烧结温度对316L多孔不锈钢孔结构的影响

将316L不锈钢粉、造孔剂(尿素颗粒)和粘结剂(聚乙烯醇溶液)进行混合,压坯后采用高温真空烧结制备出多孔不锈钢。利用真空浸渍法计算不同烧结温度下试样的孔隙率,在金相显微镜下观察试样的孔径分布及孔大小等,采用压汞法测试不同烧结温度下的最大孔径及其渗透性能。结果表明,烧结温度在1200℃时可获得小孔径分布均匀、孔隙贯通性良好的多孔结构;但烧结温度超过1200℃,烧结试样发生孔径的收缩和变形,使得孔隙率减小,多孔材料的渗透性能降低。     

高温除尘用堇青石陶瓷支撑体的制备研究

以廉价的工业级堇青石粉体为原料,分别采用粒径为5,10,15,20μm的聚苯乙烯微球为造孔剂,通过挤压成型和高温固相反应法制备了堇青石支撑体。探究了不同造孔剂粒径及不同烧结温度对支撑体基本性能的影响,并用XRD和SEM技术对样品的物相组成和断面形貌进行了表征。研究结果表明,造孔径粒径越大材料内部孔径分布越宽、支撑体开孔率及空气渗透速率越高而抗压强度及耐酸腐蚀性越小;过高的烧结温度会促进烧结液相的产生,降低材料孔隙率及空气渗透速率,当烧结温度为1 300℃,添加粒径为10μm的造孔剂时可制备出开孔率为54.12%,抗压强度为8.25 MPa,空气渗透速率为7.62 m~3/(h·Pa·m~2),耐酸腐蚀率为99.59%的堇青石陶瓷支撑体。     

红柱石制备莫来石泡沫陶瓷

以红柱石和氧化铝为主要原料、聚苯乙烯粒子为造孔剂,通过烧结法制备莫来石泡沫陶瓷,借助XRD和SEM分析了烧成温度和骨料配比对获得莫来石相组成和结构的影响规律,并通过正交试验,探讨烧结温度、造孔剂加入量和骨料配比等工艺参数对制备莫来石泡沫陶瓷性能的影响.结果表明:造孔剂加入量对密度和强度的影响较大,烧结温度次之,骨料配比最小;最佳的因素水平为烧结温度1 450 ℃,EPS质量分数5%,骨料质量比m(红柱石)∶m(氧化铝)=80∶20,此时表观密度为0.52 g/cm³,抗折强度0.36 MPa.     

镍冶金废渣制备多孔陶瓷及其性能

为使镍冶金废渣再利用,以磁选后镍渣和粉煤灰为主要原料,聚苯乙烯泡沫颗粒小球为造孔剂制备多孔陶瓷,研究了烧结温度和造孔剂加入量对多孔陶瓷性能的影响,节约了工业成本.研究结果表明,体积密度和抗压强度与烧结温度呈正相关,与造孔剂加入量呈负相关,对其进行调整可使体积密度达到200 kg/m3以内,抗压强度达到0.4 MPa以上,导热系数小于0.06 W/(m·K).当浆料的固含量为60％、颗粒小球加入量与浆料的质量比为1:10,在1160℃烧结2 h后得到体积密度为199.5 kg/m3的轻质多孔陶瓷,此时的抗压强度为0.4 MPa、抗折强度为0.28 MPa、体收缩率为4.21％、导热系数为0.024 W/(m·K).采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、电子扫描显微镜(SEM)对其微观性能进行研究,发现烧结温度在1160℃开始出现MgAl2 O4相,且有利于晶粒长大并提高样品力学性能.     

尿素含量对Ti-10%Mg多孔材料孔隙结构和抗压性能的影响

以尿素为造孔剂,采用粉末冶金法在630℃真空条件下烧结制备Ti-10%Mg多孔材料,研究了造孔剂含量对其孔隙结构、物相成分、孔隙率及抗压性能的影响。研究表明,造孔剂含量为25%(w)时,烧结体的孔隙大小均匀,主要相为Ti和Mg,造孔剂添加量未对其物相产生明显影响;随着造孔剂含量的增加,烧结体的孔隙率随之增加,抗压强度和弹性模量随之降低;Ti-10%Mg多孔材料的抗压强度和弹性模量分别为16~183MPa和1.87~10.15 GPa,理论上可以作为人体骨骼的替代材料。     

氧化铝空心球的表面修饰

采用湿化学的方式引入铝胶对氧化铝空心球进行表面修饰改性;采用SEM、XRD、激光粒度仪和自制耐压装置研究铝胶分解特性、分布状态、氧化铝空心球表面改性前后显微结构及力学强度变化。结果表明:铝胶在氧化铝空心球表面形成薄膜,并渗入、沉积在孔洞和裂纹处,500～900℃热处理铝胶能原位生成高活性γ-Al₂O₃微粉,在1550℃实现烧结,1550℃热处理后表面修饰氧化铝空心球耐压强度由15.6N提高到30.2N。     

