PP-g-MAH/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制备和性能

采用熔融插层法成功制备了接枝物(PP—g—MAH)／有机蒙脱土(Org—MMT)纳米复合材料，用X射线衍射法检测了复合材料的层间距、微晶尺寸和晶胞参数的变化，并考察了纳米复合材料的力学性能。结果发现，对于PP—g—MAH／Org—MMT=100：20的复合材料，接枝物大分子链难以插层进入有机蒙脱土片层间。增大PP—g—MAH／Org—MMT比例，接枝物大分子链能插层进入有机蒙脱土片层，形成插层型纳米复合材料。PP—g—MAH／Org—MMT=100：10时，PP—g—MAH／Org—MMT复合材料110、040、041等晶面垂直于反射方向的微晶尺寸出现最小值．且可获得较好的力学性能．说明选择适当的接枝物／有机蒙脱土比例可降低聚丙烯的微晶尺寸，改善力学性能．但对复合材料晶胞参数的影响较小。     

聚氯乙烯/粘土纳米复合材料的制备及性能

通过原位插层法制备了聚氯乙烯／粘土纳米复合材料，分别采用X射线衍射，透射电子显微镜对其结构与形态进行了表征。结果表明，粘土片层已基本被刺离，均匀分散于聚氯乙烯树脂基体中。复合材料的力学性能和耐热性能测试结果表明，适量有机粘土的加入能使其拉伸强度和维卡软化点均较纯聚氯乙烯有较大提高。     

EVA/MMT-ODA+AUA纳米复合材料的制备与性能

采用复合插层剂十八烷基胺(ODA)和氨基十一烷酸(AUA)处理蒙脱土(MM T)。通过离子交换反应,复合插层剂进入了蒙脱土片层间,使蒙脱土片层间距增大。把该有机改性蒙脱土(MM T-ODA AUA)与EVA熔融共混,EVA分子链进入MM T-ODA AUA片层间使其间距进一步增大。EVA/MM T-ODA AUA纳米复合材料中的MM T片层与基体EVA之间的界面相互作用强,其复合材料的拉伸强度和撕裂强度比EVA有较大提高。由于纳米硅酸盐片层的阻隔作用,EVA/MM T-ODA AUA纳米复合材料的吸水率比EVA低。     

环氧树脂/粘土纳米复合材料的制备与性能研究

研究了有机蒙脱土在环氧树脂中的插层和剥离行为,制备了两种环氧树脂/蒙脱土纳米复合材料并测试了其力学性能。实验结果表明,环氧树脂与有机土的相容性好,二者混合时环氧树脂很容易插入到粘土层间。使用经不同有机阳离子处理的两种有机蒙脱土,分别制得插层型和剥离型环氧/粘土纳米复合材料,力学性能结果表明,剥离型纳米复合材料的性能优于同组成的插层型纳米复合材料。     

插层法制备聚合物/粘土纳米复合材料及其应用进展

概述了聚合物／粘土纳米复合材料插层制备的新进展，根据插层机理和方法的差别，将插层法分为三类：（1）单体插层复合；（2）溶液中聚合物插层复合；（3）熔融聚合物插层复合。重点提出了利用双螺杆挤出机制备聚合物基纳米复合材料的新方法，展望了聚合物／粘土纳米复合材料的开发及其应用前景。     

聚(丙烯腈-乙酸乙烯酯)/黄粘土纳米复合材料研究

采用乳液原位插层聚合方法首先创制了聚(丙烯腈-乙酸乙烯酯)/黄粘土纳米复合材料.通过红外光谱(IR),X射线荧光(XRF),X射线衍射(XRD),能谱,扫描电镜(SEM),差热分析(DSC)等方法对该纳米复合材料分析表征,研究结果表明采用单体原位插层聚合法制备纳米复合材料的乳液聚合方法成功制备了直径在纳米级的聚(丙烯腈-乙酸乙烯酯)/黄粘土纳米颗粒.     

