静态膨胀法真空标准装置不确定度的评定

现在国内真空系统普遍采用静态膨胀法校准10^-1-10^2Pa范围内的真空度,本文详细分析了一套真空标准装置在静态膨胀法中不确定度的评定方法,并给出了测量结果不确定度的报告。     

静态膨胀法真空标准容积比测量及不确定度评定

静态膨胀法真空标准是真空计量的基础标准,其校准的精度在很大程度上取决于容积比测量的精度。选用一台高压力气体活塞压力计测量膨胀前气体的压力;利用电容薄膜真空计作为比较器,用一台低压力数字式气体活塞压力计测量膨胀后气体的压力;对静态膨胀法真空标准的容积比进行了测定,并对测量结果进行了不确定度的评定。     

真空计量装置在动态比对法中的测量不确定度评定

动态比对法的校准范围是10-4～10-1Pa,属于高真空范畴.本文分析了影响动态比对法的6个不确定度分量,并给出了不确定度的报告.     

金属膨胀式真空计量标准

介绍了新研制的金属膨胀式真空计量标准及其起始压力和体积比的测量方法，讨论了实际气体特性、温度变化和气体吸附等干扰效应，分析了标准装置的不确定度（1σ）。该标准的校准范围为105～10-4Pa，校准电容薄膜规和磁悬浮转子规时不确定度为0．01％～1．0％。     

动态流量法超高真空标准装置

研制成功的动态流量法超高真空标准装置是一台用来校准真空规的绝对真空计量标准。装置由校准系统、微流量计系统、抽气系统和计算机控制系统组成。校准系统采用四球结构 ,校准球室直径为50 0mm。极限真空度为 6 5× 10 - 9Pa ,校准范围为 10 - 2 ～ 10 - 7Pa ,不确定度为 3% (10 - 2 ～ 10 - 6 Pa)和10 % (10 - 7Pa)。     

金属导体材料体积电阻率的测量不确定度的评定

对影响重量法测定金属导体材料体积电阻率不确定度的产生原因进行了分析，并对一电线电缆用电工圆铝杆试样体积电阻率测定结果的不确定度进行了评定。     

采用静态膨胀法校准标准漏孔极小漏率的不确定度评定

采用静态膨胀法校准10^-10Pa·m^3／s量级的真空标准漏孔,通过对校准结果的不确定度评定,发现被校漏率产生的离子流上升率是不确定度的主要来源。与高纯气体三级膨胀的测量不确定度分量相比较,采用混合气体二级膨胀的校准方式,能够减小膨胀过程对校准结果的影响,在简化了校准过程的同时,也提高了校准效率。     

比较法校准氦真空参考漏孔漏率及合成不确定度评定

直接比对法是氦质谱检漏仪在稳定工作和引入气体相同条件下,将参考漏孔流出的氦气和标准漏孔提供的已知流量的氦气分别引入校准室中,用氦质谱检漏仪分别测量氦气产生的离子流,通过比较两次离子流的测量值计算出参考漏孔漏率的一种校准方法。这种校准范围为1×10-7Pa.m3/s~1×10-10Pa.m3/s。对同一参考漏孔,采用同样的校准测量,可以采用高斯分布统计的方法获得校准不确定度,其他不确定度分量由氦质谱检漏仪组成的校准装置决定,其合成相对不确定度可达到10%。     

静态膨胀法真空标准装置的体积原位测定

在静态膨胀法中，起始压力在膨胀过程中的衰减率为初态与终态体积之比。在我们新研制的金属静态膨胀法真空标准装置中采用气体膨胀技术对体积比进行了原位精确测定。测量仪器为ＤＰＣ７０１０石英规和两保满量程分别为１３３．３ｋＰａ和１３．３３ｋＰａ的电容薄膜规（ＣＤＧ），为了降低测量仪器之间的差异给体积测定带来的不确定度，测量前将石英规和ＣＤＧ的经对统一起来。这样，体积的测定主要取决于测量仪器的线性，与它们测量     

