检定和校准证书的异同与应用

本文介绍了检定和校准以及证书的两点相同、五点不同之处,说明了对检定证书和校准证书的正确应用。     

Synthesis and luminescent properties of alkali-metal and ammonium fluorosulfatozirconates and fluorosulfatohafnates

We have synthesized a variety of alkali-metal and ammonium fluorosulfatometallates (titanates, zirconates, and hafnates). The alkali fluorosulfatozirconates and fluorosulfatohafnates have been shown to exhibit efficient roentgenoluminescence (RL) in the UV through visible spectral region, with a maximum at 390–440 nm. Their RL spectra depend significantly on their composition (cation, anion, and water content), coordination of KF and K₂SO₄, and relative amounts of fluorine and SO₄ groups. We have examined the effect of heat treatment on the RL of these compounds. The rubidium and cesium fluorosulfatozirconates Rb₃Zr₂F₉SO₄ · 2H₂O, Cs₂ZrF₂(SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O, Cs₈Zr₄F₂(SO₄)₁₁ · 16H₂O, and Cs₂ZrF₄SO₄ offer the most efficient RL.     

凝固科学技术与材料

从凝固科学与实践发展的角度介绍了当前凝固材料体系的基本框架和凝固科学主要发展阶段的基本理论。作为材料科学与工程的基本组成，凝固科学技术正在现代科学理论的基础上针对传统材料的改性提高和新材料的发展需求，以控形、控构、控性为目标开展优质铸件的定向、晶体生长、快凝、深过冷及各种新型和超常领域凝固过程的研究，并介绍了其中某些方面和展望了可能的发展趋势。     

Heat and Mass Transfer and Modeling and Prediction of Environmental Catastrophes

Basic definitions and concepts of the physicomathematical theory of natural catastrophes are given. Possibilities of mathematical modeling of natural and technogenic catastrophes are discussed in the context of the theory of heat and mass transfer and the mechanics of reacting media. The importance of taking into account conjugate heat and mass exchange in modeling catastrophes is emphasized. A formula for evaluating the probability of a collisional catastrophe is given.     

Multi-ferroic and magnetoelectric materials and interfaces

The existence of multiple ferroic orders in the same material and the coupling between them have been known for decades. However, these phenomena have mostly remained the theoretical domain owing to the fact that in single-phase materials such couplings are rare and weak. This situation has changed dramatically recently for at least two reasons: first, advances in materials fabrication have made it possible to manufacture these materials in structures of lower dimensionality, such as thin films or wires, or in compound structures such as laminates and epitaxial-layered heterostructures. In these designed materials, new degrees of freedom are accessible in which the coupling between ferroic orders can be greatly enhanced. Second, the miniaturization trend in conventional electronics is approaching the limits beyond which the reduction of the electronic element is becoming more and more difficult. One way to continue the current trends in computer power and storage increase, without further size reduction, is to use multi-functional materials that would enable new device capabilities. Here, we review the field of multi-ferroic (MF) and magnetoelectric (ME) materials, putting the emphasis on electronic effects at ME interfaces and MF tunnel junctions.     

CellML and associated tools and techniques

We have, in the last few years, witnessed the development and availability of an ever increasing number of computer models that describe complex biological structures and processes. The multi-scale and multi-physics nature of these models makes their development particularly challenging, not only from a biological or biophysical viewpoint but also from a mathematical and computational perspective. In addition, the issue of sharing and reusing such models has proved to be particularly problematic, with the published models often lacking information that is required to accurately reproduce the published results. The International Union of Physiological Sciences Physiome Project was launched in 1997 with the aim of tackling the aforementioned issues by providing a framework for the modelling of the human body. As part of this initiative, the specifications of the CellML mark-up language were released in 2001. Now, more than 7 years later, the time has come to assess the situation, in particular with regard to the tools and techniques that are now available to the modelling community. Thus, after introducing CellML, we review and discuss existing editors, validators, online repository, code generators and simulation environments, as well as the CellML Application Program Interface. We also address possible future directions including the need for additional mark-up languages.     

The shape and stability of wall-bound and wall-edge-bound drops and bubbles

The behavior of wall-bound drops and bubbles is fundamental to many natural and industrial processes. Key characteristics of such capillary systems include interface shape and stability for a variety of gravity levels and orientations. Significant solutions are in hand for axisymmetric pendent drops for a variety of uniform boundary conditions along the contact line with gravity acting normal to a planar wall. The special case of a wall-bound drop or bubble that is also pinned at an edge (i.e. a ‘wall-edge-bound’ drop) is considered here where numerical solutions are obtained for interface shape and stability as functions of drop volume, contact angle, fluid properties, and uniform gravity vector. For a semi-infinite zero-thickness planar wall (plate), a critical contact angle is identified below which wall-edge-bound drops are always stable. The critical contact angle is computed as a function of the gravity vector. The numerical procedure, which makes no account for contact angle hysteresis, predicts that such wall-edge-bound drops are unconditionally unstable for any gravity field with a component that is tangent to the wall while inwardly normal to the edge. Select experiments are conducted that support the conclusions drawn from the numerical results.     