Epoxy/Clay有机-无机纳米复合材料

通过插层复合的方法可以制备环氧树脂/粘土纳米复合材料，大幅度提高材料的机械力学性能。制备中，插层剂的选择和使用是关键，应加强插层剂的合成，筛选及插层工艺以及粘土层内层外插层剂、固化剂、单体、粘土片层之间相互作用即插层机理的研究。此外，环氧树脂/粘纳米复合体系最佳固化条件（树脂/固化剂比例，固化时间等）的选择也是制备过程中不可忽视的问题。     

插层复合法制备丁腈橡胶/粘土纳米复合材料的研究

利用自制有机改性粘土 ,采用插层复合法成功制备了丁腈橡胶 (NBR) /粘土纳米复合材料。透射电镜(TEM)结果证实了粘土片层在橡胶基体中呈纳米级分散。力学性能和阻燃性能的研究结果表明 :粘土对橡胶起到了明显的补强作用 ,并远高于同量炭黑的补强作用     

原位乳液插层法制备PBA/OMMT纳米复合母料及其在ABS中的应用

通过原位乳液插层法制备高有机蒙脱土(OMMT)含量的聚丙烯酸丁酯/有机蒙脱土(PBA/0MMT)纳米复合物,将其作为母料与ABS进一步熔融插层制得力学性能良好的ABS/OMMT纳米复合材料,并通过XRD、TGA和TEM等对材料进行了表征.结果表明:制得的PBA/OMMT母料为插层型纳米复合物,OMMT片层间距从2.38nm增大到3.85nm;采用母料法制备ABS/OMMT纳米复合材料,ABS链段易插层进入OMMT层间,使OMMT片层在ABS基体中达到剥离并以纳米尺度均匀分散,较好地保持了ABS的缺口冲击强度.     

偶联剂对聚氯乙烯/粘土纳米复合材料结构与性能的影响

采用固相法、用自制的插层剂和偶联剂对粘土进行有机化插层改性制备出有机粘土;然后采用熔融插层法制备了聚氯乙烯(PVC)/有机粘土纳米复合材料。研究表明,偶联剂KH-560处理的有机粘土与PVC形成插层型纳米复合材料,偶联剂KH-550处理的有机粘土与PVC形成的则是剥离型纳米复合材料。PVC/有机粘土的拉伸强度和冲击强度都有显著提高;KH550处理的有机粘土对PVC的改性效果明显优于KH560处理的有机粘土的改性效果。     

Dynamic mechanical analysis and non-isothermal kinetics of EVA/PPy carbon black nanocomposites

Pure ethylene-co-vinyl acetate (EVA) and its conductive blend-nanocomposite with polypyrrole (PPy)/carbon black (CB) were prepared using a melt mixing process. Dynamic mechanical analysis and non-isothermal thermal gravimetrical analysis were performed on the samples. The storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping factor of the EVA/PPy/CB nanocomposites were significantly affected by the incorporation of PPy/CB. Two thermal decomposition stages were detected for pure and blended nanocomposite samples. Peak analysis was used to deconvolve the first complex decomposition stage. The Coats-Redfern method was used to determine the kinetic parameters. Improving the thermal and mechanical properties of the EVA co-polymer will enable the three-phase blend/nanocomposites to be used in several industrial applications.     

Influence of morphology on the dynamic mechanical characteristics of PP-EP/EVA/organoclay nanocomposites

A study on the dynamic mechanical properties of polypropylene copolymer/ethylene–vinyl acetate/organoclay (PP-EP/EVA/C20A) nanocomposites is presented. Nanocomposites were obtained by melt blending. Morphology consisting of intercalated–exfoliated clay nanolayers preferentially located within the EVA phase was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). Polar groups of vinyl acetate in the EVA facilitated the polymer–clay interactions. Changes in the glass transition temperature (T_g) were correlated with changes in the clay intercalation–exfoliation levels. The highly reinforced with intercalated–exfoliated clay layers EVA phase was considered as the origin of the improvement on mechanical properties of the ternary nanocomposites and is associated with the increase on viscosity, heat deflection temperature (HDT), and storage modulus.     

