起爆方式对柱形炸药空爆冲击波场的影响

为研究起爆方式对柱形炸药爆炸能量输出的控制效应,运用AUTODYN软件对不同起爆方式作用下的炸药在空气中爆炸过程进行了模拟。通过对比分析参考位置的冲击波超压峰值,得到了起爆方式对爆炸冲击波场分布的影响规律。研究结果表明:比例距离小于5 m·kg-1/3时,起爆方式可改变爆炸冲击波场的局部分布形态,其在不同的方向和距离对冲击波超压影响存在差异;比例距离大于5 m·kg-1/3时,起爆方式对冲击波场分布基本无影响;柱形炸药长径比一定的条件下,同一起爆方式作用下的爆炸相似律仍然成立。     

工字形钢柱的爆炸作用分布特征与计算研究

为研究工字形钢柱上的爆炸荷载特征,明确在不同爆炸条件下工字形钢柱的破坏形式,通过数值计算和试验数据相结合,在三种不同爆炸类型条件下,对钢柱不同位置测点的冲击波曲线形式进行分析,并对钢柱不同翼缘的爆炸荷载水平及竖向分布形式进行总结,给出工字形钢柱上爆炸作用的确定方法。研究结果表明：当爆炸作用沿钢柱强轴时,荷载在翼缘宽度上可按均匀分布,而随近、中、远爆炸类型的变化,荷载沿钢柱竖向分别呈双曲线、梯形和矩形分布特征,而荷载峰值可按TM5-855中试验数据确定;当爆炸作用沿钢柱弱轴时,荷载在腹板上可按均匀分布,而在翼缘上呈三角形分布特征,荷载峰值可按TM5-855中试验数据值乘以相应的放大系数得到;爆炸荷载对钢柱响应形式影响显著,随着爆炸距离的增大,钢柱由局部破坏向整体破坏转变。     

爆炸荷载作用下覆土库外部冲击波传播规律

为了研究爆炸荷载作用下覆土库外部冲击波的传播规律,采用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,结合将覆土库结构破坏与冲击波传播先后模拟的新手段,对覆土库外部距爆心比例距离小于15 m/kg~(1/3)范围内空气冲击波的传播过程进行模拟,并对模拟所得不同测线方向(0°、60°、90°、135°和180°)冲击波峰值超压和冲击波到达时间进行分析。结果表明:测点距爆心比例距离在1～15 m/kg~(1/3)范围内,随比例距离的增大,在60°和90°测线方向,冲击波峰值超压衰减率从87.63%降到26.39%;在135°和180°测线方向,冲击波峰值超压衰减率从81.19%降到1.39%。随着测点距爆心比例距离的增大,冲击波峰值超压呈指数型衰减,冲击波到达时间呈线性增加。     

火灾后钢管RPC柱抗爆性能试验研究

为研究钢管活性粉末混凝土(钢管RPC)柱火灾后的抗爆性能。通过4根大比例钢管RPC柱试件的野外抗爆试验,得到了冲击波反射压力和钢管RPC柱的位移、应变时程曲线,分析了不同受火时间和比例距离对火灾后钢管RPC柱抗爆性能的影响。结果表明:钢管RPC柱具有良好的抗爆性能,受火后的钢管RPC柱在爆炸荷载作用下钢管仍能有效约束RPC,但随着受火时间的增加钢管RPC柱的抗爆能力减弱。未受火的钢管RPC柱在比例距离为0.58 m/kg~(1/3)的爆炸荷载作用下基本处于弹性状态;受火60 min的钢管RPC柱仍具有较好的变形性能和抗剪能力,但当比例距离由0.58 m/kg~(1/3)减小到0.48 m/kg~(1/3)时,试件出现由弯曲破坏过渡到弯剪破坏的趋势;受火105 min的钢管RPC柱变形性能显著下降,在比例距离为0.58 m/kg~(1/3)的爆炸荷载作用下跨中处出现明显的塑性铰,跨中最大位移和残余位移分别比受火60 min的工况增加0.4倍和1.6倍,说明受火时间对火灾后钢管RPC柱的抗爆性能有较大影响。     

爆炸荷载作用下覆土库外部冲击波传播规律

为了研究爆炸荷载作用下覆土库外部冲击波的传播规律,采用有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,结合将覆土库结构破坏与冲击波传播先后模拟的新手段,对覆土库外部距爆心比例距离小于15 m/kg^(1/3)范围内空气冲击波的传播过程进行模拟,并对模拟所得不同测线方向(0°、60°、90°、135°和180°)冲击波峰值超压和冲击波到达时间进行分析。结果表明:测点距爆心比例距离在1～15 m/kg(1/3)范围内空气冲击波的传播过程进行模拟,并对模拟所得不同测线方向(0°、60°、90°、135°和180°)冲击波峰值超压和冲击波到达时间进行分析。结果表明:测点距爆心比例距离在1～15 m/kg^(1/3)范围内,随比例距离的增大,在60°和90°测线方向,冲击波峰值超压衰减率从87.63%降到26.39%;在135°和180°测线方向,冲击波峰值超压衰减率从81.19%降到1.39%。随着测点距爆心比例距离的增大,冲击波峰值超压呈指数型衰减,冲击波到达时间呈线性增加。     