添加成孔剂法制备孔径、气孔率可控的多孔玻璃陶瓷

研究了采用添加成孔剂法制备具有相互贯通气孔的多孔生物玻璃陶瓷的方法及其性能.多孔玻璃陶瓷主晶相为氟磷灰石和β-硅灰石,气孔率在49％-82％间连续可控,气孔由成孔剂热解排除形成的球形宏观孔(孔径200-850μm)和玻璃粉体烧结形成的微观孔(孔径2-4μm)组成,宏观孔孔径取决于成孔剂粒径并通过孔壁上的孔洞(孔径50-300μm)相互连通.塑性成孔剂硬脂酸受压产生塑性变形,添加硬脂酸的素坯强度高、可加工,烧结产物强度较高、气孔为扁球状;刚性成孔剂聚苯乙烯受压产生弹性变形,添加聚苯乙烯的素坯疏松、不可加工,烧结产物强度较低、气孔呈圆球状.成形压力对添加塑性成孔剂的样品性能影响显著,而对添加刚性成孔剂的样品性能无显著影响.气孔率与成孔剂的含量成良好的线性关系,通过控制成孔剂粒径和加入量可达到气孔率、孔径可控的目的.孔径一定时抗压强度与总气孔率成良好的二次曲线关系.     

真空烧结SiC多孔陶瓷的组织与性能

以SiC为主要原料,以羧甲基纤维素(CMC)为造孔剂,分别以Al2O3-Y2O3和Al2O3-高岭土为烧结助剂,在1550℃真空烧结制备出孔洞均匀的SiC多孔陶瓷,研究了造孔剂和烧结助剂对其抗折强度和抗弯强度的影响.结果表明:随着造孔剂用量的增加,气孔率和线收缩率提高,抗折强度下降.对于经预氧化处理以Al2O3-Y2O3为助烧剂的样品,因发生低温液相反应烧结,其结构致密,气孔率较小,线收缩率和抗折强度较高;而在以Al2O3-高岭土为助烧剂的样品中发生固-固反应,其结构疏松,因而线收缩率和抗折强度较低.但是这种疏松结构有利于热应力的释放,使样品具有较高的抗热震性能.     

ZrO_2氧传感器的电极制备及其响应特性研究

研究了电极浆料组成及烧结工艺等因素对电极性能的影响,利用汽车示波器获得的电势跃迁信号分析了氧传感器的响应性能,结果表明,造孔剂的加入和烧结温度对电极微观形貌影响很大。当Pt浆/造孔剂(质量比)比例最佳,选择合适的烧结温度时,电极电阻最小,且高电势跃迁大于800 m V,低电势跃迁小于100m V,响应时间小于200 ms,满足汽车氧传感器的实际使用要求。     

制备莫来石泡沫陶瓷的工艺因素

采用红柱石和a—Al2O3为原料,以聚苯乙烯粒子（EPS）为造孔剂,通过烧结法制备莫来石泡沫陶瓷。借助XRD和SEM分析获得莫来石相的组成和形貌,通过正交试验,探讨了粘结剂加入量、造孔剂粒度及球磨时间等工艺参数对泡沫陶瓷结构和性能的影响,在此基础上进一步讨论造孔剂加入量对密度和强度的影响。结果表明：粘结剂加入量对密度和强度的影响较大,造孔剂粒度次之,球磨时间影响最小。1450℃烧结,红柱石和氧化铝按质量比80：20,EPS粒径小于0．60mm、加入9wt％造孔,可以制备性能优良的莫来石泡沫陶瓷,其表观密度0．52g／cm3,孔隙率为83％,抗折强度1．54MPa。     

表面多孔NiTi-羟基磷灰石/NiTi生物复合材料的制备与性能

利用放电等离子烧结技术制备了表面多孔NiTi-羟基磷灰石(HA)/NiTi生物复合材料,研究了烧结温度对复合材料宏观形貌、微观结构、表面孔隙特征、力学性能及体外生物活性的影响。结果表明:随着烧结温度从800℃提高到950℃,NiTi-HA/NiTi复合材料由复杂的Ti、Ni、Ti_2Ni、Ni_3Ti、HA混合相逐渐转变为单一的NiTi+HA相,内外层界面形成稳定的冶金结合且表面孔隙率与平均孔径呈缓慢减小趋势;同时抗压强度显著提高而弹性模量变化不明显。与传统NiTi、多孔NiTi及多孔NiTi-HA材料相比,950℃温度下制备的NiTi-HA/NiTi复合材料不仅具有良好的界面结合和表面孔隙特征(孔隙率45.6%、平均孔径393μm)、较高的抗压强度(1 301MPa)、较低的弹性模量(10.2GPa)以及优异的超弹性行为(超弹性恢复应变4%)的最佳匹配,而且还具有良好的体外生物活性。     

