混凝土静态轴拉声发射试验相关参数研究

摘要：对声发射采集系统的硬件参数设置、滤噪参数设置以及声发射信号特征参数及其相关性进行了系统的试验研究。共进行了11组断铅人工激发源试验和13个混凝土试件的单轴静态拉伸试验,采用全数字化的参数-波形式声发射采集系统和三种不同型号的传感器同步采集并存储了试验过程中的声发射特征参数和波形,应用参数和波形分析相结合的方法以及波形事后提取分析等技术手段对数据进行分析。结果表明：前置放大器增益、阈值、波形采样率和采样长度、带通滤波器等有一合理参数取值;幅度、振铃、持续时间、声发射信号能量、绝对能量、信号强度这6个参数能够较好地体现混凝土轴拉损伤过程的阶段性特征;声发射幅度、振铃数、持续时间、上升时间和信号强度5个参数之间存在显著的相关性。研究成果可为采用声发射技术研究混凝土的损伤破坏过程提供参考依据。     

钛镍形状记忆合金拉伸过程的声发射特征研究

对奥氏体状态下的钛镍形状记忆合金(SMA)的拉伸过程进行了声发射监测,通过声发射特征参数分析了SMA拉伸过程中的马氏体相变、塑性变形等细观力学行为。结果表明,马氏体相变过程中声发射源活动性最强,塑性变形过程的声发射源活动性较差;马氏体相变所产生的声发射信号振铃计数和持续时间分别小于100次和1 000μs;塑性变形所产生的声发射信号振铃计数和持续时间分别达到800次和4 000μs。上升时间-持续时间关联分析结果表明声发射源可分为马氏体相变和塑性变形两类,振铃计数-幅值关联分析可将声发射源分为马氏体相变、塑性变形起始以及屈服断裂3类。     

Q235B钢板拉伸损伤试验的声发射特性

制作完整和焊接两种Q235B板材试样,利用声发射技术对其拉伸过程的损伤特性进行监测,根据获得的拉伸过程载荷时间历程曲线和材料损伤声发射信号,结合金属材料力学行为特性,对材料损伤声发射信号的幅度、振铃计数以及能量等参数进行分析,获得了材料塑性屈服、强化变形以及断裂等损伤阶段所表现出的声发射特性,通过对声发射信号撞击幅度和能量的统计分析,初步得到了不同损伤阶段所对应的声发射参数分布范围。对比分析完整和焊接两种试样损伤所表现出的不同声发射特性,结果表明声发射特性参数能够很好地描述焊接对材料力学特性的影响,并能以声发射参数"双峰"分布的形式从微观上反映焊接对试样屈服所造成的影响。实验结果为声发射技术应用于起重机结构状态监测提供了参考数据。     

含裂纹钢试样在拉伸过程中的声发射特性

对于带有I型裂纹的SM490A钢和SUS304钢试样,通过测量其在拉伸断裂过程中的声发射特征参数及裂纹尖端特定点的温度,分析了裂纹尖端和塑性变形区域的力学特征。结果表明:声发射能量计数、振铃累积计数在裂纹扩展的各个阶段都有着明显的曲线特征,且曲线特征和屈服、强化阶段的应力-应变曲线基本吻合,因此可以用声发射能量计数、振铃累积计数来描述屈服、强化阶段的塑性变形情况;塑性变形率决定了变形至断裂过程中试样的温度变化;对于带有Ⅰ型裂纹的SM490A钢和SUS304钢,其声发射信号主要集中在塑性变形阶段和裂纹扩展阶段。     

辨识振动环境中两点螺栓连接状态的REE声发射指标

为探索基于声发射技术的两点板条螺栓连接结构连接状态的辨识,以累计能量参数为基础,提出了声发射相对当量能量指标（REE）,以便更有效地进行螺栓连接状态的辨识。声发射REE参量可消除声发射测试参数受振动时间等环境因素的影响,综合考虑了能量和振铃计数等声发射参数,可以更准确地辨识螺栓连接结构的连接状态。     

