压电陶瓷堆位置对郎之万换能器内部损耗的影响

压电陶瓷堆位置是郎之万换能器优化设计的一个重要对象,人们对其研究较多但结论并不一致。文章主要考虑压电陶瓷的机械损耗及介电损耗,分析了恒振幅输出时这两种损耗与压电陶瓷堆位置的关系,并通过引入负载系数探讨了不同负载情况下压电陶瓷堆位置对郎之万换能器内部损耗的影响。分析结果表明,对于不同的负载,压电陶瓷堆均对应一个最佳位置,此时换能器的内部损耗最小,且随着负载的增大,这一最佳位置逐渐向换能器的节点位置靠近。可见,压电陶瓷堆位置的优化设计与实际负载密切相关,以往关于该问题的不同结论源于其仅针对某种特定负载分析而得。     

夹心式压电陶瓷超声换能器的非线性研究进展

夹心式压电陶瓷超声换能器是目前大功率超声设备中应用最广的一种换能器,其在大功率工作状态下会呈现出明显的非线性特征。综述了夹心式压电陶瓷超声换能器非线性方面的研究进展。首先介绍了国内外在压电陶瓷非线性方面的重要理论及实验研究成果,着重阐述了大功率领域常用的硬压电陶瓷的非线性研究工作,其次对夹心式压电陶瓷超声换能器的结构及工艺所引起的非线性进行了简要分析和论述,最后介绍了夹心式压电陶瓷超声换能器非线性建模方面的研究进展。     

深油井超声探测用的压电陶瓷换能器的研究

超声压电陶瓷换能器可以探测5000m以下深处的地质结构和油井固实程度。用于压电陶瓷换能器的PT－PSN陶瓷性能参数是，Tc=380℃,kt=45%,εr=420,tanδ=1.5%，Qm=2200，Ec=733V/mm。经实验测量和现场试验表明，在温度高达200℃时压电陶瓷换能器的性能稳定，测量精度高。     

压电复合材料用于透镜式聚焦换能器的研究

为了增加聚焦换能器的带宽, 抑制其多模振动耦合现象, 提高电声转换效率, 实验采用1-3型压电复合材料代替压电陶瓷作为超声发射材料, 设计并制作了一种新型的1-3型压电复合材料透镜式聚焦换能器。通过频率特性的对比研究, 证明了1-3型压电复合材料透镜式聚焦换能器不仅能增加换能器的带宽, 达到PZT压电陶瓷透镜式聚焦换能器带宽的3.13倍, 而且能明显抑制径向振动, 得到单一纯净的厚度振动模态。另外, 1-3型压电复合材料透镜式聚焦换能器的电声转换效率达到PZT压电陶瓷透镜式聚焦换能器的1.88倍, 为高效率聚焦超声换能器的实现提供了理论及实验基础。     

双迭片弯曲压电陶瓷换能器及振动模态分析测量

介绍了双迭片弯曲压电陶瓷换能器的制作及边缘固定金属压电陶瓷双迭片弯曲振动，并利用有限元分析了换能器的谐振模式，采用激光多普勒干涉仪对换能器的谐振特性以及振动速度和位移分布进行了测量和分析，结果表明：换能器空载性能良好，通过有限元分析与先进测量手段的结合，能够对换能器器件的制作与分析进行指导。     

陶瓷骨架对3-3型复合材料压电性能的影响

本工作研究了压电陶瓷的化学组成对3-3型复合材料介电、压电性能的影响。选用了三种类型的压电陶瓷:“硬性”压电陶瓷(PZT-F)、“软性”压电陶瓷(PZT-N)和“稳定型”压电陶瓷(PZT-C)。实验结果指出:以PZT-F 和 PZT-C 为骨架制成的复合材料仍然具有较低的体积密度、较高的静水压灵敏度、小的机械品质因数和较小的介质损耗,同时其耐静水压稳定性也有所改善。这种复合材科已装配成发射型换能器,成功地用于地震模拟试验。这类材料的问世将有助于宽带换能器的发展。     

一种高频宽带大尺寸的圆柱换能器的设计方法

介绍了一种新的圆柱换能器的设计方法。该高频宽带大尺寸的圆柱换能器采用压电陶瓷颗粒拼接而成,在外层添加一层匹配层,通过对匹配层材料及厚度的选择来提高与水的匹配性能,实现宽带能量传输。     

