过冷水滴碰撞导线表面结冰机理的实验研究

导线覆冰是一种随机发生的自然现象,曾对电网的安全构成严重危害.目前人们对过冷水滴碰撞导线结冰过程机理认识尚不太清楚.文中对过冷水滴碰撞导线表面结冰机理进行了实验研究,通过对单一过冷水滴碰撞圆柱金属表面冻结的动态行为进行高速拍摄,揭示了该结冰过程形态特征,并从大量实验数据中分析得到了过冷水滴分别以2.2m/s和4.3m/s的速度撞击不锈钢、紫铜、铝等表面瞬时结冰边界条件的统计数据.同时还对过冷水滴流量从0.6滴/s到2.2滴/s,环境温度从-2℃～-8℃时导线覆冰增长动态过程影像及形态变化进行了研究和归纳分析.     

冷表面上水滴结冰问题的实验研究进展

文章对冷表面上水滴沉积结冰和撞击结冰微物理过程的实验研究进展进行总结。提出影响水滴结冰的因素主要有冷表面、环境条件、水滴自身和附加力/场,重点介绍了低能表面抑冰性能和对流情况对水滴结冰影响的研究现状。最后,指出不同因素对水滴结冰的影响规律,超疏水表面抑冰性能的优化,以及结冰过程主动控制方法的探索可以开展深入研究,为进一步研究和应用提供参考。     

过冷大水滴撞击结冰特性实验研究北大核心CSCD

对过冷大水滴(Supercooled large droplets,SLD)在不同粒径、过冷度、撞击速度及壁面温度下的撞击结冰特性进行了实验研究。设计了一套SLD发生装置,通过高速摄像机记录SLD撞击结冰过程,分析了各因素对SLD撞击结冰特性及冻结时间的影响。实验结果表明:SLD撞击壁面后呈现出摊开-回缩后结冰、摊开-回缩时结冰和摊开的过程中结冰3种典型结冰特性,水滴的过冷度及壁面温度对SLD的结冰特性具有显著的影响;SLD撞击后的冻结时间随着水滴直径的减小、过冷度的降低、撞击速度的增加和壁面温度的降低而减小。     

超疏水铜表面的制备及其抑冰性能研究

通过在铜片表面沉积蜡烛灰涂层成功构建了纳米结构超疏水表面,该表面在室温(23±2)℃下与水滴的接触角为160°,滚动角为1°。研究了超疏水铜表面在低温条件下的抑冰性能,结果表明,在(-40±10)℃时将50μL水滴从5cm的高处滴至普通的铜表面2s开始结冰,而滴至超疏水铜试样(3cm×3cm×0.2mm)表面的水滴可以快速滚动,从滚动直至滚落超疏水铜试样表面所需的时间比水滴开始结冰所需的时间(50s)短,水滴未在超疏水铜试样表面结冰。通过测试冰与材料的黏附力,发现普通铜表面与冰的黏附力是超疏水铜表面与冰的黏附力的4.9倍。此外,在融冰的过程中发现,结冰的水滴在常温下稍微融化,在微风的作用下或稍微倾斜6°就能从超疏水铜表面滑落下来,表明超疏水铜表面比普通铜表面具有更好的抑冰性能。     

不同基底温度下铝基超疏水表面的抗结冰性能实验

本文利用刻蚀方法制备了铝基超疏水表面,在环境温度20℃、相对湿度60%下进行了不同基底温度(-15℃、-20℃、-25℃、-30℃)超疏水表面的静态和动态低温液滴抗结冰性能实验研究。结果表明:超疏水表面在液滴静、动态下均表现出良好抗结冰性能;在静态液滴抗结冰实验中,随着冷表面温度的降低,超疏水表面延缓结冰的时间快速下降,当基底温度为-25℃时,其抗结冰性能发生突变,并随冷表面温度的进一步降低而表现恶化;在动态液滴抗结冰实验中,当冷表面温度为-15℃和-20℃时,低温液滴能快速从低温表面弹离,而当冷表面温度为-25℃和-30℃时,低温液滴不能从超疏水表面弹离,滞留在超疏水表面上,且快速在其上冻结,超疏水表面失去了抗结冰性能。基于相关相变成核理论,分析了其抗结冰的机理。为超疏水表面在冬季空调室外换热器上的应用提供一定参考。     