带有槽缺陷游乐设施用Q235圆管构件弯曲破坏声发射特性

为研究带有槽缺陷游乐设施用Q235圆管构件破坏时声发射特性,利用声发射技术监测其三点弯曲破坏过程。通过对载荷时间曲线与声发射相对能量、幅度、振铃计数特征参数历程图的综合分析,可将其破坏过程划分为3个阶段。该过程声发射信号幅值主要集中在40～70 dB之间,且随缺陷长度增加,超过70 dB信号振铃计数明显增多,典型阶段特征参数峰值增大。相对能量—持续时间历程图中高持续时间、低能量信号来自于加载过程中的噪声干扰。声发射特征参数将缺陷微小变化对构件整体性能的影响量化,历程图变化与力学行为一一对应,建立声发射特征信号与弯曲力学性能和缺陷长度的联系,为声发射监测游乐设施损伤的判定提供依据。     

聚乙烯醇纤维混凝土损伤演化声发射监测及其评价

通过对掺入聚乙烯醇（PVA）纤维混凝土试件进行三点抗弯的声发射试验,来研究它的损伤失效机理。首先,通过三点弯曲试验,得到了PVA纤维腐蚀前后混凝土的抗弯强度。然后,基于加载全过程中声发射特征信号,根据声发射幅值、计数和能量相关图,并通过比较有无腐蚀PVA纤维混凝土声发射信号,揭示了PVA纤维腐蚀混凝土的抗弯强度下降原因及其损伤机理。 最后,借鉴NDIS-2421定量评定标准分析声发射信号,对混凝土试件的损伤情况做出定性评价,分析PVA纤维在腐蚀前后混凝土中的作用;此外,通过计算声发射特征信号裕度指标,发现PVA纤维混凝土弯曲损伤明显分为三个阶段,未腐蚀PVA纤维混凝土试件的裕度值较均匀。     

带缺口塑性材料的声发射特性研究

以带线切割加工缺口的碳钢在拉伸试验时的断裂过程为研究对象,通过对其产生的声发射信号进行检测和分析,研究其开裂时的声发射特性。试验结果表明:带缺口塑性材料在拉伸断裂过程中会产生幅值在47dB￣90dB范围内的声发射信号;信号的振铃累计数在材料的塑性变形段与裂纹稳态扩展段均与应变成线性关系,但后者斜率大于前者;试样缺口深度越大,材料开裂时间越早,振铃计数率越高,且信号能量累计数与应变成线性关系。     

局域波法在海洋平台结构声发射信号监测中的应用

摘要：将局域波用于分析导管架海洋平台模型的声发射信号,以获得声发射信号的时频特征和频率能量分布。通过局域波分解将声发射信号分解为一组基本模式分量（IMF）,对每一个IMF分量进行希尔伯特变换获得信号能量随时间频率的变化;由局域波时频谱得到边际谱,反映声发射信号的能量频率分布特征。通过分析导管架海洋平台模型模拟声发射信号,获得了特征,运用局域波分析方法监测到导管架海洋平台预制裂纹声发射信号的出现。因此,局域波法可以用于分析导管架海洋平台的声发射信号,在声发射信号处理领域将会有广阔的应用前景。     

碎片云撞击声发射信号能量特征小波包分析

利用小波包分析技术对碎片云撞击载荷作用下铝合金板声发射信号的能量分布特征进行了研究。首先,介绍了碎片云撞击信号的获取方案及撞击引起的损伤情况;其次,对获取的声发射信号进行小波包分析,得到了信号在频率带上能量分布特征图。最后,讨论了碎片云撞击损伤特征与声发射信号能量分布的关系。分析结果发现,对于相同质量的弹丸,随着其破碎程度的提高,形成的碎片云对后板的损伤程度减少;弹丸具有的初始速度越大,弹丸破碎越完全,碎片云撞击声发射信号中的能量越小;当弹丸破碎程度低时,碎片云撞击引起的声发射信号能量集中在约488kHz以下;弹丸破碎程度越高,信号中488kHz以上的能量所占总能量的比例越大。     