城市隧道口部道路坡度对爆炸冲击波传播特性影响分析

隧道内爆炸冲击波流场及爆炸荷载计算是隧道抗内爆研究和预防恐怖爆炸袭击的首要问题。针对城市地下隧道的特点,采用三维有限元方法计算了地下隧道口部爆炸时隧道内的爆炸流场,分析了城市隧道口部爆炸时隧道内爆炸流场的特点和道路坡度对爆炸冲击波传播的影响。研究表明隧道内冲击波冲量随道路坡度增加而增大,随比例爆距的增加影响逐渐减小;超压峰值在比例爆距Z小于1m/kg1/3时无变化,当Z>1 m/kg1/3时各截面超压峰值随道路坡度的增大而增加,但最大不超过7%。     

爆炸荷载下钢管混凝土墩柱柱面压力分布研究

通过两次TNT药量分别为3 kg和50 kg的大比例钢管混凝土墩柱静爆试验,1次TNT药量为50 kg的自由场静爆试验,获得了钢管混凝土墩柱柱面爆炸荷载的压力分布规律,对比研究了各经验公式(入射压力、反射压力和正压持时等)的预测差异与适用性。结果表明:钢管混凝土墩柱迎爆面负压区及背爆面压力值较小,可忽略不计;钢管混凝土墩柱对迎爆面反射压力有一定影响,但对正压冲量影响较小;当比例距离z3 m/kg1/3时,球形爆炸波与半球形爆炸波入射压力的各预测公式结果近似,反射压力与入射压力的平均比值约为2.5;当比例距离z3 m/kg1/3时,反射压力与入射压力的比值变化率随比例距离的减小而增大;反射压力经验公式预测离散程度较大,Henrych公式和Chengqing Wu公式的预测结果偏小;整体上,采用TM5-1300预测作用在钢管混凝土墩柱上的各爆炸荷载特征参数较为合理。     

缓倾斜薄——中厚矿床浅孔落矿对围岩爆破损伤的数值模拟研究

浅孔落矿爆破损伤直接影响到回采的损失贫化率和采场安全。采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA三维非线性动力有限元软件,研究矿山回采浅孔爆破落矿时炮眼沿矿体走向和垂直矿体走向布置的2种爆破方案。模拟研究浅孔落矿不同时刻围岩的有效应力云图和矿柱、顶板不同位置监测点的有效应力时程曲线,并引入爆破荷载下岩石Von Mises屈服准则,分析了顶板、矿柱的损伤范围和破坏范围。研究结果表明:在控制装药量和炮孔数量一定的情况下,当炮孔沿矿体走向方向布置时,爆炸动荷载对矿柱的损伤范围在距离矿房侧帮5 m,爆炸动荷载对矿柱的破坏范围在距离矿房侧帮2~3 m。当炮孔垂直矿体走向方向布置时,爆炸动荷载对矿柱的损伤范围在距离矿房侧帮4~5 m,爆炸动荷载不会对矿柱产生破坏作用;两种爆破方式对顶板的损伤范围在1~1.5 m,对顶板不会产生破坏作用。爆破数值模拟能在时间和空间上反映爆炸应力特征,为寻求最优的爆破施工方案提供了可靠的依据。     

爆炸冲击下变截面H型钢动态响应模拟研究

钢结构在爆炸冲击下的动态响应是一个复杂的动力学问题。运用ABAQUS软件,建立两端固定约束下变截面H型钢构件模型,利用CONWEP爆炸加载方式,模拟3~8.25 m八种不同爆炸距离下钢构件的动态响应过程,分析结构腹板、迎爆面翼缘变形与爆炸距离的关系。结果表明:CONWEP程序能够准确的作为爆炸加载方式;在3~6.75 m爆炸距离内,腹板发生塑性变形,随着爆炸距离的增加,构件腹板最大位移线性减小,最大位移位置非线性升高;翼缘最大位移迅速减小,翼缘发生失稳破坏;在6.75~7.5 m爆炸距离内,腹板处于弹塑性变形阶段;当爆炸距离超过7.5 m后,腹板处于弹性变形阶段,迎爆面翼缘发生局部失稳,承载力降低。     

CFRP加固埋地油气管道在爆炸荷载下的损伤判定研究

通过埋地静爆试验,对经碳纤维增强复合材料(carbon fibre reinforced polymer,CFRP)加固的埋地钢制油气管道抗爆性能及损伤评价进行研究,同时结合所得试验数据进行数值模拟,分析并建立CFRP加固埋地钢制油气管道损伤评估准则.结果表明:在折合距离为0.19 m/kg1/3试验条件的浅埋爆炸荷载...     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Analysis of anisotropy of properties on the basis of studies of texture of coarse-grained ingots of thermoelectric materials

An analysis of anisotropy of the properties of a Bi₂Se_0.3Te_2.7 solid solution was carried out using construction of demonstrative surfaces for thermoelectric effectiveness and thermal expansion coefficients. It is shown that the texture is an important factor forming anisotropy of properties and technological fitness of ingots for manufacturing modules. Anisotropy of properties based on the studies of the ingot textures obtained using the float-zone method and Bridgman method (growing thermoelectric plates in a flat cavity) was studied.