptive. The effect of absorption within the host medium on the phase-matrix elements associated with polarization depends on the dielectric properties of the scattering particle. For the specific cases of a soot particle coated with a water layer and an ice sphere containing an air bubble, the phase-matrix elements -P12/P11 and P33/P11 are unique if the shell is thin. The radiative transfer equation for a multidisperse particle system embedded within an absorbing medium is discussed. Conventional multiple-scattering computational algorithms can be applied if scaled apparent single-scattering properties are applied.     

Fast algorithm to determine optical properties of a turbid medium from time-resolved measurements

After analytical expressions for the time-resolved reflectance are introduced from the diffusion approximation under the three most commonly used boundary conditions, a novel algorithm is demonstrated for determining the reduced scattering and the absorption coefficients from time-resolved reflectance (or backscatter) measurements at two positions on the surface of biotissue. The algorithm is straightforward and fast and involves only some simple mathematical operations, avoiding complicated iterative nonlinear fitting to the time-resolved curve. The derived reduced scattering coefficient is not affected by whatever boundary condition is applied. The algorithm was verified with time-resolved data from the Monte Carlo model. Both a semi-infinite medium and a turbid slab medium were tested. In contrast to the nonlinear fitting method, this algorithm allows both the scattering and the absorption coefficients to be determined to a high accuracy.     

In vivo local determination of tissue optical properties: applications to human brain

Local and superficial near-infrared (NIR) optical-property characterization of turbid biological tissues can be achieved by measurement of spatially resolved diffuse reflectance at small source-detector separations (<1.4 mm). However, in these conditions the inverse problem, i.e., calculation of localized absorption and the reduced scattering coefficients, is necessarily sensitive to the scattering phase function. This effect can be minimized if a new parameter of the phase function gamma, which depends on the first and the second moments of the phase function, is known. If gamma is unknown, an estimation of this parameter can be obtained by the measurement, but the uncertainty of the absorption coefficient is increased. A spatially resolved reflectance probe employing multiple detector fibers (0.3-1.4 mm from the source) is described. Monte Carlo simulations are used to determine gamma, the reduced scattering and absorption coefficients from reflectance data. Probe performance is assessed by measurements on phantoms, the optical properties of which were measured by other techniques [frequency domain photon migration (FDPM) and spatially resolved transmittance]. Our results show that changes in the absorption coefficient, the reduced scattering coefficient, and gamma can be measured to within +/-0.005 mm(-1), +/-0.05 mm(-1), and +/-0.2, respectively. In vivo measurements performed intraoperatively on a human skull and brain are reported for four NIR wavelengths (674, 811, 849, 956 nm) when the spatially resolved probe and FDPM are used. The spatially resolved probe shows optimum measurement sensitivity in the measurement volume immediately beneath the probe (typically 1 mm(3) in tissues), whereas FDPM typically samples larger regions of tissues. Optical-property values for human skull, white matter, scar tissue, optic nerve, and tumors are reported that show distinct absorption and scattering differences between structures and a dependence on the phase-function parameter gamma.     

分析小型水下圆柱壳结构冲击响应的一种近似方法

根据小型水下圆柱壳状结构受爆炸冲击后散射现象严重的特点，提出了一种新的冲击加速度的近似计算方法。首先把带加强筋的柱壳结构简化为光滑柱壳，并将冲击波分解为不同频率谐和平面波的迭加，然后，采用耦合模态法分析了受爆炸冲击水下圆柱壳状结构周围的散射场，求出了圆柱壳水下结构的表面接收压力，进而分析其受到爆炸冲击后的冲击加速度，并研究了结构的弹性变形、材料特性对冲击加速度响应的影响。工程应用实例的分析结果表明，该方法具有物理概念清晰，运用方便，准确高度的特点，可适用于分析小型水下圆柱壳状结构受到冲击加速度响应。     

Structure-Related Optical Characteristics of Thin Metallic Films in the Visible and Ultraviolet

Surface irregularities and crystalline order strongly influence both the scattered light and absorption of metallic films. These effects extend through all spectral regions but are particularly important in the visible and ultraviolet. Scattered light arises from several scattering mechanisms. Macroscopic irregularities such as dust, scratches and particulates are typically much less important than are microirregularities only a few tens of angstroms in height but covering the entire surface. For metals such as silver and aluminum, which have plasma edges in the ultraviolet, the excitation of surface plasmons resulting from these microirregularities causes additional incoherently reemitted or “scattered” light. Surface plasmon excitation also causes increased absorption in some wavelength regions. These effects are enhanced by dielectric overcoating layers, which both increase the absorption and scattering and shift the wavelength at which the peak occurs. Surface plasmon excitation is particularly important in the ultraviolet region, where the dielectric overcoating applied to prevent formation of an oxide film on aluminized mirrors, for example, can significantly change the mirror reflectance. Plasmon excitation is made possible by a momentum conserving process associated with material inhomogeneities and hence can presumably be caused by crystalline disorder in the metal surface as well as surface irregularities. If the disorder is present on a sufficiently fine scale, it also affects the band structure of the metal and hence its optical absorption. Examples of the effect of film structure on the optical properties of evaporated and sputtered metal films will be given.     

