低温环境下水滴在冷表面结冰过程的实验研究

本文研究了环境温度的变化和实验表面改变对水滴结冰过程的影响。在温度可调的低温环境测试箱中搭建了观测水滴结冰的实验装置。用气压控制器控制液滴发生装置内的压强并使其产生水滴,通过相机记录水滴在冷表面上的结冰过程。实验结果表明:实验板表面的导热系数对水滴的结冰时间影响较大,环境温度为-22. 0℃时,红铜表面的结冰时间为3. 8 s,不锈钢表面的结冰时间为5. 0 s,均小于玻璃表面上的结冰时间15. 2 s;水滴在不同实验表面上结冰时均会产生凸起,但仅在玻璃表面上会发生明显的凸起塌陷现象。     

氧化还原法制备超疏水表面及其防覆冰性能

使用化学氧化还原法制备出疏水性能优异的超疏水表面,使用接触角测量仪、扫描电镜对表面浸润性及形貌进行表征分析。制得的铝基体超疏水表面接触角高达163.31°,滚动角小于5°。探究不同反应时间对表面形貌和浸润性的影响,使用自制的结冰监测系统对制备出的超疏水表面的静态和动态水滴防覆冰性能进行探究,并结合一维传热理论和经典成核理论对实验结果进行分析。结果表明,反应80min时表面疏水效果最好,超疏水表面静态水滴延缓结冰时间约是普通样品的5倍,结冰温度也低了3.3℃,动态水滴撞击表面时,超疏水表面始终无积水和覆冰,表现出优异的静态和动态防覆冰性能。     

超疏水铜表面的制备及其抑冰性能研究

通过在铜片表面沉积蜡烛灰涂层成功构建了纳米结构超疏水表面,该表面在室温(23±2)℃下与水滴的接触角为160°,滚动角为1°。研究了超疏水铜表面在低温条件下的抑冰性能,结果表明,在(-40±10)℃时将50μL水滴从5cm的高处滴至普通的铜表面2s开始结冰,而滴至超疏水铜试样(3cm×3cm×0.2mm)表面的水滴可以快速滚动,从滚动直至滚落超疏水铜试样表面所需的时间比水滴开始结冰所需的时间(50s)短,水滴未在超疏水铜试样表面结冰。通过测试冰与材料的黏附力,发现普通铜表面与冰的黏附力是超疏水铜表面与冰的黏附力的4.9倍。此外,在融冰的过程中发现,结冰的水滴在常温下稍微融化,在微风的作用下或稍微倾斜6°就能从超疏水铜表面滑落下来,表明超疏水铜表面比普通铜表面具有更好的抑冰性能。     

过冷大水滴撞击结冰特性实验研究北大核心CSCD

对过冷大水滴(Supercooled large droplets,SLD)在不同粒径、过冷度、撞击速度及壁面温度下的撞击结冰特性进行了实验研究。设计了一套SLD发生装置,通过高速摄像机记录SLD撞击结冰过程,分析了各因素对SLD撞击结冰特性及冻结时间的影响。实验结果表明:SLD撞击壁面后呈现出摊开-回缩后结冰、摊开-回缩时结冰和摊开的过程中结冰3种典型结冰特性,水滴的过冷度及壁面温度对SLD的结冰特性具有显著的影响;SLD撞击后的冻结时间随着水滴直径的减小、过冷度的降低、撞击速度的增加和壁面温度的降低而减小。     

输电线雾凇覆冰过程的二维数值模拟

基于拉格朗日法提出了一种输电线表面雾凇覆冰过程的二维数值模拟方法.采用同位网格上的SIMPLE算法求解非定常不可压缩流动的RANS方程和SST-κ-ω湍流模型以获得空气流场;采取拉格朗日法跟踪流场中过冷水滴的运动轨迹得到输电线表面各控制体的瞬时局部碰撞率;求解基于Messinger控制容积法建立的覆冰热力学方程以获得各...     