氧化还原法制备超疏水表面及其防覆冰性能

使用化学氧化还原法制备出疏水性能优异的超疏水表面,使用接触角测量仪、扫描电镜对表面浸润性及形貌进行表征分析。制得的铝基体超疏水表面接触角高达163.31°,滚动角小于5°。探究不同反应时间对表面形貌和浸润性的影响,使用自制的结冰监测系统对制备出的超疏水表面的静态和动态水滴防覆冰性能进行探究,并结合一维传热理论和经典成核理论对实验结果进行分析。结果表明,反应80min时表面疏水效果最好,超疏水表面静态水滴延缓结冰时间约是普通样品的5倍,结冰温度也低了3.3℃,动态水滴撞击表面时,超疏水表面始终无积水和覆冰,表现出优异的静态和动态防覆冰性能。     

表面微结构设计对材料疏水及防冰性能影响研究

以硅氧烷为疏水剂,采用浸渍法在具有开放及封闭微结构的金属铝板上制备了超疏水表面,系统考查了表面微结构设计对材料疏水及防冰性能的影响。结果表明,超疏水表面静态接触角随结除冰次数的增加而减少,滚动角随结除冰次数的增加而增大,且在多个结冰除冰循环后,表面开放微结构的金属铝板丧失其超疏水性,表面封闭微结构的金属铝板仍保持其超疏水性。进一步实验研究表明,在多个结冰除冰循环后,在相同结冰条件下,水滴在表面为开放微结构的金属铝板上的结冰时间远长于表面为封闭结构的金属铝板。     

铝基体超疏水表面的抗结冰结霜效果分析

增加接触角是提高表面抗结冰结霜能力的重要方法.借助电化学加工和氟化处理获得铝基体超疏水表面,该表面具有二元微纳米复合结构,干燥时水滴在其上的接触角为160°,滚动角小于5°,处于Cassie-Baxter状态.在自制的半导体制冷台上,观测冷表面温度为-5.2 ℃时,铝基体超疏水表面的结霜过程,并将其与普通铝表面进行了对比,发现铝基体超疏水表面的四周边缘处先出现霜晶并逐渐蔓延到整个表面,与普通铝表面相比具有显著的抗结冰结霜性能.最后对铝基体超疏水表面的边缘效应和抗结冰结霜机理进行了分析.     

溶胶凝胶法铝基超疏水表面的制备及其防覆冰性能

利用溶胶凝胶法(Sol-Gel)在铝基体上制得超疏水表面,并用自制的基于二级制冷方式的材料样品结冰状况实时采集控制系统对单个水滴进行定量定性防覆冰测试。使用红外光谱仪、扫描电镜对表面形貌及结构进行表征。制得的超疏水表面静态接触角高达169.17°,滚动角3~5°,具有极好的超疏水性和低粘附力。防覆冰实验显示超疏水铝片经过65 min,在-8.3℃时才结冰,比未经过处理的普通铝片结冰时间延长了52 min,温度也要低4.2℃,显示出优异的抗结冰性能。为超疏水在防覆冰领域的应用提供了一定的参考价值。     

石蜡断面超疏水机理的探究及其在油水分离方面的应用

实验发现石蜡断面具有良好的超疏水性能,石蜡断面的水滴接触角达到152.4±3°,石蜡外表面水滴接触角为108±3°.利用铜网在石蜡表面复制其断面形貌,可快速制备大面积超疏水石蜡表面,接触角高达162.4±3°,滚动角小于3°.利用此超疏水石蜡表面设计出一种自动油水分离装置,可实现油水连续分离,收集正己烷速率可达0.67mL/s.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察发现石蜡断面粗糙度很高且存在较多连续和非连续的晶区,而石蜡外表面较光滑.扫描差示量热仪(DSC)和X射线衍射(XRD)证明石蜡具有一定的熔限和较高的结晶度.偏光显微镜(POM)观察石蜡熔体的冷却过程,发现冷却过程中有大量不同尺寸的结晶产生.实验结果表明:石蜡断面和石蜡外表面的超疏水性差别较大的原因在于断面具有较高的粗糙度,而外表面粗糙度较低,断面的高粗糙度来自于石蜡内部存在大量的连续晶相和非晶相.当石蜡断裂时,晶相一方面充当了应力集中点,导致断面出现不规则的裂纹;另一方面,晶相充当了微纳尺度的“填料”;晶相和非晶相在断裂面的凸起也会导致断面粗糙度高.     