标准气体气瓶体积膨胀的精确测量

目前普遍采用称量法制备标准气体,在此过程中气瓶体积膨胀所引入的空气浮力的不确定度贡献不可忽视。设计了一个气瓶充气膨胀率测量装置,该装置可以控制气瓶内充入气体的压力,并利用精密移液管测量气瓶体积的膨胀量,从而准确计算出气瓶的充气膨胀率。利用该装置对国内常见的2L、4L和8L铝合金气瓶进行了测量,结果显示气瓶体积的膨胀与充入气体的压力近似成线性正相关。而且气瓶外观体积越大,充气膨胀率的数值越大,量值之间也呈现出较强的相关性。基于获得的气瓶充气膨胀率数据,可以进一步降低气瓶体积膨胀对瓶内充入气体质量的不确定度贡献,从而使气体质量的计算更加精确。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Effect of Permeable Crystalline Material on Steel Reinforcement Corrosion of Concrete

Permeable crystalline materialcan permeate into pores and cracks of concrete and catalyze the reaction between Ca(OH) 2and unhydrated cement to generate a great quantity needle non-soluble crystals, which can stop up the pores and cracks of concrete, and increase the impermeability of concrete. This paper reported the results of a study conducted to evaluate steel reinforcement corrosion of concrete specimens uncoated and coated with permeable crystalline material as well as mixed with the permeable crystalline material. The properties evaluated for corrosion test were water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength and potential. The results of water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength clearly showed that the permeable crystalline material could prohibit water, any soluble salts and moisture from penetrating the concrete to cause corrosion, leaking, and other problems, and it did increase the compressive strength, which was favorable for protection of corrosion of reinforcing steel. Moreover, it was concluded from the potential-time curve that the steel reinforcement of uncoated specimen was in the state of activation whereas that of other specimens coated and mixed with the permeable crystalline material was in the state of inactivation. Above all, it was indicated that the permeable crystalline materialis very effective to protect the steel reinforcement of concrete from corrosion.     

The Research and Application About "Dry Peeling Off" Technology for Airplane Surface Paint Layer

In this paper, the principle of spurting take off lacquer were introduced; and with orthogonal method the unsaturate polyester was prepared ;it was easy to peel airplane paint layer off with this material and equipment.     

Quality Study of Honeycomb Core Shaping Without Wax Stabilization

Sandwich panels utilizing honeycomb cores result in lightweight, high-strength units that are very rigid. Indeed, they give honeycomb panels the best strength-to-weight ratio of any construction type available. Conventionally, the wax is poured into the cell of the core to strengthen the structure and prevent the core from being crushed during milling. Much time and labor is required to wax, mill, and clean the cores. In this study, the process of pouring wax into the core was skipped. In other words, the cutter directly milled the core. Experiments showed that the compressive strength of the core produced without wax stabilization was only 3% lower than that of cores produced using the traditional method. In addition, the drum peel strengths of cores produced without wax stabilization were 38.4% higher than cores produced using the traditional method, in which residual wax seriously polluted the adhesive. It was also found that eliminating the wax process can reduce costs.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

In-process thermal treatment of polylactic acid in fused deposition modelling

Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most widely used open source fused filament fabrication materials due to its ease of extrusion, biodegradability, and mechanical strength. The mechanical strength of PLA largely depends on the proper growth of its semi-crystalline structure, which can be severely impaired by a low rate of crystallization, particularly in open source printers. This can be further aggravated by the non-uniform thermal distribution of heat that causes improper curing among the extruded beads of the printing material. As a result, PLA printed on open source printers does not achieve the best mechanical properties. This research, for the first time, proposes an additive-free solution implemented through a detailed set of experimentation to improve the curing rate through in-process temperature variations to cure the joints among the beads. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to confirm the improvements in the bead joints. This work is conducted in two phases of experiments. In the first phase, a full factorial ANOVA is used to investigate various process parameters and the important variables are used in the second phase to print test specimens in four different sets.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.