酚醛树脂增容聚甲醛／丁腈橡胶共混物的亚微相态与增韧机理研究

采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）考察了热塑性酚醛树脂（Novolak）增容聚甲醛（POM）/丁腈橡胶（NBR）共混物的亚微相态。通过对共混物的TEM及经刻蚀后脆性断裂面的SEM观察发现,对于POM/NBR共混物,NBR在基体中呈现不规则的“海-岛”结构,由于两相不相容导致分散相NBR在基体中的分散性很差。对于POM/NBR/Novolak共混物,在NBR含量为30%时,共混物仍然呈现“海-岛”结构,但NBR在基体中的分散性有所提高;当NBR含量为40%时,NBR在基体中呈现带状网络结构相态,文中提出了Novolak增容POM/NBR共混物的增韧机制,即高含量的NBR通过Novolak的增容作用,在POM中基体形成互锁的带状网络结构;当材料受到外力冲击时,这种橡胶网络带给够终止受到外力作用而在基体中产生的银纹和剪切屈服,增加了共混物的破裂能,从而使共混物的韧性得到显著提高。     

离聚体增容剂研究进展

综述了离聚体在共混体系中作为增容剂的增容机理及其对共混物性能的影响。离子基团与聚合物之间的特殊相互作用、多重离子对或离子簇在聚合物链之间形成的物理交联、离聚体基体与聚合物之间的相容性、“原位”反应形成的共聚物提高了共混体系相容性；适量的离聚体使共混物的流变性能、热性能、结晶行为、力学性能得到显著改善。     

EVA-g-MAH对PA6/EVA共混合金原位反应增容作用的研究

用乙烯－醋酸乙烯酯共聚物（ＥＶＡ）对尼龙６（ＰＡ６）进行增韧,加入乙烯－醋酸乙烯酯共聚物与马来酸酐的接枝物（ＥＶＡ－ｇ－ＭＡＨ）进行原位反应增容,在反应型双螺杆挤出机上实现反应增容共混过程,制备出了具有超韧性的ＰＡ６／ＥＶＡ／ＥＶＡ－ｇ－ＭＡＨ三元共混合金。探讨了ＥＶＡ－ｇ－ＭＡＨ对ＰＡ６／ＥＶＡ的原位反应及增容机理,用倍高扫描电镜考察了合金材料的亚微相态。结果表明,ＥＶＡ－ｇ－ＭＡＨ的加入使合金     

含核-壳聚合物共混体系的形态与协同增韧效应

通过力学性能和 DSC测试以及 SEM观测 ,分析了丙烯腈 -b-苯乙烯共聚物 (SAN) /甲基丙烯酸甲酯 -丁二烯 -苯乙烯核 -壳聚合物 (MBS)、SAN/丙烯腈 -丁二烯 -苯乙烯三元共聚物 (ABS)、SAN/ MBS/ ABS及 SAN/ MBS/苯乙烯 -丁二烯 -苯乙烯三元共聚物 (SBS)共混体系的力学性能与微观结构之间的关系。研究结果表明 ,MBS对 SAN基体具有明显的增韧效果 :当添加 ABS或 SBS弹性体时呈现出明显的协同增韧效应。SAN/ MBS/ ABS共混体系冲击断面的 SEM照片显示 ,当材料受冲击时产生了大量的空洞 ,从而吸收了大量的冲击能量。     

嵌段共聚物在共混体系中的增容作用研究II.PS-b-PMMA对PVC/SBS共混体系相态结构的影响

合成了一系列分子量和单体组成比不同的聚苯乙烯 -聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯两嵌段共聚物 ( PS- b- PMMA)作为PVC/SBS共混体系的增容剂。系统研究了 PVC/SBS的组成比、增容剂的用量以及增容剂的分子结构等因素与共混体系相态结构之间的关系。结果表明 ,增容剂的不同结构对共混体系的相态结构影响很大 ,在所合成的 4种增容剂中 ,分子量相对较小 ,分子内聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段的分子量与聚苯乙烯嵌段的分子量比较接近的增容剂分子 ,具有更好的增容效果 ,其增容的共混体系具有典型的韧性特征。     