冷表面上水滴结冰问题的实验研究进展

文章对冷表面上水滴沉积结冰和撞击结冰微物理过程的实验研究进展进行总结。提出影响水滴结冰的因素主要有冷表面、环境条件、水滴自身和附加力/场,重点介绍了低能表面抑冰性能和对流情况对水滴结冰影响的研究现状。最后,指出不同因素对水滴结冰的影响规律,超疏水表面抑冰性能的优化,以及结冰过程主动控制方法的探索可以开展深入研究,为进一步研究和应用提供参考。     

溶胶凝胶法铝基超疏水表面的制备及其防覆冰性能

利用溶胶凝胶法(Sol-Gel)在铝基体上制得超疏水表面,并用自制的基于二级制冷方式的材料样品结冰状况实时采集控制系统对单个水滴进行定量定性防覆冰测试。使用红外光谱仪、扫描电镜对表面形貌及结构进行表征。制得的超疏水表面静态接触角高达169.17°,滚动角3~5°,具有极好的超疏水性和低粘附力。防覆冰实验显示超疏水铝片经过65 min,在-8.3℃时才结冰,比未经过处理的普通铝片结冰时间延长了52 min,温度也要低4.2℃,显示出优异的抗结冰性能。为超疏水在防覆冰领域的应用提供了一定的参考价值。     

纳米氟碳涂层过冷却器动态制冰试验研究

针对过冷水动态制冰过程中过冷却器内易发生冰堵现象,采用纳米氟碳材料对过冷却器表面进行处理,并对纳米氟碳涂层过冷却器进行动态制冰试验研究及性能分析.研究结果表明:水在纳米氟碳涂层表面的接触角可高达163.01°,可有效抑制过冷却器结冰;对比无涂层过冷却器,在过冷水流速为1.95 m/s时,纳米氟碳涂层过冷却器出口过冷度降...     

不同基底温度下铝基超疏水表面的抗结冰性能实验

本文利用刻蚀方法制备了铝基超疏水表面,在环境温度20℃、相对湿度60%下进行了不同基底温度(-15℃、-20℃、-25℃、-30℃)超疏水表面的静态和动态低温液滴抗结冰性能实验研究。结果表明:超疏水表面在液滴静、动态下均表现出良好抗结冰性能;在静态液滴抗结冰实验中,随着冷表面温度的降低,超疏水表面延缓结冰的时间快速下降,当基底温度为-25℃时,其抗结冰性能发生突变,并随冷表面温度的进一步降低而表现恶化;在动态液滴抗结冰实验中,当冷表面温度为-15℃和-20℃时,低温液滴能快速从低温表面弹离,而当冷表面温度为-25℃和-30℃时,低温液滴不能从超疏水表面弹离,滞留在超疏水表面上,且快速在其上冻结,超疏水表面失去了抗结冰性能。基于相关相变成核理论,分析了其抗结冰的机理。为超疏水表面在冬季空调室外换热器上的应用提供一定参考。     

铝基体超疏水表面的抗结冰结霜效果分析

增加接触角是提高表面抗结冰结霜能力的重要方法.借助电化学加工和氟化处理获得铝基体超疏水表面,该表面具有二元微纳米复合结构,干燥时水滴在其上的接触角为160°,滚动角小于5°,处于Cassie-Baxter状态.在自制的半导体制冷台上,观测冷表面温度为-5.2 ℃时,铝基体超疏水表面的结霜过程,并将其与普通铝表面进行了对比,发现铝基体超疏水表面的四周边缘处先出现霜晶并逐渐蔓延到整个表面,与普通铝表面相比具有显著的抗结冰结霜性能.最后对铝基体超疏水表面的边缘效应和抗结冰结霜机理进行了分析.     