热交换器的分类及优缺点分析

热交换器是将不同温度介质之间的热量通过热传导的形式,由高温介质传递给低温介质,使介质达到生产所需温度的工艺设备,也可作为一种节能设备使用.通过对不同热交换器的结构分析,总结不同热交换器的优缺点、适用环境,为生产工艺设计人员及设备制造单位在选择可降低能耗、提高效率的设备上提供参考.     

计量收发业务管理与创新

计量仪器收发工作是沟通计量检定部门以及送检单位之间的桥梁,也是计量检定工作的前提。随着各级计量技术机构业务量的不断增加,计量技术机构除了要树立顾客至上的服务理念之外,同时还要用专业、高效的管理模式来赢得顾客的信赖与认可。在计算机信息技术的不断发展与更新的大环境下,传统的管理模式已经不能适应计量检测工作的需求,因此,要有效的利用网络信息技术来促进计量仪器收发业务管理模式的创新,进而提高计量仪器收发业务管理的工作效率。     

聚苯胺及其复合物的制备和结构及形貌分析

通过化学氧化法分别制备盐酸,盐酸和十二烷基苯磺酸,碳纳米管(MWNTs-COOH)掺杂的聚苯胺,利用红外光谱,紫外光谱,扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对所制备聚苯胺的结构和形貌进行分析。分析不同掺杂物对聚苯胺的结构和形貌的影响;同时研究了超声波作用对聚苯胺形貌以及聚苯胺包裹MWNTs-COOH情况的影响。     

Electronic and magnetic properties and structural stability of BeO sheet and nanoribbons

The novel electronic and magnetic properties of BeO nanoribbons (BeO NRs) as well as their stability are investigated through extensive density functional theory calculations. Different from semiconducting graphene nanoribbons and insulating BN ribbons, all zigzag edged BeO NRs are revealed to display ferromagnetic and metallic natures independent of the ribbon width and edge passivation. The polarized electron spins in H-passivated zigzag BeO NRs are from the unpaired electrons around the weakly formed Be-H bonds, while those of bare zigzag BeO NRs are due to the 2p states of edge O atoms. In sharp contrast, all armchair BeO NRs are nonmagnetic insulators regardless of the edge passivation. In particular, all bare armchair BeO NRs have a nearly constant band gap due to a peculiar edge localization effect. Interestingly, the band gaps of all armchair BeO NRs can be markedly reduced by an applied transverse electric field and even completely closed at a critical field. The critical electric field required for gap closing decreases with increasing ribbon width, thus the results have practical importance. Further stability analysis shows that bare BeO NRs are more stable than H-passivated BeO NRs of similar ribbon widths and bare armchair BeO NRs are energetically the most favorable among all the nanoribbons.     

Morphology and lattice distortions of nitrided iron and iron-chromium alloys and steels

Specimens prepared from iron, iron-chromium alloys (0 to 4 wt% Cr) and commercial steels (C45, 41Cr4, 15CrNi6 and 24CrMo13) were powder nitrided at 818 K for 0.25 to 32 h. After cooling to room temperature the resulting morphology, lattice distortions and compositional variations were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, metallographic methods and electron microprobe analysis. In the diffusion zone of iron and iron-chromium (0.54 wt% Cr), -(Fe₁₆N₂)- and -(Fe₄N)-nitrides were observed, whereas specimens of the iron-chromium alloys with a higher chromium content showed a finely dispersed submicroscopical precipitation of CrN in the matrix and precipitates of Cr₂N at the grain boundaries. With increasing nitriding times for the iron-chromium alloy with the highest chromium content (3.82 wt% Cr) a discontinuous precipitation starting from the grain boundaries occurred. For the first time recrystallization phenomena in the diffusion zone were observed, indicating that the inward diffusion of nitrogen introduces large lattice distortions. Large distortions were determined from X-ray diffraction line shift and line broadening respectively. The behaviour of macro- and micro-strain as a function of nitriding time was interpreted in terms of the volume changes caused by nitriding and subsequent precipitation. The residual surface stresses were calculated from the macrostrains applying the Voigt-Reuss-mean model. The experimentally determined ratio of the macrostrains in the (100) and the (110) directions was in good agreement with the value predicted from the model. The corresponding ratio of the microstrains was significantly larger than this theoretical prediction, which can be attributed to precipitates growing along (100) planes in the matrix (such as -nitride and CrN). In contrast with the macrostrain, a strong relation was found between the microstrain and the chromium content of the specimen.