Structure and mechanical properties of polycarbonate modified clay nanocomposites

Polycarbonate (PC)/modified clay nanocomposites were prepared, in the absence and presence of different amounts of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA), by direct melt blending. Their structures, as well as mechanical, morphological and thermal properties, were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), tensile testing, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The XRD results of the PC/clay nanocomposites showed that they had intercalated structures, although some exfoliation was visible at low clay contents, that the gallery heights of the PC/clay nanocomposites were almost the same, and that some of the clay layers collapsed as a result of modifier decomposition at the high processing temperature. The XRD patterns of the PC/PP-g-MA/clay nanocomposites clearly show less intercalation and more exfoliation with increasing PP-g-MA content. These results were supported by TEM observations. Both the tensile strength and modulus show substantial improvements with both increasing clay and PP-g-MA contents, while the elongation at break substantially decreases, although the presence of PP-g-MA somewhat improves these values. All the nanocomposites have lower thermal stability than pure PC, but the presence of PP-g-MA seems to improve the thermal stability of these samples.     

Environmentally friendly polymer hybrids Part I Mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of thermoplastic starch/clay nanocomposites

As an attempt to develop environmentally friendly polymer hybrids, biodegradable thermoplastic starch (TPS)/clay nanocomposites were prepared through melt intercalation method. Natural montrorillonite (Na⁺ MMT; Cloisite Na⁺) and one organically modified MMT with methyl tallow bis-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium cations located in the silicate gallery (Cloisite 30B) were chosen in the nanocomposite preparation. TPS was prepared from natural potato starch by gelatinizing and plasticizing it with water and glycerol. The dispersion of the silicate layers in the TPS hybrids was characterized by using wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was observed that the TPS/Cloisite Na⁺ nanocomposites showed higher tensile strength and thermal stability, better barrier properties to water vapor than the TPS/Cloisite 30B nanocomposites as well as the pristine TPS, due to the formation of the intercalated nanostructure. The effect of clay contents on the tensile, dynamic mechanical, and thermal properties as well as the barrier properties of the nanocomposites were investigated.     

Preparation and properties of nitrile rubber/montmorillonite nanocomposites via latex blending

The nitrile rubber (NBR)/unmodified montmorillonite (Na-MMT) clay nanocomposites were prepared by latex blending method followed by melt mixing of compounding ingredients by using two-roll mill. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies showed an increase in the basal spacing and broadening of peak corresponding to crystal structure of Na-MMT indicating the formation of intercalated/exfoliated clay layers in the NBR matrix. Increase in clay content of nanocomposite increased the XRD peak height due to the formation of many of clay tactoids at higher loading. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) strengthened the XRD finding by showing the presence of intercalated/exfoliated morphology of clay platelets having good dispersion. The modulus and tensile properties of the nanocomposites were improved with addition of Na-MMT which is proportional to clay concentration. The retention of tensile properties of aged nanocomposites, with all clay concentration, was superior to either pure NBR and carbon black filled NBR composite. The dynamic mechanical analysis showed proportional increase in storage modulus analogous to Na-MMT loading at all the temperature ranges due to the confinement of polymer chains between the clay layers. Nanocomposites with different proportions of clay showed a decrease in tan δ_max peak height with a shift towards higher temperature indicating the reduction in the segmental mobility of polymer chain. A linear model was proposed to correlate the influence of Na-MMT content on storage modulus of nanocomposites. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated a linear increase in glass transition of nanocomposites which is proportional to clay loading. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed a small improvement in the thermal stability of nitrile rubber/clay nanocomposites.     

Preparation,microstructure and thermal mechanical properties of epoxy/crude clay nanocomposites

To improve the performance/cost ratio of epoxy/clay nanocomposites, epoxy resin was reinforced with crude clay with the help of a silane modifier. The epoxy/crude clay nanocomposites were produced through a recently developed “slurry compounding” approach. The microstructure of the nanocomposites was characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thermal mechanical properties were studied with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It has been shown that only 5 wt% of silane modifier is required to facilitate the dispersion and exfoliation of crude clay in epoxy matrix. The storage moduli and thermal stability were improved with the addition of crude clay.     

