电压对钛表面微弧氧化陶瓷层特性的影响

为了提高钛表面的生物活性,利用微弧氧化技术在钛表面制备了含有钙磷的多孔二氧化钛陶瓷层。研究了施加电压对多孔微弧氧化层的平均孔径、表面粗糙度、相成分、钙磷含量以及Ca/P原子比的影响。结果表明,随着微弧氧化电压的升高,平均孔径、表面粗糙度、膜层中钙磷含量以及Ca/P原子比都逐渐增大,膜层的相成分由锐钛矿逐渐向金红石转变,并且膜层中逐渐有羟基磷灰石生成。     

铝合金表面微弧氧化纳米SiO2复合涂层的元素及物相分析

为提高微弧氧化层性能,通过向微弧氧化电解液中添加纳米SiO2颗粒,在7A52铝合金表面制备了纳米SiO2复合微弧氧化层.利用扫描电镜、能谱仪和X射线衍射仪表征了纳米SiO2复合微弧氧化层的微观组织、元素分布特征及物相组成.研究表明:纳米SiO2颗粒与微弧氧化层复合生长到一起,在微弧氧化层中大致均匀分布;纳米SiO2在微弧氧化层中主要以无定形态存在,同时SiO2与微弧氧化层主体成分Al2O3发生相变反应,生成新物相-莫来石.     

微弧氧化技术在铝合金腐蚀防护中的应用研究与发展

随着轻型合金技术的发展,铝合金被广泛应用于船舶舰艇、装甲装备等领域,但随之带来的腐蚀问题不容小觑.资料显示,我国铝合金舰船的维修费用有近一半用于修复海水腐蚀损坏.铝合金微弧氧化是一种表面处理技术,兴起于上个世纪下半叶,通过在铝合金表面生成陶瓷层,能起到较好的防腐效果,同时对工件结构包容性大,在处理复杂零部件时有特殊优势.铝合金经微弧氧化处理,能在表面原位生成以α-Al2 O3和γ-Al2 O3为主要成分的陶瓷层,具有较高的硬度、耐腐蚀性和耐磨性;但由于微弧氧化发生时,会产生瞬时高温高压,击穿原有自然氧化膜,在表面形成放电通道,因此微弧氧化膜层有大量孔洞.为提高微弧氧化膜层综合性能,更好地发挥腐蚀防护作用,学者们对微弧氧化过程以及膜层质量进行了大量研究.影响其质量的因素大致可概括为四个方面:电解液、电参数、氧化时间和添加剂.一般来说,电解液和添加剂对铝合金微弧氧化膜层成分有直接影响,合理使用添加剂对改善膜层表面孔隙率有积极意义,尤其是纳米颗粒添加剂,发挥第二相弥散强化作用,能有效提高膜层强度和硬度;而电参数和氧化时间对成膜效率、膜层厚度以及相结构都有影响,各种因素相互关联制约,共同影响微弧氧化陶瓷层的耐腐蚀效果和综合性能.以美国为代表的发达国家从上世纪七十年代起就开始在工业中使用铝合金微弧氧化技术,俄罗斯对微弧氧化的理论研究比较深入,处于国际领先地位.但是微弧氧化过程瞬间完成,同时涉及到化学、电化学、等离子体等反应,机理十分复杂,至今仍没有统一的模型能够完美解释整个过程.我国对铝合金微弧氧化技术的研究始于上世纪九十年代,在理论积累以及工程应用领域均取得了一定成果,尤其是在一些小型铝合金工件的微弧氧化技术上,工艺流程已较为成熟.本文归纳了铝合金微弧氧化膜层腐蚀防护机理,对影响铝合金微弧氧化膜层防腐性能的因素进行了梳理讨论,并对铝合金微弧氧化技术发展中的问题和前景进行了总结和展望,以期为研究人员的进一步研究提供参考.     

铝合金表面陶瓷层耐磨性能

利用微弧氧化技术在LY12铝合金表面原位生长陶瓷层，实验中电解液由5g／LNaOH、10g／LNaSiO3和5gm（NaPO3）6组成，并加入适量催化剂KOH和十二烷基苯磺酸钠。用SEM、XRD分析了微弧氧化陶瓷层的表面形貌和相结构，利用WTM-1型球-盘磨损实验机对铝合金表面陶瓷层的耐磨性能进行了研究。结果表明：铝合金在电流密度7A／dm^2、电解液的温度20～40℃、处理时间20min条件下，铝合金表面可以原位形成均匀致密的陶瓷改性层。微弧氧化处理后的试样在干摩擦小滑动距离下表现出良好的耐磨性能。     