接触角和质量分数对液滴冻结过程的影响

本文通过FLUENT软件的凝固/熔化模型,模拟了接触角及质量分数对纯水和氯化钠溶液在冷表面冻结过程的影响,选择铜片为亲水表面,纳米膜表面为疏水表面,对液滴在不同表面特性条件下的冻结过程进行实验研究。结果表明：液滴在冷表面的冻结特性与接触角、质量分数有关。当溶液质量分数一定时,接触角越小,液滴冻结速度越快,完全冻结时间越短;在冻结过程的初始时刻,接触角越小,液滴底部温度越低;当冻结时刻相同、液滴高度一致时,液滴表面的温度和液相分数均比液滴内部低;接触角相同时,溶液质量分数与液滴的开始冻结温度成反比,与完全冻结时间成正比。对比实验结果与模拟可知,不同质量分数的氯化钠液滴在接触角为60°和100°时,冻结时间的变化趋势一致,但实验值大于模拟值。     

Rapid Solidification Process of a Water Droplet Due to Depressurization

This paper reports an experimental and numerical study of rapid solidification of a water droplet due to depressurization. During the experiment, a distilled water droplet was suspended on a thermocouple, which was also used to measure the droplet temperature, and the droplet surface temperature was captured by an infrared thermograph. The experimentally measured data indicates that freezing occurs from the droplet surface when the droplet temperature reaches a certain subcooling. A mathematical model was constructed to simulate the temperature transition and the temperature distribution within the sphere. The model considers the pressure reduction in the test vessel, the kinetic condition for undercooled solidification, and the heat transfers due to convection and sublimation at the ice surface. A coordinate transformation method was used to capture the two moving boundaries within the droplet, which are internal solidification interface and surface sublimation interface. The model-predictions agree well with the measured temperature data, demonstrating the soundness of the present model. The results show that the rapid solidification of a water droplet due to depressurization is a typical non-equilibrium phase transition, with a lower ambient pressure, the solidification speed will be faster, and the duration time for droplet center temperature keeps constant will be shorter.     

Parameters controlling solidification of molten wax droplets falling on a solid surface

An experimental study was done to identify parameters that determine the shape of splats formed by droplets of paraffin wax impacting and freezing on a polished aluminum surface. Impact velocity was varied from 0.5 to 2.7 m/s and surface temperature from 23 to 73 °C. Droplet impact was photographed, and the splat diameter and liquid-solid contact angle measured from photographs. A simple energy conservation model was used to predict the maximum extent of droplet spread and the rate of droplet solidification. The extent of droplet solidification was found to be too small to affect droplet impact dynamics. Photographs showed liquid recoiling in the droplet center following impact on a cold surface (23 °C); the height of recoil diminished if either substrate temperature or impact velocity was increased. Droplet recoil was attributed to surface tension pulling back the periphery of the splat. Reducing the surface temperature increased surface tension, promoting recoil. At sufficiently large impact velocities droplets fragmented. A model based on the Rayleigh-Taylor instability was used to predict the number of satellite droplets that broke loose after impact.     

低压环境固着盐水液滴蒸发析晶过程实验研究

实验研究了低压环境下固着盐水液滴在不同基底表面(铜、载玻片和聚四氟乙烯)的蒸发析晶过程,分析了表面性质和环境压力的影响。结果表明,低压环境下易在接触线处析出白色盐晶。铜表面由于表面能较大,接触面上覆盖盐晶体,液滴蒸发过程接触直径几乎不变,接触角逐渐减小。在载玻片表面,当环境压力较高时,液滴蒸发造成接触线收缩,伴随盐晶体的生长和移动接触角波动。在聚四氟乙烯表面,接触面处易产生气泡,气泡的生长和爆裂导致接触角明显波动。Pe数可以揭示液滴蒸发过程外部传质扩散和内部离子扩散的相对大小。研究成果有助于指导海水淡化的工业应用。     

Freezing of a water droplet due to evaporation—heat transfer dominating the evaporation–freezing phenomena and the effect of boiling on freezing characteristics

One of the authors has proposed a novel transport/storage system for the waste cold from the gasification process of liquefied natural gas (LNG), which consists of an evaporator, a cold trap, and a pipeline. In order to estimate the performance of this system, one should know the pressure in the evaporator, in which evaporation–freezing of a PCM occurs, and in the cold trap, as well as the pressure drop of the pipeline due to the flow of low pressure vapor of the PCM. In this paper, the cooling/freezing phenomena of a water droplet due to evaporation in an evacuated chamber was experimentally examined, and the heat transfer dominating the evaporation-freezing phenomena was investigated in order to estimate the pressure in the evaporator. From the results, it was shown that the water droplet in the evacuated cell is effectively cooled by the evaporation of water itself, and is frozen within a few seconds through a remarkable supercooling state, and that the cooling rate of the water droplets were dominated by heat transfer within the droplet under the abrupt evacuation condition. The later result means that, in order to obtain an ice particle by evaporation–freezing, the surroundings of the water droplet should be evacuated at the pressure as low as the saturate pressure of water at the maximum supercooling temperature of the droplet.     