纳米OMMT/EVA-g-PU复合材料

采用熔融接枝与熔融插层相结合的方法,成功制备了纳米OMMT/EVA-g-PU复合材料。通过FTIR及13C NMR测试表明,端—NCO的聚氨酯(PU)预聚体与皂化乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)间发生接枝反应。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)与透射电镜(TEM)观察了蒙脱土(OMMT)在基体中的分散状态,用电子万能试验机、动态力学分析仪(DMA)和热重分析仪(TG)分析了复合材料的力学性能、储能模量和热性能。结果表明：OMMT主要以插层型分布在基体中;当OMMT的质量分数为3%时,复合材料的断裂强度、杨氏模量和撕裂强度分别为7.96 MPa、7.12 MPa和49.97 MPa;复合材料的储能模量随 OMMT含量的增加而升高,当OMMT的质量分数为7%时,复合材料的储能模量相对于纯EVA 提高了2 倍多;复合材料的热稳定性能也要优于纯EVA,并随OMMT含量的增加而升高。     

Studies on the oxygen barrier and mechanical properties of low density polyethylene/organoclay nanocomposite films in the presence of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer as a new type of compatibilizer

Nanocomposite films based on low density polyethylene (LDPE), containing of 2, 3, and 4 wt.% organoclay (OC) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer as a new compatibilizer were prepared and characterized using rheological tests, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, oxygen permeation measurements, and tensile tests. There was no exfoliation or intercalation of the clay layers in the absence of EVA, while an obvious increase in d-spacing was observed when the samples were prepared with EVA present. This issue was reflected in the properties of nanocomposites. The oxygen barrier properties of the LDPE/EVA/OC film were significantly better than those of the LDPE/OC film. The average aspect ratio of clay platelets in nanocomposites was determined from permeability measurements and using Lape–Cussler model. In addition to barrier properties, the LDPE/EVA/OC film also had better elastic modulus than their counterparts without EVA. The modulus reinforcement of nanocomposites was studied using Halpin–Tsai equations, which are universally used for composites reinforced by flake-like or rod-like fillers.     

Effects of modified Clay on the morphology and thermal stability of PMMA/clay nanocomposites

The potential to improve the mechanical, thermal, and optical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/clay nanocomposites prepared with clay containing an organic modifier was investigated. Pristine sodium montmorillonite clay was modified using cocoamphodipropionate, which absorbs UVB in the 280–320 nm range, via ion exchange to enhance the compatibility between the clay platelets and the methyl methacrylate polymer matrix. PMMA/clay nanocomposites were synthesized via in situ free-radical polymerization. Three types of clay with various cation-exchange capacities (CEC) were used as inorganic layered materials in these organic–inorganic hybrid nanocomposites: CL42, CL120, and CL88 with CEC values of 116, 168, and 200 meq/100 g of clay, respectively. We characterized the effects of the organoclay dispersion on UV resistance, effectiveness as an O₂ gas barrier, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of PMMA/clay nanocomposites. Gas permeability analysis demonstrated the excellent gas barrier properties of the nanocomposites, consistent with the intercalated or exfoliated morphologies observed. The optical properties were assessed using UV–Visible spectroscopy, which revealed that these materials have good optical clarity, UV resistance, and scratch resistance. The effect of the dispersion capability of organoclay on the thermal properties of PMMA/clay nanocomposites was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry; these analyses revealed excellent thermal stability of some of the modified clay nanocomposites.     

Effect of Amino alcohol functionalized polyethylene as compatibilizer for LDPE/EVA/clay/flame-retardant nanocomposites

The synergistic effect of organo-modified montmorillonite (Nanomer I28E and Cloisite 20A) and metal hydroxides (magnesium hydroxide MH and alumina trihydrate ATH) as flame retardants in LDPE/EVA nanocomposites compatibilized with amino alcohol grafted polyethylene (PEgDMAE) was studied. Morphological characterization of nanocomposites was carried out by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Flame-retardant properties of nanocomposites were evaluated by the UL-94 horizontal burning and cone calorimeter tests and limiting oxygen index (LOI). Thermal degradation behavior was analyzed with a Fourier transform infrared coupled with the thermogravimetric analyzer (TG-FTIR). The XRD analysis showed a displacement of the d₀₀₁ plane characteristic peak of clay to lower angles, which indicates an intercalated–exfoliated morphology. From STEM images it was observed a good dispersion of flame retardants (MH and ATH) throughout the polymer matrix which was reflected in flame-retardant properties. TG-FTIR showed a better thermal stability of nanocomposites and the gases evolved during combustion showed an important reduction. Based on thermal stability and thermal degradation results, the flame-retardant mechanism of LDPE/PEgDMAE/EVA/Clay/MH nanocomposites was proposed.