双步微弧氧化技术制备纯钛梯度膜层的研究

采用微弧氧化技术,以β-甘油磷酸钠和乙酸钙混合溶液为电解液,对样品进行预微弧氧化-微弧氧化复合工艺制备出含有羟基磷灰石与梯度结构的生物活性功能膜层。采用XRD、SEM、EDS等对膜层的相组成、形貌以及成分结构进行了分析,结果表明,预微弧氧化形成较小孔径结构的致密阻挡层,可以阻止基体金属离子向体内释放;进一步采用微弧氧化技术在预处理的样品表面制备出含羟基磷灰石的多孔生物活性功能膜层,使整个膜层沿垂直基体方向从致密结构的底层向多孔结构的表面层逐渐变化,膜层的成分从生物稳定性的底层向生物活性的表面层梯度变化;膜层表面成分主要由金红石型TiO2、锐钛矿型TiO2和低结晶程度的羟基磷灰石等相构成,具有梯度结构特征的膜层既保持了膜层的生物活性,又保证了膜层与基体具有高的结合强度。     

正向电压对氢化锆微弧氧化阻氢膜层性能的影响

在偏铝酸钠-氢氧化钠-EDTA混合溶液中, 采用恒压模式对氢化锆表面进行微弧氧化处理。借助场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)及真空脱氢实验, 研究了不同正向电压(350~425 V)对微弧氧化膜层表面、截面、相结构及阻氢渗透性能的影响。分析结果表明: 微弧氧化过程大致由阳极氧化、火花放电、微弧氧化和熄弧四个阶段组成。制备的膜层分为致密层和疏松层, 致密层所占比例约为80%。随着正向电压的增大, 晶粒尺寸增大, 晶面间距减小, 氢化锆表面微弧氧化膜层厚度由122 μm增加至150 μm, 膜层的增长速度也随正向电压的增大而加快。但正向电压的改变对膜层的相结构并无显著影响, 膜层由单斜相氧化锆和四方相氧化锆组成, 当正向氧化电压为400 V时, 氧化膜的PRF值达到最大值20。     

钛合金表面微弧氧化技术的研究

微弧氧化是一项在有色金属表面原位生长陶瓷膜的新技术,利用该技术可在钛合金表面生成耐磨、耐蚀、耐高温以及电绝缘性能优异的陶瓷膜层.介绍了微弧氧化技术的基本原理、钛合金微弧氧化的发展及现状,并提出了钛合金表面微弧氧化技术发展的新思路.     

镁合金激光重熔后微弧氧化膜的微观组织和耐蚀性能

为了改善WE43镁合金的耐蚀性能,采用激光重熔(LSM)和微弧氧化(MAO)复合工艺对其表面进行了改性。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)研究了WE43镁合金及其激光重熔层、微弧氧化膜层和激光重熔-微弧氧化膜层的微观组织、表面形貌和物相;通过GAMARY-Reference 600电化学工作站研究了其腐蚀行为,重点研究了镁合金激光重熔后微弧氧化膜层的微观组织、成分和耐蚀性能。结果表明:激光重熔使WE43镁合金晶粒细化、网状的β-Mg41Nd5相均匀分布和表面稀土元素Y及Nd增加,有效地改善了其耐蚀性能;微弧氧化膜和激光重熔后的微弧氧化膜层都可以显著提高WE43镁合金的耐蚀性能,但后者优于前者。     

占空比对SiCp/Al基复合材料微弧氧化膜层组织及性能的影响

以NaAlO₂+NaOH为电解液体系，在恒压模式下对SiC体积分数为45%,粒径为5μm的SiCp/Al基复合材料表面进行微弧氧化处理，研究了占空比对SiCp/Al基复合材料微弧氧化膜层组织及性能的影响。用SEM分析微弧氧化膜层的形貌；用X射线衍射仪分析膜层的相组成；采用粗糙度仪、维氏硬度仪、划痕仪对膜层粗糙度、显微硬度及结合力进行了分析；用电化学工作站分析膜层的耐蚀性。结果表明：随着占空比的增大，微弧氧化膜层变得连续，厚度呈现增加趋势，粗糙度逐渐增加，孔隙率逐渐降低。占空比对微弧氧化膜层的物相有一定影响。SiCp/Al基复合材料微弧氧化膜层与基体的结合力随占空比的增加先增大后减小。不同占空比下制备的微弧氧化膜层均能提高SiCp/Al基复合材料的耐蚀性，占空比为70%时制备的微弧氧化膜层耐蚀性最好。     

硫酸铜浓度对镁合金微弧氧化膜层热控性能的影响

为了提高镁合金的热防护性能,在硅酸盐、磷酸盐、铝酸盐等电解液体系中引入硫酸铜,采用微弧氧化技术在MB15镁合金表面制备微弧氧化膜层。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、能谱仪(EDS)和CIE颜色系统研究了电解液中硫酸铜浓度对涂层的色度、厚度、粗糙度和热控性能的影响。结果表明:微弧氧化膜层微观上具备典型的多孔结构,铝酸盐涂层主要由MgAl_2O_4晶相组成,硅酸盐涂层主要由MgO晶相和Mg_2SiO_4晶相组成,磷酸盐涂层主要由MgO晶相组成,而各膜层中的Cu元素均以非晶相形式存在;随着硫酸铜浓度增加,3种体系制备的膜层表面颜色均向黑色过渡,微孔数量增多;硅酸盐体系和磷酸盐体系中制备的微弧氧化膜层具有高吸收率和高发射率等特点,而铝酸盐体系中制备的微弧氧化膜层具有高吸收率和低发射率的特点。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.