新型钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究进展

太阳能光伏发电是解决目前日益严重的能源与环境问题的一种有效手段,在最近几年里,新型钙钛矿太阳能电池得到迅猛发展,其最高光电转换效率已经达到20%,已成为可再生能源领域的研究热点之一。钙钛矿太阳能电池是以具有钙钛矿结构的有机-金属卤化物等作为核心光吸收、光电转换、光生载流子输运材料的太阳能电池,具有能量转换高和成本低的优点且其核心光电转换材料具有廉价、容易制备的特点,因此获得了学术界的特别关注。首先总结了钙钛矿太阳能电池的结构与原理,然后综述了钙钛矿太阳电池在结构和材料方面的最新研究进展,特别是无铅钙钛矿太阳能电池的一些研究,最后分析了钙钛矿太阳能电池的发展趋势及发展中亟需解决的问题。     

钙钛矿相有机金属卤化物太阳电池研究进展与展望

钙钛矿相有机金属卤化物太阳电池是以钙钛矿相有机金属卤化物作为吸光材料的薄膜太阳电池,因制备工艺简单、成本低廉、能量回报周期短以及光电转换效率高等优点而备受科学家的青睐。在钙钛矿相有机金属卤化物太阳电池研究发展的短短5年时间内,其光电转换效率已从最初的3.8%迅速上升到20%以上,超过了非晶硅、染料敏化、有机太阳电池等新一代薄膜电池历经10多年研究的成果。为了进一步提升效率,以期获得实际应用,钙钛矿相有机金属卤化物太阳电池的工作机制、新材料、温和制备工艺和稳定性是研究者们最为关注的研究方向。解决这些问题,对钙钛矿相有机金属卤化物太阳电池今后的发展起着指导和借鉴作用。介绍了钙钛矿相有机金属卤化物太阳电池的结构及其工作原理,对国内外钙钛矿相有机金属卤化物太阳电池的研究进行了总结和分析,指出了目前钙钛矿相有机金属卤化物太阳电池研究的不足,并对其未来的研究提出了一些建议。     

新能源材料

正英国研究发现高效能太阳能电池新材料英国剑桥大学科学家最新研究发现了一组非常有前景的混合铅卤化物钙钛矿材料,他们可以循环光粒子。这一新发现开启了最大化太阳能电池效率之门,将导致用得起的新一代高效能太阳能电池变为现实。混合铅卤化物钙钛矿是一种特殊的合成材料,对太阳能领域的发展具有革命性的影响,科学家们已经开展了大量的研究,一旦能够便宜又简单地制造这种材料,几年之内,钙钛矿太阳能电池将会与目前太阳能板硅片的能源效率几乎一     

英国研究发现高效可循环光粒子的钙钛矿太阳能电池新材料

正从科技部网站获悉,英国剑桥大学科学家最新研究发现了一组非常有前景的混合铅卤化物钙钛矿材料,它们可以循环光粒子。这一新发现开启了最大化太阳能电池效率之门,将导致用得起的新一代高效能太阳能电池变为现实。混合铅卤化物钙钛矿是一种特殊的合成材料,对太阳能领域的发展具有革命性的影响,科学家们已经开展了大量的     

二维卤化物钙钛矿太阳能电池稳定性和效率的研究进展

为了实现绿色可持续发展，降低CO₂的排放量，大力发展和利用光伏等清洁能源技术已成为未来能源发展的新趋势。最近，以有机-无机卤化物钙钛矿太阳能电池为代表的新一代光伏电池具有成本低、轻薄、制造简单等特点，符合未来发展的需求而备受关注。有机-无机卤化物钙钛矿材料是带隙可调的直接带隙半导体，具有较低的激子结合能、较长的载流子寿命和扩散长度以及较高的缺陷容忍度等优点，目前该类电池器件最高效率已经超过25%。但材料自身的不稳定性以及对水、热、氧、紫外光等环境因素的敏感已经成为限制其进一步发展的首要问题。而二维卤化物钙钛矿以其超高的湿度稳定性引起了各国研究者的注意，然而二维卤化物钙矿电池的效率与传统三维卤化物钙钛矿电池相比，还存在较大的差距。因此，在保持其良好稳定性的前提下提升电池的效率，是二维钙钛矿电池研究面临的关键问题。本文主要围绕二维钙钛矿的结构和制备方法讨论，针对稳定性和效率问题展开了讨论，致力于为发展制备出高效、稳定的二维卤化物钙钛矿太阳能电池提供指导。     