充氢Cr-Mo钢变形过程的声发射特征

对电化学充氢后的2.25Cr-1Mo钢进行拉伸实验,并在实时拉伸过程中采集声发射信号。结果表明:充氢后2.25Cr-1Mo钢抗拉强度为536.30MPa,下降约57MPa;断面收缩率为43.62%,下降约7%。拉伸断口上出现由氢脆引起的"白点"特征与准解理断裂形貌。充氢后试样拉伸过程弹性阶段的声发射信号活动增强,而屈服阶段的声发射信号活动减弱,变形过程的声发射信号累积绝对能量值要比未充氢试样低约1个数量级。充氢试样拉伸产生的声发射信号比未充氢试样的信号幅值降低约0.33mV,频宽降低0.06MHz。通过对声发射信号的分析发现,充氢试样变形的微观机制为氢促进位错发射与运动,而交叉滑移受到抑制。     

Tribological behaviour and acoustic emissions of alumina, silicon nitride and SAE52100 under dry sliding

The friction, wear and acoustic emission behaviour of various combinations of alumina, silicon nitride, and SAE52100 steel, operating under dry sliding conditions, was investigated. A designed ball-on-flat-disc type of tribometer was used to conduct these experiments. This apparatus, equipped with a force sensor, using silicon strain gauges, measured simultaneously the normal load and friction force. Both forces were used to determine the real-time value of the dynamic coefficient of friction. The AE signal arising from the interaction of the surfaces in dynamic contact was also detected and a data acquisition system was used to gather this signal as well as the outputs from the force sensor, at high frequency. The effects of test duration, sliding speed and normal load on the above mentioned tribological parameters were evaluated. The interest of this study further extended to assess the correlations that may exist between the integrated rms acoustic signal (AE) and the friction mechanisms, wear volume, friction work as well as the material removal power. Under the specific conditions of the present experiments, no consistent relation was found between the variations of AE and corresponding dynamic coefficient of friction (COF) as function of time. The variation of COF and wear rate, obtained considering a fixed total sliding distance of 500 m, as function of a range of sliding speed (0.05–2.5 m/s) and normal load (5–40 N) are presented. It was found that the test duration has an important impact on wear results of the experiments conducted at different sliding speeds and fixed travelling distance. More expected behaviour was observed when the relationships between the AE and wear volume, friction work, and material removal power were investigated considering the data obtained at different loadings and fixed sliding speed. Some models representing interesting relationships which could be used for predicting tribological properties in the case of practical applications, similar to the tribo-systems investigated in this study, are proposed.     

Failure analysis of (± 55°)9 filament-wound GRE pipes using acoustic emission technique

In the present study, relevant tensile tests are conducted in ring specimens for determination of apparent hoop tensile strength of an industrial (± 55°)₉ filament-wound GRE pipe. To characterize the different failure mechanisms of these specimens, acoustic emission (AE) technique is used. The acoustical parameters including the energy, the accumulated energy, the amplitude, and the ratio of rise time to peak amplitude (rise angle or RA), as well as the ratio of number of counts to duration (average frequency or AF) are analyzed during the tests. The ability of each acoustical parameter in describing the failure mechanisms is discussed and comprised with the available performed studies. A comparison between mechanical response and analyzed AE signals is made to correlate each stage of loading to its associated failure mechanism. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is also used to verify the obtained results from the analysis of acoustical parameters.     

不同应变率下岩石冲击破坏的声发射特性研究

为了研究在动载荷下岩石破裂的声发射特性,采用霍普金森(SHPB)实验系统对三种岩石进行不同应变率下的冲击载荷破坏实验,同步采集破坏过程的声发射参数,从应力—应变、幅值分布、振铃计数变化以及峰值频率分布等方面进行了分析与研究。实验结果表明:力学特性方面,随着应变率增大,三种岩石的动态强度随之增大,极限应变也随之增大,且岩石试样的破碎程度随之增大,表现为碎块的尺寸减小、块数增加、碎屑增多。在声发射特性方面,三种岩石的峰值频率主要在550 k Hz以下,且随着应变率的增加,三种岩石的振铃计数都随之增大,低幅值信号比例增加,峰值频率在100 k Hz以下的低频信号随之减少,100~200k Hz以及400~550 k Hz的中高频信号随之增多,说明峰值频率有向中高频移动的趋势。     

Acoustic emission characterization of steel in H2S solution subjected to tensile load

Abstract

This paper investigates the characteristics of acoustic emission (AE) signals generated from hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) and sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) for a medium strength steel in hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) solution. The experiments performed in this study include the constant load test (CLT) and the constant extension rate test (CERT).