1-3型压电复合材料壳式聚焦换能器的研究

为解决压电陶瓷聚焦换能器阻抗高、带宽窄,电声转换效率低等问题,采用新型的1-3型压电复合材料作为聚焦超声换能器材料,设计并制作了一种新型的1-3压电复合材料壳式聚焦换能器。通过对新型换能器的频率特性,电声转换效率研究后和当前应用的PZT壳式聚焦换能器进行对比,证明了1-3型压电复合材料壳式聚焦换能器的阻抗较低,相对带宽达61%,是PZT压电陶瓷壳式聚焦换能器的3.39倍,以及较高的电声转换效率η为54%,是PZT压电陶瓷壳式聚焦换能器的1.68倍。将换能器实际声场检测结果与Matlab声场仿真结果进行对比研究,得出换能器具有较好的声场特性及聚焦效果。为高性能的聚焦换能器的实现提供了理论及实验基础。     

Cymbal压电发电换能器有限元分析

通过建立Cymbal压电发电换能器的机电耦合有限元分析模型,计算分析了换能器结构参数对输出电压和谐振频率的影响以及外接负载对Cymbal换能器输出电压和输出功率的影响。研究表明,为了降低换能器的工作频率和提高换能器的输出电压,应增大换能器的空腔底部直径和减小换能器的空腔高度;在选择金属端冒和压电陶瓷厚度等参数时,应综合考虑换能器系统的刚度和外界振动源的频率特性和加速度特性;在任意一个频率点上,Cymbal换能器均存在一个最佳的外接负载,使得换能器的输出功率最大,而这个最佳的负载阻抗就等于Cymbal换能器在这个工作频率点上的输出阻抗。文中还提出并分析了基于外加预应力的多振子级联方式Cymbal压电发电换能器系统的结构。     

压电陶瓷球形换能器耐电压与抗拉极限辐射声功率研究

对目前常用的压电陶瓷球形换能器辐射声功率进行研究,分别从压电陶瓷球振动时动态抗拉强度极限和退极化电压两方面分析其极限辐射声功率,两者中选择较小值,为极限辐射声功率计算提供部分技术指导;同时给定了特定尺寸下压电陶瓷球的宽带极限耐压辐射声功率,其结果可为球形换能器设计、使用提供参考。     

Piezoelectric ceramic rectangular transducers in flexural vibration

Based on the equivalent elastic method and coupled vibration theory, an analytic method is presented to study the flexural vibration of rectangular transducers consisting of piezoelectric ceramic thin plates. By introducing a mechanical coupling coefficient, the flexural vibration of the piezoelectric ceramic rectangular thin plate is reduced to two simple, one-dimensional flexural vibrations of narrow piezoelectric ceramic strips. The resonance frequency equations for the piezoelectric ceramic rectangular thin-plate transducers in flexural vibration are derived under the free and simply supported boundary conditions analytically. The relationship between the resonance frequency and the flexural vibrational order, the geometrical shape, and the dimensions of the piezoelectric ceramic rectangular thin-plate transducer is analyzed. It is demonstrated that the one-dimensional vibrational theory for the flexural vibration of a narrow piezoelectric ceramic strip and the stripe-mode flexural vibrational theory for the piezoelectric ceramic rectangular thin plate can be derived directly from the theory obtained in this paper. Experimental results show that the measured resonance frequencies of the piezoelectric ceramic rectangular thin-plate transducers in flexural vibration under free-boundary conditions are in good agreement with the calculated results. The method presented in this paper can be used in the resonance frequency analysis of vibrating systems in coupled vibration.     

Triple-resonant transducers

A detailed analysis is presented of two novel multiple-resonant transducers which produce a wider transmit response than that of a conventional Tonpilz-type transducer. These multi-resonant transducers are Tonpilz-type longitudinal vibrators that produce three coupled resonances and are referred to as triple-resonant transducers (TRTs). One of these designs is a mechanical series arrangement of a tail mass, piezoelectric ceramic stack, central mass, compliant spring, second central mass, second compliant spring, and a piston-radiating head mass. The other TRT design is a mechanical series arrangement of a tail mass, piezoelectric ceramic stack, central mass, compliant spring, and head mass with a quarter-wave matching layer of poly(methyl methacrylate) on the head mass. Several prototype transducer element designs were fabricated that demonstrated proof-of-concept.     

