机械合金化和SPS工艺制备9CrWTi-Y2O3/铁素体-马氏体钢

采用机械合金化(MA)和放电等离子体烧结(SPS)工艺制备了9CrWTi-0.35%Y₂O₃氧化物弥散强化铁素体-马氏体钢(9CrWTi-0.35%Y₂O₃/FMs)。利用SPS温度和位移测量装置、 OM、 FE-SEM、 TEM、 EDX表征了材料烧结收缩曲线及热处理前后的显微组织和成分, 并采用电子拉伸试验机测试了室温拉伸性能。结果表明: 9CrWTi/FMs和9CrWTi-0.35%Y₂O₃/FMs在烧结过程出现液相烧结特征。提高烧结温度和压力, 9CrWTi-0.35%Y₂O₃/FMs孔隙度减小, 密度提高, 晶粒变细, 抗拉强度增加, 但延伸率仅为2%左右。富集Y-Ti-O的弥散相颗粒大小为5～20 nm, 较均匀地分布在基体上。9CrWTi-0.35%Y₂O₃/FMs烧结态、 10%盐水淬火态及750 ℃高温回火态的显微组织分别为等轴铁素体、 细长板条马氏体及等轴和残余铁素体。9CrWTi-0.35%Y₂O₃/FMs烧结体经盐水淬火、 回火后, 抗拉强度、 屈服强度和总延伸率由1554 MPa、 1430 MPa、 1.8%变为1198 MPa、 1006 MPa和12.8%。     

不同热处理制度下激光增材制造12CrNi2钢组织研究

采用激光增材制造技术制备12CrNi2合金钢核电应急柴油机凸轮轴可以明显降低产品研发周期,优化产品结构.本研究采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和电子万能试验机对激光增材制造12CrNi2合金钢热处理前后的组织和力学性能进行了研究.微观组织观察发现,试样存在带状特征和柱状晶形貌,圆弧带间为致密的冶金结合,顶部由于无后一道的重熔热作用,柱状晶形貌十分显著.沉积态组织主要由铁素体组成,试样不同部位的铁素体形貌存在一定的差异.经退火处理后,铁素体边界出现大量白色粒状析出物,延伸率显著提高,达到22.9%.经淬火及不同温度回火处理后,带状特征和柱状晶形貌消除,得到马氏体及其回火组织,抗拉强度达到1 000 MPa.与沉积态抗拉强度831 MPa相比,热处理态试样的抗拉强度显著提高.经固溶时效处理后,晶粒明显粗化.     

热处理回火温度对Cr26高铬铸铁组织与性能的影响

目前,有关淬火后回火温度对Cr26高铬铸铁组织及性能的研究报道不多。为此,采用XRD、OM、SEM、TEM和电子拉力试验机和洛式硬度计,研究了回火温度对Cr26高铬铸铁调质处理前后的显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:调质处理前Cr26高铬铸铁中碳化物类型有M_7C_3、M_(23)C_6和M_3C_2;调质处理后Cr26高铬铸铁的显微组织得到明显改善,基体上弥散分布着细小的碳化物;抗拉强度和硬度值随回火温度的增加而降低,延伸率有所提高;回火温度为560℃左右时,抗拉强度、延伸率和硬度值分别为1 294 MPa、8.02%和38.6 HRC,有良好的力学性能。     

回火温度对600 MPa级薄钢板显微组织和强韧性的影响

为了分析回火温度对薄钢板显微组织和力学性能的影响,对6mm厚的钢板进行了淬火和回火的热处理。实验结果表明,淬火后薄钢板抗拉强度达到600 MPa以上,显微组织为马氏体和贝氏体,中部与边部无明显差异。回火温度对钢板表面硬度影响甚微,延长回火后保温时间有利于提升钢板韧性。淬火加低温回火后的拉伸断口呈现韧性断裂特征。采用实验所用的淬火及热处理工艺,可以提升钢板的力学性能和表面硬度,以及改善钢板组织和性能的均匀性。     

低碳微合金直接淬火钢的组织与力学性能

为了提高低碳直接淬火钢的强韧性能,对一种低碳Nb-V微合金钢进行了轧后直接淬火(DQ)和再加热淬火(RQ)热处理实验,分析了低碳直接淬火钢的的强韧化机理.采用光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜、硬度计、拉伸试验机以及冲击试验机研究了轧后热处理工艺对低碳Nb-V微合金钢组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,DQ工艺钢马氏体板条间距细小,含有较多的位错亚结构,因此具有较高的强度和韧性.DQ工艺钢马氏体中的大量位错,促进了碳化物弥散析出,产生了显著的二次硬化效果.由于基体中固溶的Nb、V等元素推迟淬火马氏体在回火过程中的各种转变,以及回火时析出的细小弥散碳化物抑制马氏体铁素体回复、再结晶过程,DQ工艺钢表现出较高的回火稳定性.     