表面多孔Ti-羟基磷灰石/Ti-Ag生物梯度复合材料的制备与性能

采用放电等离子烧结技术制备表面多孔Ti-羟基磷灰石（HA）/Ti-Ag生物梯度复合材料,研究了不同HA含量对复合材料微观结构、界面结合、表面孔隙特征、力学性能及体外生物活性的影响及机制。结果表明,表面多孔Ti-HA/Ti-Ag复合材料中间基体合金主要由α-Ti和Ti₂Ag相组成,表面多孔层主要由α-Ti和HA相组成,同时还存在少量CaO、CaTiO₃、Ti₅P₃等反应相;表面多孔Ti-HA/Ti-Ag复合材料中间基体与表面多孔层形成稳定的冶金结合,但随着HA含量增加,反应相增多,界面结合变差,表面孔隙率和平均孔径呈增大趋势,导致平均抗压强度减小且弹性模量降低,因此过高的HA含量会导致材料力学性能下降;体外生物活性实验表明,表面多孔Ti-HA/Ti-Ag复合材料在人工模拟体液中浸泡7天后表面生成大量类骨磷灰石层,并且随着HA含量的增大,磷灰石形成能力明显增强。      

Fabrication of biphasic calcium phosphates/polycaprolactone composites by melt infiltration process

Synthesis and characterization of material properties of biphasic calcium phosphates (BCP)/polycaprolactone (PCL) composites, which were obtained by melt infiltration of PCL using porous BCP bodies, were investigated. Using 70 vol.% of poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) powder as a pore-forming agent, porous BCP bodies were obtained by pressure less sintering depending on the temperature. The porous bodies obtained showed interconnected, spherical pores about 200 μm in diameter. Densification of the pore frame improved and grain growth increased remarkably as the sintering temperature increased. Molten PCL was infiltrated into porous BCP bodies to obtain the BCP/PCL composites. The material properties such as the relative density, hardness, bending strength, and elastic modulus of BCP/PCL composite, which was sintered at 1200 °C, were 95.7%, 11.2 Hv, 31.6 MPa and 10.2 GPa, respectively.     

In Situ Carbon Nanotube Formation in Templated Pores of Polymer‐Derived Ceramics

Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been formed in situ in porous, polymer derived ceramics, using polystyrene (PS) microbeads as pore formers. The microbeads were coated with nickel acetate, as a transition metal catalyst precursor, and then introduced into the preceramic polymer methylphenylpolysiloxane (PMPS). The PMPS served as a precursor for the ceramic matrix and as carbon source for CNT formation. The PS microbead burnout was observed between 200 and 400 °C, leaving behind nickel nanoparticles at the surface of the templated pore walls. Thermal conversion of the precursor to ceramic was carried out in the temperature range between 500 and 1 200 °C. MWCNTs were formed in the templated pores during the pyrolysis step by converting the carbon from the decomposition of PMPS. The oxidation resistance of these composites has been studied and an interesting catalytic oxidation phenomenon was observed that may be quite important for the oxidation of carbon nanotubes.     

羟基磷灰石内连通空心球陶瓷支架的形貌特征及力学性能

利用聚苯乙烯微球模板,采用负压抽滤注浆工艺制备了羟基磷灰石(hydroxylapatite,HA)内连通空心球陶瓷支架,分析了制备工艺对空心球陶瓷的形貌特征和力学性能的影响,并研究了孔隙率与压缩强度的关系.结果表明,空心球陶瓷支架具有连通球形孔及连通球体间隙的独特复合孔结构;当注浆2次,浆料固含量为0.5g/ml时支架的孔壁完整,表面形态有利于骨细胞生长;通过改变工艺参数,得到HA空心球陶瓷的孔隙率为61%～90%,压缩强度为1.1～6.9MPa,孔隙率P与压缩强度σf的关系符合ln(σf)=ln(σf0)-bP方程.     

Effect of core–shell composite particles on the sintering behavior and properties of nano-Al2O3/polystyrene composite prepared by SLS

Nano-Al₂O₃ particles coated with polystyrene (PS) by emulsion polymerization were used as fillers to reinforce PS based composites prepared by selective laser sintering (SLS). The influences of the treated and untreated nanoparticles on the sintering behavior and mechanical properties of the laser sintered specimens were investigated. It was found that there were many uneven holes in the untreated composites. However, for the treated composites, due to the nanoparticle surfaces treated by emulsion polymerization, the absorbance of laser was improved and the nanoparticles dispersed well in the polymer matrix; a full dense structure was obtained and the properties were enhanced, such as the notched impact strength increased 50%, the maximum value was 12.1 kJ/m²; the tensile strength increased up to 300%, the maximum value was 31.2 MPa, comparing to the unfilled PS. FE-SEM studied the tensile fractured surfaces of the sintered specimens. It was noted that the fractured surfaces of composites with treated nanoparticles were rougher than those of unfilled PS and those of the untreated composite. Drawing from the results, it can be confirmed that a full dense structure can be obtained and the polystyrene matrix was strengthened and toughened when the nanoparticles were coated with PS by emulsion polymerization. This work forms a theoretical and technique basis for the production of selective laser sintered nano-Al₂O₃/PS functional products.     