一步溶液法制备有机金属卤化物钙钛矿薄膜的研究进展

有机金属卤化物钙钛矿太阳能电池兼具很高的光电转换能力和低成本制备优势,俨然已成为最具发展潜力的一类光伏技术。目前,伴随着钙钛矿薄膜质量的不断提升,该技术的最高光电转换效率已经超过22%。一步溶液法制备技术操作简单、商业应用前景广阔,在简要介绍钙钛矿薄膜的制备工艺基础上,重点分析了一步溶液制备法中提高薄膜质量的4种方法,并综述了相关研究进展;最后针对现有钙钛矿太阳能电池存在的问题提出发展展望。     

低维钙钛矿:兼具高效率和稳定性的新型太阳能电池光吸收层候选材料

使用有机无机杂化钙钛矿材料作为光吸收层的钙钛矿太阳能电池自进入人们的视野以来,其制备工艺和器件结构不断得到优化,短短几年内效率取得了非常可观的增长。与此同时,这种基于三维钙钛矿材料的电池的缺点也越来越突出,尤其是材料的不稳定性,严重阻碍了其发展。低维钙钛矿材料具有有机胺层与无机层(金属卤化物钙钛矿晶体)之间相互交替的低维(层状)结构,其中被有机胺隔开的独立钙钛矿层中八面体的层数n越小,钙钛矿越接近二维结构。相比传统三维钙钛矿结构,低维钙钛矿材料应用于光伏器件具有两大优势:(1)耐湿性、光热稳定性大大增强;(2)可以通过改变n和插入的有机胺的种类来实现光学及电学性质的可调性。然而,低维钙钛矿具有较大的光学带隙,有机胺的引入降低了载流子迁移率,导致低维钙钛矿电池的效率明显低于三维钙钛矿电池。因此,近三年来除研究钙钛矿层数对材料性质和器件性能的影响外,研究者们主要从选择合适的有机胺和优化薄膜制备工艺方面不断尝试,并取得了丰硕的成果,在充分发挥低维钙钛矿稳定性优势的同时大幅提升了器件效率。目前,低维钙钛矿太阳能电池的光电转换效率已由2014年的4.37%跃升至13.7%。在较高效率的低维钙钛矿太阳能电池中已取得成功应用的有机胺类包括苯乙胺(PEA)、正丁胺(n-BA)、异丁胺(iso-BA)、聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)等。其中PEA应用得最早;n-BA是运用在目前为止最高效的低维钙钛矿电池中的有机胺;而PEI插层形成的低维钙钛矿拥有相对更小的光学带隙和更高的耐湿性,但载流子的传输会受到更大的限制。低维钙钛矿薄膜的制备起初主要采用简单的一步旋涂法,但此法所得的低维钙钛矿平行于基底生长,器件效率很低。近两年的研究工作将基底预热、浸泡、反溶剂滴加等手段引入到钙钛矿旋涂工艺中,实现了低维钙钛矿优先垂直基底生长,为突破低效率瓶颈提供了可能。此外,以三维钙钛矿为基础,以有机胺为添加剂,制得的二维和三维混合的钙钛矿结构,也可以实现器件效率和稳定性的双提升。本文归纳了低维钙钛矿光伏器件的研究进展,分别对低维钙钛矿的分子结构、插入的有机胺的选择、钙钛矿薄膜的制备方法等进行介绍,分析了低维钙钛矿太阳能电池面临的问题并展望其前景,以期为制备稳定和环境友好的新型钙钛矿太阳能电池提供参考。     

基于对氯苄胺的2D/3D钙钛矿太阳能电池

三维(3D)有机–无机金属卤化物钙钛矿薄膜的表面和晶界处存在大量缺陷,容易导致载流子的非辐射复合并加快3D钙钛矿分解,进而影响钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)能量转换效率(PCE)及稳定性.本研究通过引入对氯苄胺阳离子,与3D钙钛矿薄膜及其表面过剩的碘化铅反应后原位形成了二维(2D)钙钛矿,实现了对3D钙钛矿薄膜表面和晶界...     