钢材相似显微组织的分析与鉴别

在日常钢材的显微组织检验中,由于网状铁素体和网状二次渗碳体、针状铁素体和针状渗碳体、马氏体及其回火产物（回火马氏体、回火屈氏体和回火索氏体）、未溶铁素体和先共析铁素体、淬火屈氏体和回火屈氏体等显微组织的显微特征非常相似,容易出现误判。以常用碳钢为例,运用显微组织观察、显微硬度测试、化学试剂侵蚀等金相检验的普通手段,通过对显微组织形貌中的组织形态、分布、颜色进行直观比较,总结归纳出了上述几种相似显微组织的鉴别方法,以供金相检验人员参考。     

球磨时间对镍基ODS合金拉伸性能的影响

研究了球磨时间对Y2O3氧化物弥散强化(ODS)镍基高温合金机械合金化和拉伸性能的影响.镍基高温合金采用机械合金化和热压烧结方法制备.镍基ODS高温合金粉末是在行星式球磨机上进行球磨.采用扫描电镜及X射线衍射分析了球磨时间对镍基ODS合金粉末形貌和物相的影响.研究结果表明,Y2O3氧化物弥散强化镍基高温合金机械合金化粉末尺寸随研磨时间的增加先增大后减小,8h粉末颗粒尺寸达到最大,之后粉末颗粒尺寸逐渐减小,28h后,镍基ODS合金粉末尺寸稳定且均匀.拉伸结果表明,采用研磨28h的合金粉末制备的镍基ODS合金具有最高的抗拉强度(1300MPa).     

回火温度对两相区退火海工钢组织和性能的影响

对690 MPa级海工钢进行“淬火+两相区退火+回火”三步热处理,研究了回火温度对其组织和性能的影响、分析了力学性能变化与组织演变和残余奥氏体体积分数之间的关系。结果表明：回火后实验钢的显微组织为回火贝氏体/马氏体、临界铁素体和残余奥氏体的混合组织。随着回火温度的提高贝氏体/马氏体和临界铁素体逐渐分解成小尺寸晶粒,而残余奥氏体的体积分数逐渐增加;屈服强度由787 MPa降低到716 MPa,塑性和低温韧性明显增强,断后伸长率由20.30%增至29.24%,-40℃下的冲击功由77 J提升至150 J。残余奥氏体体积分数的增加引起裂纹扩展功增大,是低温韧性提高的主要原因。贝氏体/马氏体的分解和残余奥氏体的生成,引起组织细化、晶粒内低KAM值位错的比例逐渐提高和小角度晶界峰值的频率增大,使材料的塑性和韧性显著提高。     

一种W-Ni-Al-Fe系易碎钨合金材料的研究

研究了一种W-Ni-Fe-Al系易碎穿甲弹芯材料,该材料采用冷等静压成型和液相烧结工艺制备.经金相检验和拉伸断口扫描电镜分析,该材料在烧结过程中可形成Al2O3脆性壳体分布于黏结相中,起到降低抗拉强度、提高弹芯破碎性的作用.性能测试表明,该材料与相同钨含量的93W-Ni-Fe合金相比,动态压缩强度相当,而静拉伸强度下降了约200MPa,延伸率下降了约20%.     

SPS制备AlN/BN复相陶瓷及其性能优化

采用放电等离子烧结技术(SPS),在1750～1850℃烧结制备出兼顾高热导率和优良可加工性能的AlN/BN复相陶瓷.结果表明,通过调节添加剂Y2O3的加入量,能够显著抑制BN对材料热传导性能的劣化作用,BN含量为25%(体积分数)时,热导率仍能达到120W/(m·K),与AlN单相陶瓷相比仅下降18.9%.在SPS制备条件下,添加不同量的Y2O3导致不同组成的Al-Y-O晶界相,随着Y2O3的增加,晶界相在烧结过程中大量挥发,致使Al-Y-O残留量减少,优化了材料的显微组织,有效地提高热传导性能.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.