锂离子电池硅-碳负极材料的研究进展

硅基负极材料因具有较高的理论储锂容量,将替代传统的石墨负极材料成为下一代锂离子电池最有前景的负极材料之一。然而,硅作为负极材料体积膨胀率(可达到300%)大、导电率低、易被电解液分解产生的HF腐蚀,这些缺点限制了其在商业应用中的发展。碳具有稳定性高、导电性好、价格低、来源广等优点,但其理论储锂容量较低,仅约为硅的1/10。为解决锂离子电池硅材料存在的问题,目前主要采用将硅与碳进行复合的办法,制备出储电量高、导电性好、循环性能优异的硅-碳复合负极材料。重点从硅碳复合结构和制备方法两个方面阐述了硅-碳复合负极材料的研究进展,认为"鸡蛋"结构能够有效地提高循环性能和安全性能,但是目前仍然不能够规模化生产。最后提出研究发展思路,应用胶体颗粒共凝胶法设计制备了一种特殊的硅-碳复合核壳结构。     

锂离子电池硅基负极材料研究进展

锂离子电池硅基负极材料由于具有高的理论比容量,低的脱嵌锂电位,与电解液反应活性低等优点而成为研究热点。本文综述了近年来硅基材料作为锂离子负极材料的研究进展,包括纳米硅、硅基薄膜、硅-金属复合材料、硅-碳材料,分析硅基材料作为锂离子电池负极材料的研究前景和发展方向。     

锂离子电池硅基负极材料研究进展

硅基负极材料具有比容量大的优点,是高容量锂离子电池理想的负极材料。然而硅基材料在循环过程中容量衰减快,影响了其实用性。从硅复合物粉末和硅薄膜两个重要研究方面对硅基负极材料进行了综述,指出在Si基复合负极材料的研究中,单一途径改性提升循环性能的幅度有限,很难达到实用化阶段。硅的纳米化、无定形化、合金化及复合化等方法的综合运用成为硅基材料研究的主导方向。     

源于溪木贼的高性能锂离子电池三维多孔生物质硅/碳复合负极材料

锂离子电池硅基负极材料的理论比容量比传统石墨材料高10倍, 是最有前途的锂离子电池负极材料之一。然而硅基纳米材料的制备工艺复杂、成本高昂, 严重限制了锂离子电池硅负极的商业应用。本工作采用溪木贼为原料, 通过深度还原、浅度氧化和碳包覆工艺制备了三维多孔生物质硅/碳复合材料(多孔3D-bio-Si/C)。三维多孔结构不仅有利于Li⁺的快速传输, 而且提供足够的空隙缓解在脱-嵌锂过程中发生的体积变化。得益于三维结构中大量的孔隙和高强度的外部碳层, 多孔3D-bio-Si/C制备的电极表现出优异的电化学性能。当电流密度为1 A/g时, 多孔3D-bio-Si/C的可逆容量为1243.2 mAh/g, 循环400次后仍可保持933.4 mAh/g, 容量保持率高达89%。利用溪木贼作为生物质硅源制备高性能硅基负极材料, 实现了低成本、可规模化、绿色和可持续的合成路线, 有望为Si基锂离子电池负极材料的商业应用打下基础。     

锂离子电池硅基负极材料研究进展

由于硅负极不能在商业上大规模应用,研究者采用多种改性制备方法,提高硅基负极材料初始放电容量和循环性能。综述了近年来改善硅基负极材料性能的几种制备方法,指出了硅基材料作为锂离子电池负极材料的研究前景。     

锂离子电池硅碳负极材料的制备及其结构设计研究进展

硅基材料理论容量高、电位低、自然资源丰富，是最理想的锂离子电池负极材料。但是硅基负极在锂化和脱锂过程中巨大的体积变化，导致了硅基负极的循环稳定性与导电性差，阻碍了其实际应用。硅碳复合材料可将碳材料的高导电性和机械性能与硅基材料的高容量和低电位的优势相结合。综述了硅碳负极材料的主要制备方法，总结了硅碳复合材料的结构设计，并对未来碳硅材料的研究工作进行了展望。     

锂离子电池中高容量硅铝/碳复合负极材料的制备与性能研究

锂离子电池用高容量负极材料普遍存在首次不可逆容量高、循环性能差等问题. 本文采用高温固相法制备了硅铝/碳锂离子电池负极材料, 制备出的复合负极材料的比容量远高于目前锂离子电池普遍使用的中间相碳微球, 循环寿命则优于同粒度的硅单体为活性中心的硅碳复合材料. Al引入Si/C复合材料中, 有效抑制了材料的首次嵌锂深度,且减缓了电压滞后现象. 制备的复合负极材料首次可逆容量达到600mAh/g, 首次充放电效率在85\%以上, 25次循环后容量仍保持90%以上.     

线切割多晶硅硅泥制备锂离子电池负极材料

硅基材料作为锂离子电池负极的理论容量达到4 200 mAh·g~(-1),被认为是最有发展前景的负极材料。但其体积膨胀过大,导致循环稳定性较差。通过球磨+碳包覆的方法,对线切割的纳米片层状多晶硅硅泥进行改性,使其作为锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能得到了改善。结果表明,球磨使原料硅泥粒径明显减小。在电流密度为200 mA·g~(-1)时,原料硅泥球磨20 h后碳包覆的C-Si_(20)的首次充电比容量为1 784.2 mAh·g~(-1)。循环75次后充电比容量为640 mAh·g~(-1),充放电库伦效率保持在98%以上。材料具有比较好的循环性能,可以为光伏产业硅泥废料的回收再利用提供一定的借鉴意义。     

硅材料在锂离子电池中的应用研究进展

硅材料作为锂离子电池负极材料具有比容量大的优点,是高容量锂离子负极材料的研究热点之一.综述了近年来锂离子电池硅负极材料的研究进展.分别对硅及含硅材料作为锂离子电池负极材料的发展过程、充放电特性、储锂机理及影响其储锂的各因素进行了分析和总结,并对其存在的问题进行了分析.探讨了采用不同复合物、不同制备方法和合成硅化物等改性方法来提高其循环性能的可行性.指出纳米硅基复合物将是硅负极材料最有希望的发展方向.     

锂离子电池用硅/石墨/碳复合负极材料的电化学性能

采用湿法混料及高温热解法制备了锂离子电池用硅/石墨/碳复合负极材料,并研究了不同配方的复合材料结构及电化学性能。研究发现,硅含量为20%(质量分数)时,复合材料首次可逆容量为865mAh/g,循环30次后仍为757mAh/g,容量保持率可达88%,大大改善了硅基材料作为锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能。     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.