Freezing mechanism of supercooled water droplet impinging on metal surfaces

Ice accretion on power lines is a random natural phenomenon and may seriously harm to the safety of power network. However, the mechanism of the freezing process of supercooled water droplet impacting on wires is still not fully understood. In this study, an experimental investigation on the freezing mechanism of the supercooled water droplet impinging on cold metal surfaces was performed. The morphological characters and the dynamics of a single supercooled droplet collide on the cylindrical metal surfaces had been revealed with high-speed photographing. The experimental data for the surfaces of stainless steel, copper and aluminum, on which the supercooled droplets impinging with speeds of 2.3 m s⁻¹ and 4.3 m s⁻¹ had been plotted. The phenomena of instantaneous and non-instantaneous freezing of the supercooled impinging droplet were identified and the conditional boundaries for these two kinds of freezing were found statistically.     

Deformation and solidification process of a super–cooled droplet impacting on the substrate under plasma spraying conditions

To date, many modelling efforts related to the deformation and solidication processes of a droplet impacting on the substrate under plasma spraying conditions have been reported. However, to the authors’ knowledge, no modelling effort has dealt with the super-cooling effects on the deformation and solidification processes, though much evidence of super-coolingeffects has been reported. In this paper, we will show the first results derived from our recent modelling efforts for thecase of Al2O3 droplets, which clearly show the strong effects of the super-cooling conditions on the deformation and solidification processes. For example, we predict a significant decrease in deformation degree — defined as the ratio of droplet to splat diameters — to less than 2.0, and also a faster solidification front velocity of up to 5 m/s. Although the small deformation degree is clearly caused by the larger value of viscosity under super-cooled conditions, therapid solidification is eventually caused by the super-cooling. The model did not predict a dendritic growth, but it clearly suggested that plasma sprayed particles are not all but may be actually in super-cooled state, and any modelling efforts should include the super-cooling effects.     

接触角和质量分数对液滴冻结过程的影响

本文通过FLUENT软件的凝固/熔化模型,模拟了接触角及质量分数对纯水和氯化钠溶液在冷表面冻结过程的影响,选择铜片为亲水表面,纳米膜表面为疏水表面,对液滴在不同表面特性条件下的冻结过程进行实验研究。结果表明：液滴在冷表面的冻结特性与接触角、质量分数有关。当溶液质量分数一定时,接触角越小,液滴冻结速度越快,完全冻结时间越短;在冻结过程的初始时刻,接触角越小,液滴底部温度越低;当冻结时刻相同、液滴高度一致时,液滴表面的温度和液相分数均比液滴内部低;接触角相同时,溶液质量分数与液滴的开始冻结温度成反比,与完全冻结时间成正比。对比实验结果与模拟可知,不同质量分数的氯化钠液滴在接触角为60°和100°时,冻结时间的变化趋势一致,但实验值大于模拟值。     

An experimental study of freezing of supercooled water droplet on solid surface

Results of experimental investigations of the freezing of immobile water droplet on an aluminum plate are presented. The process was studied with the aid of a high-speed photo camera. The freezing of supercooled water contained in the surface droplet proceeds in a few stages: (i) preliminary heating of water and nucleation of ice microcrystals, (ii) relatively fast formation of the ice–liquid system with a transition to the state of thermodynamic equilibrium near the freezing temperature, and (iii) slow process of complete freezing. The rate and duration of each stage and the time of delay between the moment of action upon the supercooled droplet and the onset of freezing are estimated. Processes of supercooled and nonsupercooled water solidification are compared.