嵌段共聚物在共混体系中的增容作用研究Ⅱ.PS-b-PMMA对PVC/SBS共混体系相态结构的影响

合成了一系列分子量和单体组成比不同的聚苯乙烯-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯两嵌段共聚物(PS-b-PMMA)作为PVC/SBS共混体系的增容剂.系统研究了PVC/SBS的组成比、增容剂的用量以及增容剂的分子结构等因素与共混体系相态结构之间的关系.结果表明,增容剂的不同结构对共混体系的相态结构影响很大,在所合成的4种增容剂中,分子量相对较小,分子内聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段的分子量与聚苯乙烯嵌段的分子量比较接近的增容剂分子,具有更好的增容效果,其增容的共混体系具有典型的韧性特征.     

增容剂对聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯/聚丙烯共混体系相形态、热稳定性与流变性能影响研究

为了丰富聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBT)纤维品种,以乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物接枝马来酸酐(EVA-gMAH)、乙烯-辛烯共聚物接枝甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(POE-g-GMA)和乙烯-丙烯酸酯-甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(EMG)为增容剂,采用熔融共混法制备了不同组成比例的PBT/PP共混物,通过扫描电镜、差示扫描量热法、热失重分析法和毛细管流变仪等手段测试了共混物,考察增容剂种类和用量对共混物结构性能的影响。结果表明:共混物PBT/PP为不相容体系,选择共混物PBT/PP为70/30(质量比)时加入3种增容剂,发现增容剂对PBT/PP共混的增容效果为:EMGPOE-g-GMAEVA-g-MAH。共混物的熔点无明显变化,分解温度增加,耐热性增强。对比不同种类增容剂含量为1份的共混物,其表观黏度均随着剪切速率的增大而减小,说明改性共混物是假塑性流体。     

极性可调高聚物接枝氧化石墨烯相容剂的制备及在MC尼龙中的应用

设计制备了极性可调控的反应型相容剂乙烯-辛烯共聚物-甲醛缩多乙烯多胺-g-氧化石墨烯(POE-TEPAF-GO),并将其应用于铸型尼龙(MC尼龙)/马来酸酐接枝乙烯-辛烯共聚物(MAPOE)共混体系中。同时,调节TEPAF相对分子质量大小,考察不同极性的相容剂对共混材料MC尼龙/MAPOE的影响。研究结果表明,POE-TEPAF-GO对MC尼龙/MAPOE共混体系增容效果较为理想,并且可作为多功能填料对共混材料实现增韧和增强,其中共混材料韧性提高最为显著,较纯MC尼龙提高93%,拉伸强度、热稳定性也有所改善,此外在一定程度上改变了晶型。当TEPAF的Mw=931时,材料的综合性能最优。     

尼龙—6与羧基化改性LDPE共混体系的结构研究

通过密度测定、Molau实验、二甲苯萃取抽出物的IR分析,测定了尼龙-6与各种改性聚乙烯的结构,发现尼龙-6分子末端的胺基与MAH-g-LDPE的酸酐及离聚体的羧酸发生化学反应,生成的接枝物起到了共混体系增容剂的作用,改善了体系的亲合性。DSC测定表明,各种LDPE的加入均会使共混物中尼龙的结晶速率加快,Avrami指数上升。     

凹凸棒土/ 聚丙烯/ 聚碳酸酯三元复合材料的力学性能及增韧机理

通过两步法熔融共混工艺制备了具有核壳特征凹凸棒土(AT) / 聚丙烯( PP) / 聚碳酸酯( PC) 三元复合材料。利用TEM 观察复合体系的亚微相态。使用万能材料拉力机、冲击实验仪等手段测试了复合材料的力学性能, 并对三元复合体系的增韧机理进行了探讨。结果表明, PC 连续相中形成了以AT 为核、PP 为壳的分散相。这种核2壳结构特征相包容粒子对PC 具有良好的增韧效果, 且强度较PP/ PC 二元共混体系有所提高。结合冲击断面形貌的SEM 分析, 认为AT/ PP/ PC 三元复合体系中的增韧机制主要是界面脱粘、空化作用和AT 对分散相的增强作用。      

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.