From the results of the CLT, the AE count rate caused by SSCC was found to be much higher than that resulted from the HIC; and the increase of the AE count rate was observed to be approximately proportional to the increase of the applied loading. In addition, the AE frequency distribution diagrams obtained from these tests were found to contain potential information for distinguishing the mechanisms of HIC and SSCC. From the results of CERT, the AE signals detected from the specimens tested in the H₂S solution were compared with those obtained from the specimens tested in the air. In addition, the AE count rate detected from the tensile specimens was studied according to the different deformation stages of the specimens. From this study, the variation of the AE count rate in each deformation stage was described.     

基于声发射信号的三维针刺C/SiC复合材料拉伸损伤演化研究

本研究对三维针刺C/SiC(3-dimension needled C/SiC, 3D-N C/SiC)复合材料进行室温单调拉伸和拉伸加载-卸载试验, 利用声发射技术对试样损伤演化进行动态监测。采用K-均值聚类分析方法对小波降噪后的声发射信号进行了损伤模式识别, 结合试样断口扫描电镜观测, 发现3D-N C/SiC复合材料在拉伸载荷作用下主要存在五类损伤模式: 基体开裂、界面脱粘、界面滑移、纤维断裂和纤维束断裂。通过快速傅里叶变换(FFT)方法对小波降噪后的信号进行频谱分析得出: 3D-N C/SiC复合材料在拉伸载荷作用下主要存在240、370和455 kHz三种频率的损伤信号, 分别对应于界面损伤、基体损伤和纤维损伤。结合单调拉伸试验过程声发射信号能量柱分布和加卸载过程累积能量曲线特征, 分析了试样损伤演化机理。     

基于分形理论的玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料-混凝土组合梁损伤特性

工程实际中,玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料(GFRP)-混凝土组合梁往往出现较大的损伤而破坏,有必要对其破坏过程进行研究。为了研究此类构件的损伤特性,通过声发射仪器对1片GFRP工字梁和6片不同螺栓连接的GFRP-混凝土组合梁的四点弯曲试验加载的全过程进行了监测。并基于分形理论对试验梁加载过程的声发射能量信号进行了相空间重构,计算了试验梁各加载阶段的声发射能量信号分形维数值。研究表明,试验梁的声发射能量时间序列具有分形特征,且关联维数可很好地描述GFRP-混凝土组合梁损伤破坏的整个阶段;归纳各试验梁的声发射能量时间序列分维曲线的演化模式:纯弯段区域的损伤演化模式为“早期峰”至“低幅波动”;剪跨区的损伤演化模式为“低幅波动”至“持续高幅波动”;将试验梁加载过程的试验现象与分维值的演化相对照,则可将分维值的“持续高幅波动”作为试验梁失稳的前兆。根据关联维数,提出“损伤预警”的可能。其相应的分维值出现“持续高幅波动”,则损伤“预警点”出现,结构的承载力已达到其极限的70%左右,需要加强监测。      

Damage analysis of concrete members containing expansive agent by mechanical and acoustic methods

Shrinkage compensating concrete (SCC) and Self-stressing concrete (SSC) technique have been employed for reducing early-age cracking and leakage while the addition of expansive agent would have a negative impact on mechanical properties and durability. The objective of the current research was to quantitatively assess the damage development in cementitious materials with expansive agent by both the strength tests and nondestructive acoustic tests including ultrasonic measurements and acoustic emission (AE) tests. The damage degree was defined based on strength as well as ultrasonic properties and a significant linear relationship was observed between the damage degree and autogenous strains. AE parameters such as AE amplitude, AE counts and AE energy were related to AE activity of the cement-expansive agent system. Crack mode identification was performed based on the relationship between average frequency and RA value (rise time/amplitude). A decreasing ratio of tensile cracks and an increasing ratio of shear cracks were observed which could be an indication of aggravated damage inside the materials.     

基于声发射原理的螺栓连接状态辨识方法研究

振动环境中螺栓连接结构会发生碰摩现象,产生声发射信号。利用声发射参数分析方法对声发射检测信号进行时域分析,结果表明：振铃计数率随振动台加速度的提高而提高;螺栓连接结构在碰摩作用下产生出的能量与施加给螺栓的预紧扭矩的取值呈现一定的规律性。基于上述结果可以利用声发射进行螺栓连接结构的状态辨识。