     

Freezing of a water droplet due to evaporation—heat transfer dominating the evaporation–freezing phenomena and the effect of boiling on freezing characteristics

One of the authors has proposed a novel transport/storage system for the waste cold from the gasification process of liquefied natural gas (LNG), which consists of an evaporator, a cold trap, and a pipeline. In order to estimate the performance of this system, one should know the pressure in the evaporator, in which evaporation–freezing of a PCM occurs, and in the cold trap, as well as the pressure drop of the pipeline due to the flow of low pressure vapor of the PCM. In this paper, the cooling/freezing phenomena of a water droplet due to evaporation in an evacuated chamber was experimentally examined, and the heat transfer dominating the evaporation-freezing phenomena was investigated in order to estimate the pressure in the evaporator. From the results, it was shown that the water droplet in the evacuated cell is effectively cooled by the evaporation of water itself, and is frozen within a few seconds through a remarkable supercooling state, and that the cooling rate of the water droplets were dominated by heat transfer within the droplet under the abrupt evacuation condition. The later result means that, in order to obtain an ice particle by evaporation–freezing, the surroundings of the water droplet should be evacuated at the pressure as low as the saturate pressure of water at the maximum supercooling temperature of the droplet.     

Parameters controlling solidification of molten wax droplets falling on a solid surface

An experimental study was done to identify parameters that determine the shape of splats formed by droplets of paraffin wax impacting and freezing on a polished aluminum surface. Impact velocity was varied from 0.5 to 2.7 m/s and surface temperature from 23 to 73 °C. Droplet impact was photographed, and the splat diameter and liquid-solid contact angle measured from photographs. A simple energy conservation model was used to predict the maximum extent of droplet spread and the rate of droplet solidification. The extent of droplet solidification was found to be too small to affect droplet impact dynamics. Photographs showed liquid recoiling in the droplet center following impact on a cold surface (23 °C); the height of recoil diminished if either substrate temperature or impact velocity was increased. Droplet recoil was attributed to surface tension pulling back the periphery of the splat. Reducing the surface temperature increased surface tension, promoting recoil. At sufficiently large impact velocities droplets fragmented. A model based on the Rayleigh-Taylor instability was used to predict the number of satellite droplets that broke loose after impact.     

Freezing a water droplet on an aligned Si nanorod array substrate

When a water droplet is dried on a vertically aligned Si nanorod array surface, the nanorods are bundled together. To understand how bundles are formed, a water droplet is frozen rapidly on a Si nanorod array surface observed under a cryo-SEM (scanning electron microscope). The nanorods in the precursor film form similar bundles as those dried in air. But the nanorods under the apparent frozen water droplet are only slightly deformed. We propose that the bundling of nanorods is caused by non-uniform water-nanorod interaction, which could happen either during the water spreading or drying process. Therefore, controlling the liquid-nanostructure interaction could minimize the bundling. In addition, the rapid freezing process does not preserve the water inside the nanochannels, and almost all the water forms ice on top of the nanorod surface, either as a planar interface or as particles, depending on the locations. The separated ice-nanorod interface will have potential applications in chemical separation and crystal growth.     

A lattice Boltzmann model for solidification of water droplet on cold flat plate

Since the solidification of water droplet is the initial and essential process in the whole process of frosting, a model is developed by the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) that applies the velocity and temperature distribution functions to investigate the solidification process of water droplet on cold flat plate. The thermal transport and liquid–solid phase transition in the present model are both based on the pseudo-potential model combined with the enthalpy formation. By this LB model, the solidification process is simulated in form of temperature and solid phase variations in water droplet on cold flat plate, and the shape of solid phase in freezing can also be predicted. In addition, we apply the present LB model to preliminarily study the frost formation process. Numerical results agree well with our experimental data.     

低含湿量冰蓄冷系统的核心过程研究

冰蓄冷技术是一种有潜力的节能技术,流态冰是实现冰蓄冷的良好选择。利用低含湿量制取流态冰的冰蓄冷系统可以克服现有流态冰制取方法的缺点。系统通过溶液除湿循环降低水蒸气分压力,水滴在此环境中持续蒸发至过冷状态,之后使用传统过冷水法的解冷器获取流态冰。溶液除湿过程与水滴蒸发过冷过程是系统的两个重要组成部分,经过对两个过程的实验研究,结果验证了新系统的可行性并揭示了进一步优化的方法;同时,实验中得到了冰晶颗粒,这也显示了系统的应用前景。