一种超声手术刀推挽激励换能器的研究

设计了一种超声手术刀用的新型推挽激励换能器。它是在夹心式单晶堆压电超声换能器的经典构造基础上,把原先激励一组压电陶瓷晶片堆的方式,改为同时施加反相激励的前后两组晶堆。利用有限元方法,对该推挽激励换能器进行模态分析和频率响应分析。在相同大小的电压激励下,相对单晶堆换能器,推挽激励换能器可以获得更高的工作带宽和机电耦合系数,提高了换能器的电声转换效率。按照仿真结果加工推挽激励换能器,实现良好的动力学和电学特性,满足设计要求。     

Sandwiched piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers oflongitudinal-torsional compound vibrational modes

Sandwiched piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers of longitudinal-torsional compound vibrational modes were studied. The transducers consist of coaxially segmented, longitudinally and tangentially polarized piezoelectric ceramic rings, a back metal cylinder, and a front exponential solid metal horn. Based on the plane-wave approximation, the equivalent circuits of the longitudinal and torsional vibrations in the sandwiched transducer were obtained and the resonance frequency equations of the transducer in longitudinal and torsional vibrations were derived. By means of choosing the radius decay coefficient of the front exponential horn, the longitudinal and torsional vibrations are made to resonate at the same frequency in the transducer. Sandwiched piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers of longitudinal-torsional compound modes were designed and fabricated according to the frequency equations. It is demonstrated that the measured resonance frequencies of the transducers are in good agreement with the theoretical results, and the measured resonance frequencies of the transducers in longitudinal and torsional vibration modes are also in good agreement with each other. Theoretical and experimental results show that this kind of transducer can be used in ultrasonic welding, ultrasonic machining, ultrasonic motors, and other ultrasonic applications which need large displacement amplitudes     

Radial vibration of the composite ultrasonic transducer of piezoelectric and metal rings

The radial composite ultrasonic transducer of a piezoelectric ceramic ring and a metal ring is studied. The radial vibrations of a piezoelectric ceramic ring polarized in the thickness direction and a metal ring are analyzed and their electromechanical equivalent circuits are obtained. On the basis of the electromechanical equivalent circuits of the piezoelectric and the metal ring and the radial boundary conditions, the total electromechanical equivalent circuit for the composite ultrasonic transducer is also obtained. The resonance frequency and anti-resonance frequency equations of the composite ultrasonic transducer are given. Some radial composite ultrasonic transducers are designed and manufactured and their resonance and anti-resonance frequencies are measured. Experiments show that the measured resonance frequencies are in a good agreement with the theoretical results.     

Radiation impedance and equivalent circuit for piezoelectric ultrasonic composite transducers of vibrational mode-conversion

The piezoelectric ultrasonic composite transducer, which can be used in either gas or liquid media, is studied in this paper. The composite transducer is composed of a longitudinal sandwich piezoelectric transducer, a mechanical transformer, and a metal circular plate in flexural vibration. Acoustic radiation is produced by the flexural circular plate, which is excited by the longitudinal sandwich transducer and transformer. Based on the classic flexural theory of plates, the equivalent lumped parameters for a plate in axially symmetric flexural vibration with free boundary conditions are obtained. The radiation impedance of the plate is derived and the relationship between the radiation impedance and the frequency is analyzed. The equivalent circuits for the plate in flexural vibration and the composite transducer are given. The vibrational modes and the harmonic response of the composite piezoelectric transducer are simulated by the numerical method. Based on the theoretical and numerical analysis, two composite piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers are designed and manufactured, their admittance-frequency curves are measured, and the resonance frequency is obtained. The flexural vibrational displacement distribution of the transducer is measured with a laser scanning vibrometer. It is shown that the theoretical results are in good agreement with the measured resonance frequency and the displacement distribution.     

Design and fabrication of broadband graded ultrasonic transducers with rectangular kerfs

Broadband ultrasound imaging is capable of achieving superior resolution in clinical applications. An effective and easy way of manufacturing broadband transducers is desired for these applications. In this work, a graded material in which the piezoelectric plate is mechanically graded with rectangular grooves is introduced. Finite element analysis (FEA) demonstrated that the graded piezoelectric material could achieve a broadband, time-domain response resulting from multiple resonant modes. Experimental tests were carried out to validate these theoretical results. Based upon the FEA designs, several single-element transducers were fabricated using either a nondiced ceramic or a diced, graded ceramics. A superior bandwidth of 92% was achieved by the graded transducer when compared to a bandwidth of 56% produced by the nondiced ceramic transducer at the expense of a reduced sensitivity.     

Functional composites for sensors,actuators and transducers

Following the trend in structural applications, composite structures are being used more commonly in transducer applications to improve acoustic, mechanical and electrical performance of piezoelectric devices. Functional composite transducers for actuators and sensors generally consist of an active ceramic phase incorporated with a passive polymer phase, each of which has a phase transition associated with it. In this paper, several polymer–piezoelectric ceramic composite transducers, mostly designed for sensing hydrostatic waves, are discussed based on the connectivity of the constituent phases. Also discussed are some recent examples of metal–ceramic composites, and single element ceramic transducers with modified shapes for improved performance. A comparison of these designs is given based on their hydrophone figure of merit (d_h·g_h).