热电制冷机换热面积最优分配

考虑实际多热电堆制冷机，在总传热面积一定的条件下，研究最优制冷率、制冷系数时传热面积的最优分配，并分析了各种参数时最优性能的影响，所得结果对实际热电制冷机性能分析与优化有一定的指导作用。     

线性唯象传热定律下半导体制冷系统性能分析

应用非平衡态热力学和有限时间热力学理论,研究了线性唯象传热定律下半导体制冷机的性能特性,分析了电流、面积分配及传热率等参数对最优性能的影响并给出最佳的工作区间,得到一些有意义的新结论。     

第三类热边界条件下两级热电制冷器的性能评价及优化

为了获得两级热电制冷器与实际运行环境匹配的内部结构参数和系统工作电流,引入了第三类热边界条件,建立了能反映冷、热侧介质环境扰动程度的物理模型,推导得到了表征两级热电堆运行性能的关键参数表达式。然后以实现制冷量和制冷效率综合最优为目标,最终提出了不同结构工况下级间元件个数比与工作电流区间的最优分配方案,并进一步讨论分析了影响因素对制冷性能的作用趋势。该多参数耦合的性能评价方法,对于辅助实现多级热电制冷器内部组合结构的优化设计提供了理论参考。     

热电热泵换热面积最优分配

考虑实际多热电堆热泵,在总传热面积一定的条件下,研究最优供热率、供热系数时传热面积的最优分配,并分析了各种参数对最优性能的影响,所得结果对实际热电热泵性能分析与优化有一定的指导作用.     

具有外热阻内摩擦和冷头热漏制冷机的最大制冷系数

采用有限时间热力学研究了传热热阻，内部摩擦和冷头热漏三种不可逆损失对制冷机最优性能的影响。导出具有传热热阻，内部摩擦和冷头热漏不可逆损失的不可逆卡诺制冷机的最大制冷系数。     

半导体制冷散热强度对制冷性能的影响

通过对半导体制冷电偶对进行传热分析,得到了半导体制冷性能与热端散热强度之间的微分方程。在第三类边界条件下对微分方程进行数值计算和求解得出了散热强度对制冷性能影响的曲线。由此得出：随着散热强度的不断增强,热电制冷的性能逐渐提高,然后就趋于缓慢。从经济性考虑,半导体制冷中存在最佳热端散热强度。所以,在实际应用中应合理优化设计和改进热端散热系统。     

热电制冷技术进展与展望

热电制冷技术是一种通过珀耳贴效应直接利用电能实现制冷的固态制冷技术。与蒸气压缩式制冷相比,热电制冷具有尺寸任意缩放、无振动、可靠性高和控温精度高等优点。本文从热电制冷的发展简史和基本原理出发,重点介绍了热电材料、制冷机结构、功能层界面以及热端散热器等影响热电制冷机性能因素的研究进展,并根据热电制冷的优势特性介绍了热电制冷的应用,最后对热电制冷技术的研究进行了总结和展望。     

吸收式制冷循环的最大利润率特性

基于牛顿传热定律和不可逆热力学中的线性难象定律,讨论传热不可逆性对吸收式制冷循环有限时间拥经济最优性能的影响,导出了循环的利润率与制冷系数间的最佳关系,得到了最大利润率时的制冷系数界限。所得结果为吸收式制冷机的优化设计提供一些新的理论依据。     

基于热电制冷系统热端的多孔表面强化传热试验研究

为了提高热电制冷系统热端的散热效率,在半导体制冷片的热端采用一种集成多孔表面的多孔强化沸腾散热器。在相同环境温度下试验对比使用多孔强化沸腾散热器、风冷式散热器、热管散热器和水冷式散热器的热电制冷系统的性能,并分析不同环境温度下多孔强化沸腾散热器的散热能力。试验结果表明,多孔强化沸腾散热器可以强化热电制冷机中半导体制冷片的热端散热,在一定的输入功率范围内,安装有多孔强化沸腾散热器的制冷机的制冷量大于安装风冷式、热管和水冷式散热器的制冷机,可以满足热电制冷系统热端散热的要求,但是环境温度的升高会降低多孔强化沸腾散热器的散热能力。     

35 K双级斯特林制冷机性能实验

介绍了一台双级斯特林制冷机性能及运行参数对制冷机性能的影响。实验结果表明,在充气压力1MPa,运行频率40Hz,位移相位角65°的条件下,压缩机输入功率56W时,可获得0.85W@35K的制冷量。通过实验发现:同样功耗下,随着位移相位角减小,二级制冷温度下降,一级温度制冷温度上升。这表明,位移相位角对双级间的冷量分配有影响,可以通过相位控制对一、二级之间的冷量分配进行调整。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.