Visible and near-ultraviolet absorption spectrum of ice from transmission of solar radiation into snow

Snow is a scattering-dominated medium whose scattering is independent of wavelength at 350-600 nm. The attenuation of solar radiation in snow can be used to infer the spectral absorption coefficient of pure ice, by reference to a known value at 600 nm. The method is applied to clean Antarctic snow; the absorption minimum is at 390 nm, and the inferred absorption coefficient is lower than even the lowest values of the Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA) experiment on glacier ice: The absorption length is at least 700 m, by comparison with 240 m for AMANDA and 10 m from laboratory attenuation measurements.     

Analytic model of ocean color

Ocean color is determined by spectral variations in reflectance at the sea surface. In the analytic model presented here, reflectance at the sea surface is estimated with the quasi-single-scattering approximation that ignores transspectral processes. The analytic solutions we obtained are valid for a vertically homogeneous water column. The solution provides a theoretical expression for the dimensionless, quasi-stable parameter (r), with a value of ~0.33, that appears in many models in which reflectance at the sea surface is expressed as a function of absorption coefficient (a) and backscattering coefficient (b(b)). In the solution this parameter is represented as a function of the mean cosines for downwelling and upwelling irradiances and as the ratio of the upward-scattering coefficient to the backscattering coefficient. Implementation of the model is discussed for two cases: (1) that in which molecular scattering is the main source of upwelling light, and (2) that in which particle scattering is responsible for all the upwelled light. Computations for the two cases are compared with Monte Carlo simulations, which accounts for processes not considered in the analytic model (multiple scattering, and consequent depth-dependent changes in apparent optical properties). The Monte Carlo models show variations in reflectance with the zenith angle of the incident light. The analytic model can be used to reproduce these variations fairly well for the case of molecular scattering. For the particle-scattering case also, the analytic and Monte Carlo models show similar variations in r with zenith angle. However, the analytic model (as implemented here) appears to underestimate r when the value of the backscattering coefficient b(b) increases relative to the absorption coefficient a. The errors also vary with the zenith angle of the incident light field, with the maximum underestimate being approximately 0.06 (equivalent to relative errors from 12 to 17%) for the range of b(b)/a studied here. One implication of this result is that the model could also be used to obtain approximate solutions for the Q factor, defined for a given look angle as the ratio of the upwelling irradiance at the surface to the upwelling radiance at the surface at that angle. This is a quantity that is important in remote-sensing applications of ocean-color models. An advantage of the model discussed here is that its implementation requires inputs that are in principle accessible only in a remote-sensing context.     

小斜率近似方法分析粗糙界面声散射问题

利用小斜率近似方法计算了起伏海面的声散射特性,得到了具有高斯分布粗糙海面的平均反射系数（即镜反射系数）计算公式,并与微扰法和Kirchhoff近似做了比较,结果表明小斜率近似是一种非常有效的分析起伏表面散射特性的近似方法。最后讨论了海面镜反射系数随海面的不平整度（波浪的均方根高度）、声波频率和声波入射方向的变化关系,得出了只有在声波波长和起伏波浪高度可比拟时,才有明显的镜反射的结论。这为分析浅海目标声散射特性时,选择是否需要考虑海面（海底）所引起的多途效应提供了理论依据。     

公路隧道噪声降噪案例研究

隧道型公共设施的声环境,可以使用大量具有高吸声系数的吸声构造,铺设于隧道拱壁及轨道铺面,以降低混响时间及噪声。文中以在湖南省常张高速公路关口哑隧道吸声安装工程为例,在铺设吸声构造后,其混响时间在装吸声构造后在各1／3倍频带约减少64％～84％,预估降噪量则为4．7～8．5dB之间,在200Hz～800Hz之间,降噪量则有7．1dB～8．5dB之间,降噪效果显著。如以实际公路噪声特性预估,降噪量约有6．3dB（A）,SIL（speech interference level）则有6．6dB改善效果。     

吸声材料物理参数优化的研究

文章中给出吸声材料的弹性模量、损耗因子与其衰减系数、特性阻抗的关系式，分析了吸声材料的物理参数对有损耗媒质层吸声性能的影响，获得了吸声器具有最佳吸声性能的条件，提出为达到最佳吸收效果对材料物理参数优化的途径和优化方法的设想。