Experimental Investigation on Flash Evaporation of Saltwater Droplets Released into Vacuum

In this paper, the flash evaporation process of saltwater droplets released into vacuum is experimentally investigated. During the experiment, a saltwater (NaCl) droplet was suspended on a thermocouple junction, which was used to measure the temperature evolution. The droplet surface temperature was captured by an infrared thermal imager, and the shape variation was recorded by a high speed camera. According to the experimental results, the component and solution concentration has great influence on the evaporation process. With a rise of salt concentration in water, the evaporation rate decreases. The shape of temperature transition curve also depends on the salt concentration in solution, no matter whether it is higher or lower than the eutectic point (22.4%). The effects of environmental pressure, initial droplet temperature and initial droplet diameter on the temperature transition of droplets were also summarized based on the experimental data.     

Effects of temperature,size of water droplets,and surface roughness on nanowetting properties investigated using molecular dynamics simulation

The wetting properties of water nanodroplets on a gold substrate are studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The effects of temperature, droplet size, and surface roughness are evaluated in terms of molecular trajectories, internal energy, dynamic contact angle, and the radial distribution function. The simulation results show that the wetting ability and spreading speed of water greatly increases with increasing temperature. The dynamic contact angle of water on the gold substrate decreases with increasing temperature and decreasing droplet size and surface roughness, which leads to an increase in wetting ability. The compactness of a water droplet increases with decreasing temperature and droplet size, and slightly increases with degree of roughness. The internal energy of a water droplet decreases with increasing surface roughness, indicating that droplets form more stably on a rough surface.     

Freezing mechanism of supercooled water droplet impinging on metal surfaces

Ice accretion on power lines is a random natural phenomenon and may seriously harm to the safety of power network. However, the mechanism of the freezing process of supercooled water droplet impacting on wires is still not fully understood. In this study, an experimental investigation on the freezing mechanism of the supercooled water droplet impinging on cold metal surfaces was performed. The morphological characters and the dynamics of a single supercooled droplet collide on the cylindrical metal surfaces had been revealed with high-speed photographing. The experimental data for the surfaces of stainless steel, copper and aluminum, on which the supercooled droplets impinging with speeds of 2.3 m s⁻¹ and 4.3 m s⁻¹ had been plotted. The phenomena of instantaneous and non-instantaneous freezing of the supercooled impinging droplet were identified and the conditional boundaries for these two kinds of freezing were found statistically.     

Geometrical characterization of inkjet-printed conductive lines of nanosilver suspensions on a polymer substrate

The effect of droplet/substrate interactions on the geometrical characteristics such as shape and morphology of as-printed conductive lines of nanosilver suspensions was investigated by varying the surface energy, substrate temperature and droplet spacing. With a plasma surface treatment using a mixture of C₄F₈ and O₂ gases, various surface wettability conditions were obtained that could produce desired droplet diameters on the substrate from 30 μm to 70 μm. The substrate temperature varied from room temperature to 75 °C, and ink droplets ejected from a 30 μm nozzle were printed with various overlaps from 10% to 60%. When printed at room temperature, continuous lines are not formed due to line instability issues such as merging of neighboring droplets and line bulges. By heating the substrates, continuous lines without bulges could be obtained on the relatively hydrophobic substrate because the heat flux from the substrate enhances the evaporation rate of the solvent. The coffee ring effect in the droplets and lines is more enhanced as the substrate temperature increases. This effect is weaker in the lines than in the single droplets due to less edge length in the lines. Under appropriate conditions, well-defined continuous lines could be printed without coffee rings.     

Evaporation of a picoliter droplet on a wetted substrate at reduced pressure

The results of theoretical and experimental investigation of the evaporation of picoliter water droplets on a substrate at reduced pressure (20–80 Torr) have been given. The substrate temperature varied in the range 25–40°C. The calculations have been carried out in a free-molecular approximation. It has been shown that the evaporation time sharply decreases if the average droplet height is less than 10 μm and is a few milliseconds for a 5-μm-high droplet. It has been experimentally and theoretically shown that for droplets higher than 10 μm, the evaporation time is a few seconds in the investigated pressure range.