膜蒸馏海水淡化用疏水性钇稳定氧化锆中空纤维膜的制备与表征

采用相转化/高温烧结技术方法制备了多孔钇稳定氧化锆(YSZ)中空纤维膜, 中空纤维膜的外径1.92 mm, 壁厚为0.21 mm。SEM分析表明: 纤维膜为典型的三明治结构, 靠近膜内外表面为指状孔, 中间区域为海绵状层。采用阿基米德法测得其孔隙率为54%。用泡点法测得其平均孔径为0.56 μm。通过表面接枝氟硅烷将其亲水性的表面改变为疏水性。真空式膜蒸馏实验表明YSZ中空纤维膜具有优异的盐水淡化性能。当膜的外侧与温度为80℃、浓度为4wt%的循环盐水接触, 膜的内侧用真空泵抽至4×10³ Pa时, 膜的水渗透通量高达48.3 L/(m²•h), 脱盐率大于99.7%。     

有机硅交联剂对硅树脂/聚苯乙烯多孔复合材料性能的影响

以苯乙烯(St)为单体,含甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基的有机硅树脂(MTQ)为交联剂,采用高内相比乳液模板(HIPE)法制备了蜂窝状、低密度及高孔隙率的MTQ/聚苯乙烯(PS)多孔复合材料,研究了MTQ对聚合物多孔复合材料微观结构、压缩性能及热稳定性的影响。结果表明:MTQ/PS多孔复合材料的泡孔呈立体球形且泡孔壁上有丰富的互连孔,相互贯通性良好,泡孔直径为2~9μm,互连孔的孔径大小介于0.35~1.85μm;所得多孔材料孔隙率可控,总孔隙率最高可达92%;该多孔复合材料的压缩强度为0.28~0.74 MPa,压缩模量为4.86~13.54MPa。当MTQ与St的质量比为30:100时,可获得泡孔直径较小、互连孔道较窄、压缩性能和热稳定性较好的MTQ/PS多孔复合材料。      

原料配比对多孔MgO/Fe-Cr-Ni复合材料性能的影响

铁铬镍合金具有良好的高温强韧性和抗蠕变性,广泛应用于航空发动机、工业燃气轮机等设备中。利用原位合成和无压烧结工艺制备nano-MgO(34.9%)/Fe-Cr-Ni(质量分数,下同),micro-MgO(34.9%)/Fe-Cr-Ni,micro-MgO(25.7%)/Fe-Cr-Ni,micro-MgO(17.0%)/Fe-Cr-Ni 4种多孔复合材料。采用DTA,XRD和SEM等测试方法,研究不同MgO晶粒大小和含量对多孔金属基复合材料的常温和高温抗弯强度、高温抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明,在相同的烧结工艺条件下,不同原始粉末引起不同的反应热焓,导致烧结后得到的试样具有不同的气孔率和相组成。制备出的多孔复合材料主要由Cr_0.7Fe_0.36Ni_2.9,Cr-Fe固溶体的金属基体和MgO陶瓷增强相组成。当温度从室温升至1000℃左右,4种复合材料的抗弯强度值均随着温度的升高而降低,但其抗氧化性能优异。在4种多孔复合材料中,多孔nano-MgO(34.9%)/Fe-Cr-Ni复合材料的高温抗氧化能力优于其他3种多孔复合材料。     

Preparation and properties of porous polyimide films with TiO2/polymer double shell hollow spheres

Without the template removal process, double shell hollow spheres were prepared by encapsulating the polymeric hollow spheres with TiO₂ shells. TiO₂ encapsulated hollow spheres were incorporated with the polyamic acid solutions and imidized to prepare the porous polyimide films. The final porous texture of the film depends on the as-doped arrangement and the properties of the hollow spheres. The TiO₂ shell exhibits good thermal stability and chemical resistance to prevent the collapse of hollow spheres during the polyamic acid solution/hollow particle mixing and the imidization procedures. The effects of preparation conditions on the morphology of the encapsulated hollow spheres were investigated. The dielectric constant of the porous polyimide films (pore diameter around 0.6 µm) decreased to 2.8. The influences of hollow particles on the porous textures, the dielectric and dynamic mechanical properties of the porous films were studied.