空穴传输材料在高效钙钛矿太阳能电池中的发展演变

钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)转换效率已从2009年的3.8%上升到2017年的22.7%,其快速的发展可能使光伏工业进入革命新阶段。空穴传输材料(HTM)是构成高效钙钛矿太阳能电池的重要组成部分,开发和设计导电性好、成本低、稳定性好的空穴传输层材料对钙钛矿太阳能电池的研究显得非常重要。本文将近几年应用于钙钛矿太阳能电池中较高效的空穴传输材料归纳为有机小分子类、有机聚合物类和无机材料类,同时也介绍了无空穴传输层的钙钛矿电池。详细评述了基于各类空穴传输材料的钙钛矿太阳能电池的光电性能及稳定性,重点讨论了HOMO能级、空穴迁移率、添加剂的掺杂等因素对钙钛矿太阳能电池的影响。最后指出了空穴传输材料未来的研究重点和发展趋势。     

富勒烯在新型太阳能电池中的应用

新型太阳能电池包括有机太阳能电池、钙钛矿太阳能电池和量子点太阳能电池等,是一类十分有前景的光伏器件,目前有机太阳能电池和钙钛矿太阳能电池的能量转换效率分别超过了19%和25.6%。富勒烯材料具有较高的电子迁移率和良好的电子特性,被广泛应用于有机太阳能电池活性层、界面层,钙钛矿太阳能电池活性层和中间层等。在有机太阳能电池中,富勒烯材料作为活性层受体,可以提高器件电子传输能力;作为界面修饰层,可以有效降低接触电阻,抑制载流子的复合。在钙钛矿太阳能电池中,富勒烯材料作为活性层添加剂能钝化钙钛矿缺陷,抑制迟滞效应;作为中间层能优化界面形貌,促进电荷的提取与输运。本文综述了富勒烯材料在各个组成部分中的研究进展,并展望了富勒烯材料在各个组成部分中的发展前景,在此基础上,提出了未来的研究方向。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Effect of Permeable Crystalline Material on Steel Reinforcement Corrosion of Concrete

Permeable crystalline materialcan permeate into pores and cracks of concrete and catalyze the reaction between Ca(OH) 2and unhydrated cement to generate a great quantity needle non-soluble crystals, which can stop up the pores and cracks of concrete, and increase the impermeability of concrete. This paper reported the results of a study conducted to evaluate steel reinforcement corrosion of concrete specimens uncoated and coated with permeable crystalline material as well as mixed with the permeable crystalline material. The properties evaluated for corrosion test were water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength and potential. The results of water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength clearly showed that the permeable crystalline material could prohibit water, any soluble salts and moisture from penetrating the concrete to cause corrosion, leaking, and other problems, and it did increase the compressive strength, which was favorable for protection of corrosion of reinforcing steel. Moreover, it was concluded from the potential-time curve that the steel reinforcement of uncoated specimen was in the state of activation whereas that of other specimens coated and mixed with the permeable crystalline material was in the state of inactivation. Above all, it was indicated that the permeable crystalline materialis very effective to protect the steel reinforcement of concrete from corrosion.     

The Research and Application About "Dry Peeling Off" Technology for Airplane Surface Paint Layer

In this paper, the principle of spurting take off lacquer were introduced; and with orthogonal method the unsaturate polyester was prepared ;it was easy to peel airplane paint layer off with this material and equipment.     

Quality Study of Honeycomb Core Shaping Without Wax Stabilization

Sandwich panels utilizing honeycomb cores result in lightweight, high-strength units that are very rigid. Indeed, they give honeycomb panels the best strength-to-weight ratio of any construction type available. Conventionally, the wax is poured into the cell of the core to strengthen the structure and prevent the core from being crushed during milling. Much time and labor is required to wax, mill, and clean the cores. In this study, the process of pouring wax into the core was skipped. In other words, the cutter directly milled the core. Experiments showed that the compressive strength of the core produced without wax stabilization was only 3% lower than that of cores produced using the traditional method. In addition, the drum peel strengths of cores produced without wax stabilization were 38.4% higher than cores produced using the traditional method, in which residual wax seriously polluted the adhesive. It was also found that eliminating the wax process can reduce costs.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

In-process thermal treatment of polylactic acid in fused deposition modelling

Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most widely used open source fused filament fabrication materials due to its ease of extrusion, biodegradability, and mechanical strength. The mechanical strength of PLA largely depends on the proper growth of its semi-crystalline structure, which can be severely impaired by a low rate of crystallization, particularly in open source printers. This can be further aggravated by the non-uniform thermal distribution of heat that causes improper curing among the extruded beads of the printing material. As a result, PLA printed on open source printers does not achieve the best mechanical properties. This research, for the first time, proposes an additive-free solution implemented through a detailed set of experimentation to improve the curing rate through in-process temperature variations to cure the joints among the beads. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to confirm the improvements in the bead joints. This work is conducted in two phases of experiments. In the first phase, a full factorial ANOVA is used to investigate various process parameters and the important variables are used in the second phase to print test specimens in four different sets.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.