建材研究的新热点——黄河淤泥沙综合利用进展及前景展望

简要介绍了黄河淤泥沙的特性及相关情况,论述了黄河於泥综合利用研究的进展及主要成果,概述了其工业化开发的现状,分析了其存在的问题,对其发展前景进行了预测。黄河淤泥沙综合利用工作是关系到国计民生、千秋万代的大事,具有重要的现实意义和深远的历史意义。     

淤泥沙资源转型应用进展与前景展望

简要介绍了我国大宗的水利废弃物淤泥沙资源化的可行性,详细阐述了淤泥沙资源转型合成玻璃、陶瓷、水泥、耐火材料等的发展现状。结合笔者实验室开展的淤泥沙研究,重点介绍了淤泥沙资源转型合成较高附加值的Sialon基材料,并展望了淤泥沙资源的转型应用前景。     

浅议黄河泥沙的开发利用

黄河泥沙资源丰富。如何处理黄河泥沙,历来是黄河治理开发的大事。该文结合黄河防洪工程及城乡建设市场需求等基础上,提出了高速公路建设、制造建筑材料、防洪工程施工等综合利用黄河泥沙的建议。     

爆破扰沙技术在黄河下游调水调沙中的应用探讨

为了让尽量多的泥沙随水流输送到大海,有效减少下游河道淤积,黄河下游在调水调沙期间,要在河道实行扰动加沙。由于调水调沙试验的时间短,空间范围广,需要扰动的泥沙量巨大,而爆破能在规定的时间内释放出足够的能量,对河床泥沙进行足够强度和规模的扰动,而且水下爆破技术已经相当成熟。文中从爆破扰沙的方案设计、安全性及其爆破扰沙含沙量增量估算等方面进行了具体的探讨,论证了爆破扰沙技术在黄河下游调水调沙试验中应用的可行性。     

爆破扰沙技术在黄河下游调水调沙中的应用探讨

为了让尽量多的泥沙随水流输送到大海,有效减少下游河道淤积,黄河下游在调水调沙期间,要在河道实行扰动加沙。由于调水调沙试验的时间短,空间范围广,需要扰动的泥沙量巨大,而爆破能在规定的时间内释放出足够的能量,对河床泥沙进行足够强度和规模的扰动,而且水下爆破技术已经相当成熟。文中从爆破扰沙的方案设计、安全性及其爆破扰沙含沙量增量估算等方面进行了具体的探讨,论证了爆破扰沙技术在黄河下游调水调沙试验中应用的可行性。     

激光粒度分析仪在黄河水文泥沙颗粒分析中的应用

激光粒度分析仪采用湿法分散技术,具有操作简便、输出数据直观等优点.与传统仪器比较,提高了时效和分析精度.该仪器在黄河调水调沙试验、小北干流放淤试验、小浪底水库异重流测验等黄河水文泥沙颗粒分析专项任务中展示了其良好的推广应用前景,发挥了巨大的效益.     

破解黄河下游河道泥沙淤积问题的新思维

大量治河实践证明,只有加大下泄流量或给它不间断的增加足够多的外部能量,黄河才有可能把泥沙全部带人大海,目前黄河上每年都在实施的“调水调沙”伟大实践,就是利用小浪底水库下泄大流量水流所产生的巨大能量,来冲刷下游河道泥沙的方法,然而,通过对比观测数据发现,除“调水调沙”期间河道淤积明显减轻外,平时小流量时河道淤积还是比较严重。为了在小流量的情况下,也能达到“调水调沙”的效果,本文提出一个新构想,利用取之不竭的风能为黄河水“加压打气”,加速水流紊动,加速排沙,来全面治理黄河下游淤积问题。     

三种典型开放源的粒度组成测定分析

利用激光粒度分析仪对黄河沙、建筑尘、土壤尘三种典型的开放源的粒度分布进行了测定分析,从测定结果分析得出黄河沙的颗粒比较大,100μm左右的颗粒居多,粒度分布符合正态分布;土壤尘的颗粒大部分集中在10μm～100μm左右,60μm左右的颗粒数最多;建筑尘的颗粒多数集中在90μm～160μm左右。同时,利用图像处理仪对它们的形貌进行了研究分析,为粒度分布进一步的研究提供科学依据。     

球形装药淤泥中爆炸场数值模拟及分析

应用二维欧拉有限元程序对球形装药淤泥中爆炸进行了数值模拟。在分析淤泥特性的基础上 ,进行了模型及参数的选取。由计算结果与爆破试验实测数据的对比和分析可知 ,球形装药淤泥中的爆炸场与水中的爆炸场有相似性 ,因此可以应用本文中简化的淤泥介质模型来预测冲击波在淤泥中的衰减。     

球形装药淤泥中爆炸场数值模拟及分析

应用二维欧拉有限元程序对球形装药淤泥中爆炸进行了数值模拟。在分析淤泥特性的基础上 ,进行了模型及参数的选取。由计算结果与爆破试验实测数据的对比和分析可知 ,球形装药淤泥中的爆炸场与水中的爆炸场有相似性 ,因此可以应用本文中简化的淤泥介质模型来预测冲击波在淤泥中的衰减。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。